The document outlines the basics of computers and programming, covering essential concepts such as hardware components (CPU, memory, storage), software types (operating systems, application software), and programming languages (machine, assembly, high-level). It explains the process of programming, including problem-solving techniques and steps to compile and execute code. Additionally, it provides a historical context for algorithms and the evolution of programming languages.

1. Computer and programing basics
 Course outline ….
 an over view of computers and programing languages
 Algorithms and flowcharts
 Elements of a computer system
 The language of the computer
 The evolution of programming languages
 Programs / software types
 Road map from zero to hero

2. Elements of a computer system..
#Hardware
 Central processing unit (cpu)
 Main memory
 Secondary storage
 input/output devices
#Software
 Operating system
 Application software

3. Central processing unit(CPU)
 The main components of CPU are
 Control unit (cu)
 Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
 Registers

4. Central processing unit (CPU)..
#CU (control unit )
 Fetches and decodes instructions
 Controls flow of information in and out of main memory
 Controls operations of internal CPU components
#ALU (arithmetic logic unit )
 Carries out all arithmetic and logical operations
 #Registers.
 PC (programing counter )points to next instruction to be executed )
 IR(instruction register) holds instruction currently being executed

5. Main memory ..
 Directly connected to the cpu
 All programs must be loaded into main memory before they can executed
 All data must be brought into main memory before it can be manipulated
 When computer power is turned off , every thing in main memory is lost

6. Secondary storage ..
 Secondary storage are devices that stores information Permanentlly
 Examples of secondary storage
 Hard disks
 Floppy disks
 CD_Roms
 Tapes
 Flash drivers

7. Input/output devices
 Input devices feed data and programs into computers they include;
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Secondary storage
 Output devices display results they include
 Monitor
 Printer
 Secondary storage

8. Program software ..
 Program that perform a specific task
 Software program /operating system
 Take control of computer and interface between user and machine such as open
windows ,shut down …etc
 Operating system monitors the over all activity of the computer and provides services.
 Application programs perform a specific task
 Social media ( facebook , whats app, tweeter)
 Microsoft office (word , powerpoint, excel)
 Word processors , spreadsheets , games

9. The languages of acomputer ..
 Digital signals are sequences of 0s and 1s
 Machine language; the language of a computer
 Early computers were programmed in machine language
 To calculate wages= rates *hours (in machine language )
 100100 010001 // load
 100110 010010 // multiply
 100010 010011 // store
 Oops such a hard work

10. Assembly landguages ..
 Assembly language are instructions easy to remember
 Assembler translates a program written in assembly into machine language
 Examples of instructions in assembly language /machine language
Assembly language Machine code
Load 100100
Store 100010
mult 100110
add 100101

11. High level languages
 High level languages include basic ;
 Fortran , cobol , pascal , c++ , c , java
 Notes …..a compiler translates a program written in a high level language into
machine code
 A c++ line code for example
 cout<<“hello world”<<endl;
 cout this is a c++ output statement. it causes the computer to evaluate the
expression after the pair of symbles << and display the result in screen .
 endl causes the insertion point to move to the beginning of the next line .
 C++ contains various of expressions such as arithmetic ,logical operators and
strings

12. Processing a program
 The following steps are necessary to process a program in c++
 Step1
 Use text editor to create a c++ program. This program is called source code or source
program.
 Step2
 In a c++ program , statements that begins with # are called preprocessor directives.
These statements are processed by a program called preprocessor.
 step3
 Compiler is used to ;
 Verifies that the program obey the rules of programming language and check the
source program for syntax errors.
 Translte the program into equivalent machine language (object program).

13. Processing a program…
 Step4
 Programs in high level languages are developed using a software development kit
(SDK)
 SDK contains programs that are useful in creating your program such as
mathematical functions , The prewritten code resides in a library .
 Linker combines the object code with program from libraries .
 step5
 You must load the executable program into main memory for execution.
 Loader ; a program that loads an executable program into main memory .
 Step6
 The final step is to execute the program.

14. Problem solving ..
 Programing is a process of problem solving..
 Problem solving techniques
 Analyze the problem
 Outline the problem requirements
 Design steps 9(algorithm) to solve the problem
 Algoithm
 Step by step problem solving process
 Solution achieved in finite amount of time

15. Problem solving process…
 the problem
 outline the problem and its requirements
 Design steps (algorithm) to solve the problem
 Step2 Implement the algorithm
 Implement the algorithm in code
 Verify that the algorithm works
 Step3 Maintenance
 Use and modify the program if the problem domain changes

16. Compiling and linking ..
 Run the code through compiler
 If compiler generates errors
 Look at code and remove errors
 Run code again through compiler
 If there are no syntax errors
 Compiler generates equivalent machine code
 Linker links machine code with system resourcs

17. ANSI/ISO standard c++
 C++ is evolved from c
 C++ designed by Bjarne stroustrup at bell laboratories in early 1980s
 C++ programs were not always portable from one compiler to an other
 In mid 1998 ,ANSI/ISO c++ language Standards were approved

18. extra notes …What is software!!
 Software consists of a set of machine readable instructions called programs , that
cause the computer to perform a task.
 There are two basic types of software
 Application software
 Designed to satisfy users needs .
 May be custom or packaged (off the shelf)
 System software
 Without hardware and applications are useless
 Operating system coordinate all hardware components
 compilers translate source program into object program

19. extra notes..Programing languages
 Enables a programmer to write programs that are more or less independent of a
particular type of computer .
 Considered high level languages because they are closer to human language and
far further from machine code .
 Generations of computer languages are ;
 1st generation is ; binary language / machine code
 2nd generation is ; assembly / low level language
 3rd generation Is ; high level languages as c , c++
 4th generation is ; query language ; used to access database as SQL
 5th generation is ; artificial intelligence languages , as prolog and lisp

20. extra notes.. History of algorithm
 Named after the persian mathematician muhammad ibn musa al-Khwarizmi (780-
850) in (Khwarizmi, Uzbekistan )developed a strategy for calculating heritage
proportions using algebraic methods
 His name was turned into algorithm and that evolved algorism

21. summary
 Computer is an electronic device that can perform arithmetic and logical
operations
 Computer system has hardware and software
 Central processing unit (CPU) is brain of machine
 Primary storage (main memory) is volatile ,secondary storage is permanent
 Operating system monitors the overall activity of the computer and provides
services
 Various kind of languages classifyded as ; assembly , medium , high level and
machine code