The document provides information about booting of a computer system. It discusses that booting is required because the hardware does not know where the operating system resides or how to load it. A bootstrap loader, such as BIOS, is needed to locate the kernel and load it into memory. The boot process begins with a reset event that loads instructions into the instruction register from a predefined memory location containing a jump to the bootstrap program stored in ROM. The bootstrap program then runs diagnostics, loads device drivers and initializes memory before locating and loading the operating system kernel to start the system startup process.

1. Course PresentationCourse Presentation
Booting of aBooting of a
Computer SystemComputer System
Presentation By:Presentation By: Shehrevar DavierwalaShehrevar Davierwala
Contact:Contact: 96736515469673651546
Email:Email: shehrevar@live.comshehrevar@live.com

2. Course Presentation
Why is Booting Required ?Why is Booting Required ?
► Hardware doesn’t know where the operatingHardware doesn’t know where the operating
system resides and how to load it.system resides and how to load it.
► Need a special program to do this job –Need a special program to do this job – BootstrapBootstrap
loader.loader.
 E.g. BIOS – Boot Input Output System.E.g. BIOS – Boot Input Output System.
► Bootstrap loader locates the kernel, loads it intoBootstrap loader locates the kernel, loads it into
main memory and starts its execution.main memory and starts its execution.
► In some systems, a simple bootstrap loaderIn some systems, a simple bootstrap loader
fetches a more complex boot program from disk,fetches a more complex boot program from disk,
which in turn loads the kernel.which in turn loads the kernel.

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How Boot process occurs ?How Boot process occurs ?
►Reset event on CPU (power up, reboot)Reset event on CPU (power up, reboot)
causes instruction register to be loaded withcauses instruction register to be loaded with
a predefined memory location. It contains aa predefined memory location. It contains a
jump instruction that transfers execution tojump instruction that transfers execution to
the location of Bootstrap program.the location of Bootstrap program.
►This program is form of ROM, since RAM isThis program is form of ROM, since RAM is
in unknown state at system startup. ROM isin unknown state at system startup. ROM is
convenient as it needs no initialization andconvenient as it needs no initialization and
can’t be affected by virus.can’t be affected by virus.

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BIOS InteractionBIOS Interaction

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Tasks performed at boot upTasks performed at boot up
► Run diagnostics to determine the state ofRun diagnostics to determine the state of
machine. If diagnostics pass, booting continues.machine. If diagnostics pass, booting continues.
► Runs aRuns a Power-On Self TestPower-On Self Test ((POSTPOST) to check the) to check the
devices that the computer will rely on, aredevices that the computer will rely on, are
functioning.functioning.
► BIOS goes through a preconfigured list of devicesBIOS goes through a preconfigured list of devices
until it finds one that is bootable. If it finds no suchuntil it finds one that is bootable. If it finds no such
device, an error is given and the boot processdevice, an error is given and the boot process
stops.stops.
► Initializes CPU registers, device controllers andInitializes CPU registers, device controllers and
contents of the main memory. After this, it loadscontents of the main memory. After this, it loads
the OS.the OS.

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BIOS SetupBIOS Setup

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Boot ProcedureBoot Procedure

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Tasks performed at boot up (Contd)Tasks performed at boot up (Contd)
► On finding a bootable device, the BIOS loads andOn finding a bootable device, the BIOS loads and
executes itsexecutes its boot sectorboot sector. In the case of a hard. In the case of a hard
drive, this is referred to as thedrive, this is referred to as the master boot recordmaster boot record
((MBRMBR) and is often not OS specific.) and is often not OS specific.
► The MBR code checks theThe MBR code checks the partition tablepartition table for anfor an
active partition. If one is found, the MBR codeactive partition. If one is found, the MBR code
loads that partition'sloads that partition's boot sectorboot sector and executes it.and executes it.
► The boot sector is oftenThe boot sector is often operating systemoperating system specific,specific,
however in most operating systems its mainhowever in most operating systems its main
function is to load and execute afunction is to load and execute a kernelkernel, which, which
continues startup.continues startup.

