Maglev trains use magnetic levitation to float along tracks without friction for very fast travel up to 250 mph. They require newly built tracks with magnet systems as they cannot operate on conventional rails. While maglev trains consume less energy and travel faster than normal trains, their infrastructure costs around $5 million per mile to build, making the initial investment very high. The Josephson effect describes how electrons can tunnel through thin insulating barriers between two superconductors, resulting in electric currents even without an applied voltage.

1. Maglev Train & Josephson
Effect
Prepared By
Manthan Dhavne

2. Introduction
•Maglev = magnetic + levitation.
•First described by Robert Goddard, American Rocket Scientist, 1909.
•Uses magnets to float the train along the track.
•No friction.
•Cheat gravity.
•Very quiet.
•Travels very fast (up to 250 mph).
•Requires all new train track to be built.
•Can’t run on old train track, needs magnet system.
•Maglev travel = approx. $ 04 to $ 10 per mile.
•Cost to build Maglev train tracks = $5 million per two-way mile.

3. Magnetic Leviation
Magnetic levitation, maglev, or magnetic
suspension is a method by which an object
is suspended with no support other
than magnetic fields. Magnetic force is used
to counteract the effects of
the gravitational and any other
accelerations.
The two primary issues involved in
magnetic levitation are lifting force:
providing an upward force sufficient to
counteract gravity, and stability: insuring
that the system does not spontaneously
slide or flip into a configuration where the
lift is neutralized.

4. Working of a Maglev Train

5. Working Techniques
• Based on two techniques:
1)Electromagnetic suspension
2)Electrodynamic suspension
1.In EMS,the electromagnets installed
on the train bogies attract the iron
rails. The magnets wrap around the
iron & the attractive upward force is lift
the train.
2.In EDS levitation is achieved by
creating a repulsive force between the
train and guide ways.

6. Conclusion
• They consume less energy.
• Time saving mode of Transport.
• Move faster than normal trains because they are not
affected by ground friction; their rights-of-
way, meanwhile, cost about the same to build.
• Incompatible with existing rail lines, unlike
traditional high-speed rail.
• Initial cost is very high.

7. Josephson Effect
• Josephson effect :- Two superconductors separated by
a very thin strip of an insulator forms a Josephson's
junction.
• As a consequence o the tunneling o electrons across
the insulators , there is a net current across the
junction. This is called D.C. Josephson effect.
• If a potential difference V is a applied between the
two side o the junction there will be a tunneling
current with angular frequency. This is called A.C.
Josephson's effect.

8. Josephson Effect (contd.)
• Two superconductors separated by a very thin strip
of an installer forms a Josephson junction.
• The wave nature of moving particles make electrons
to tunnel through the barrier. As a consequence of
tunneling of electrons across the insulator there is
net current across the junction. This is called
d.c.josephson effect. The current flows even in
absence of potential difference.
• The magnitude of current depends on the thickness
of the insulators, the nature of the materials and the
temperature.

11. THANK YOU