This presentation discusses machine language and its requirements, advantages, and disadvantages. Machine language consists of combinations of 0s and 1s that are the only instructions understood by computers. It directly communicates with the hardware and is very fast but difficult for humans to read. Every machine language needs load and store instructions to move data between memory and registers. While machine language is fast, an assembly language or high-level programming language is generally used since machine language is nearly impossible for humans to program in directly.

1. Presentation on Machine Language
Submitted to
Bijeta Mam.
Department of Computer science
Prime College
Nayabazar,ktm
Submitted by
Sundar
Acharya
CSIT. 1st
sem

2. CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Definition
2. Requirements
3. Advantages and Disadvantages
4. Future of Machine language
5. Conclusion
6. References

3. INTRODUCTION
 There is nothing below machine language(only
hardware).
 Machine language is the only language understood
by computers.
 Impossible for humans to read.
 Combination of 0’s and 1’s.

4. Definition
Machine languages are the only
languages understood by computers,
machine languages are almost impossible
for humans to use because they consists
entirely of numbers. Programmers,
therefore, use either a high level
programming language or an assembly
language.

5. Requirements
Every machine language must contain following
commands:
 Load operation (CPU loads data directly from
memory into ac register) consists of :
• Operation code
• Address of main memory cell from which ac
register will be loaded.
• Stored instruction stores computed information
into a memory cell or CPU(ALU) register.
 Store instruction stores computed
information into a memory cell or CPU(ALU).

6. ADVANTAGE and DISADVANTAGE
The advantage of machine language is that it is
faster to execute as no need of translation is required.
The disadvantage of machine language is that it is
difficult to understand.
Example:- if “01100001” is a computer instruction for add,
then to add 2 & 3, we have to write “01100001(i.e.
ADD)00000010(i.e. 2)00000011(i.e. 3)”.

7. Future Of Machine Language
• With the introduction of 64-bit CPUs (Itanium, Itanium-2,
AMD 64, new assembly language instructions have to be
added, old ones have to be either redesigned or
eliminated. This also puts stress on compiler designers
as well as hardware implementation.
• Most recent introduction of Intel’s family of dual-core
CPUs puts even higher demands on proper hardware
and software implementation.
• Possibly current 16 and 32-bit instruction set will become
obsolete in near future in order to avoid backward
compatibility problems and minimize production costs.

8. Conclusion
After doing this presentation we came to conclusion
that machine language is the only language
understandable by computer without which computer
cannot be operated.

9. Refrence
I. https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/M/machine_lan
guage.html, 12/08/2014
II. http://www.cs.sjsu.edu/faculty/lee/cs147/Machine%
20Language.ppt,12/08/2014