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Secondary Boot LoadersSecondary Boot Loaders
► If there is no active partition or the active partition'sIf there is no active partition or the active partition's
boot sector is invalid, the MBR may load aboot sector is invalid, the MBR may load a
secondary boot loader and pass control to it andsecondary boot loader and pass control to it and
this secondary boot loader will select a partitionthis secondary boot loader will select a partition
(often via user input) and load its boot sector.(often via user input) and load its boot sector.
► Examples of secondary boot loadersExamples of secondary boot loaders
 GRUB – GRand Unified BootloaderGRUB – GRand Unified Bootloader
 LILO – LInux LOaderLILO – LInux LOader
 NTLDR – NT LoaderNTLDR – NT Loader

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GRUB LoaderGRUB Loader

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Booting and ROMBooting and ROM
►System such as cellular phones, PDAs andSystem such as cellular phones, PDAs and
game consoles stores entire OS on ROM.game consoles stores entire OS on ROM.
Done only for small OS, simple supportingDone only for small OS, simple supporting
hardware, and rugged operation.hardware, and rugged operation.
►Changing bootstrap code would requireChanging bootstrap code would require
changing ROM chips.changing ROM chips.
 EPROM – Erasable Programmable ROM.EPROM – Erasable Programmable ROM.
►Code execution in ROM is slower. Copied toCode execution in ROM is slower. Copied to
RAM for faster execution.RAM for faster execution.

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Example : DOSExample : DOS
► After identifying the location of boot files, BIOS looks at the first sectorAfter identifying the location of boot files, BIOS looks at the first sector
(512 bytes) and copies information to specific location in RAM (7C00H)(512 bytes) and copies information to specific location in RAM (7C00H)
-- Boot RecordBoot Record..
► Control passes from BIOS to a program residing in the boot record.Control passes from BIOS to a program residing in the boot record.
► Boot record loads the initial system file into RAM. For DOS, it isBoot record loads the initial system file into RAM. For DOS, it is
IO.SYS .IO.SYS .
► The initial file, IO.SYS includes a file called SYSINIT which loads theThe initial file, IO.SYS includes a file called SYSINIT which loads the
remaining OS into the RAM.remaining OS into the RAM.
► SYSINIT loads a system file MSDOS.SYS that knows how to work withSYSINIT loads a system file MSDOS.SYS that knows how to work with
BIOS.BIOS.
► One of the first OS files that is loaded is the system configuration file,One of the first OS files that is loaded is the system configuration file,
CONFIG.SYS in case of DOS. Information in the configuration file tellsCONFIG.SYS in case of DOS. Information in the configuration file tells
loading program which OS files need to be loaded (e.g. drivers)loading program which OS files need to be loaded (e.g. drivers)
► Another special file that is loaded is one which tells what specificAnother special file that is loaded is one which tells what specific
applications or commands user wants to be performed as part ofapplications or commands user wants to be performed as part of
booting process. In DOS, it is AUTOEXEC.BAT. In Windows, it’sbooting process. In DOS, it is AUTOEXEC.BAT. In Windows, it’s
WIN.INI .WIN.INI .

13. Course Presentation
ReferencesReferences
►Operating System Principles – Silberchatz,Operating System Principles – Silberchatz,
Galvin and Gagne.Galvin and Gagne.
► http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booting
► http://computer.howstuffworks.com/bios2.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/bios2.htm

14. Course Presentation
QuestionsQuestions
► What is the effect on boot sector and boot loader when you install twoWhat is the effect on boot sector and boot loader when you install two
OS, for e.g. Windows and Linux in two separate partitions ?OS, for e.g. Windows and Linux in two separate partitions ?
► Suppose, you install Windows first. The default boot loader installed inSuppose, you install Windows first. The default boot loader installed in
MBR is NTLDR and contains information regarding the active partitionMBR is NTLDR and contains information regarding the active partition
of Windows. When you install Linux on this system, the installationof Windows. When you install Linux on this system, the installation
prompts to overwrite a new secondary boot loader which identifies bothprompts to overwrite a new secondary boot loader which identifies both
Windows and Linux active partitions and therefore we get a choice ofWindows and Linux active partitions and therefore we get a choice of
booting the desired OS when the system is started.booting the desired OS when the system is started.
In contrast, if Linux is installed first and then Windows, theIn contrast, if Linux is installed first and then Windows, the
Windows Installer overwrites the MBR with its own boot loader whichWindows Installer overwrites the MBR with its own boot loader which
doesn’t recognize the Linux active partition. This creates a problem.doesn’t recognize the Linux active partition. This creates a problem.
The problem can be corrected by using a LiveCD or any bootable discThe problem can be corrected by using a LiveCD or any bootable disc
which can be used to reinstall a secondary boot loader which identifieswhich can be used to reinstall a secondary boot loader which identifies
both the OS and gives true choice.both the OS and gives true choice.

15. Course Presentation
QuestionsQuestions
► (1) Why is ROM slower than RAM ?(1) Why is ROM slower than RAM ?
(2) How is the boot loader copied from ROM to RAM ?(2) How is the boot loader copied from ROM to RAM ?
► (1)(1) Semi-conductor Technology used in constructing theseSemi-conductor Technology used in constructing these
two type of memories gives the answer. RAM is based ontwo type of memories gives the answer. RAM is based on
positive feedback/capacitive charge for storing thepositive feedback/capacitive charge for storing the
information while ROM contains permanent and non-information while ROM contains permanent and non-
changeable information stored in its structure.changeable information stored in its structure.
(2) There is a small routine loaded by the BIOS which does(2) There is a small routine loaded by the BIOS which does
this task. This routine could also be part of BIOS (thoughthis task. This routine could also be part of BIOS (though
not sure).not sure).

16. Course Presentation
QuestionsQuestions
► Examples of Applications that access the BIOSExamples of Applications that access the BIOS
directly.directly.
► Windows Server 2003 SP1 versions of theWindows Server 2003 SP1 versions of the
Windows Preinstallation Environment (WinPE) -Windows Preinstallation Environment (WinPE) -
http://www.microsoft.com/technet/prodtechnol/windowhttp://www.microsoft.com/technet/prodtechnol/window
► The operating system and application programsThe operating system and application programs
both directly access BIOS routines to provideboth directly access BIOS routines to provide
better compatibility for such functions as screenbetter compatibility for such functions as screen
display.display.

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QuestionsQuestions
► If I have only a single OS, is there a secondary boot loaderIf I have only a single OS, is there a secondary boot loader
present on the system ?present on the system ?
► Older machines might not have this feature. But now-a-Older machines might not have this feature. But now-a-
days, even Windows is installed with a default secondarydays, even Windows is installed with a default secondary
boot loader (NTLDR). Linux is also installed usually withboot loader (NTLDR). Linux is also installed usually with
LILO or GRUB as the default boot loader.LILO or GRUB as the default boot loader.
You might have also encountered that your systemYou might have also encountered that your system
(Windows) is not able to boot after flashing the BIOS and is(Windows) is not able to boot after flashing the BIOS and is
displaying the message “NTLDR missing”. This is becausedisplaying the message “NTLDR missing”. This is because
the primary boot loader transfer to NTLDR which mightthe primary boot loader transfer to NTLDR which might
have become corrupt or deleted by mistake.have become corrupt or deleted by mistake.

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QuestionsQuestions
► Difference between Boot Loader and BootDifference between Boot Loader and Boot
Manager ?Manager ?
► Basically, these two are different but areBasically, these two are different but are
sometimes combined into a single program.sometimes combined into a single program.
► IBM's Boot Manager, PowerQuest's BootMagicIBM's Boot Manager, PowerQuest's BootMagic
and V Communications' System Commander areand V Communications' System Commander are
some examples of boot managers.some examples of boot managers.
► Dual bootingDual booting is the act of installing multipleis the act of installing multiple
operating systemsoperating systems on aon a computercomputer, and being able, and being able
to choose which one toto choose which one to bootboot when switching onwhen switching on
the computer. The program, which makes dualthe computer. The program, which makes dual
booting possible is called abooting possible is called a boot loaderboot loader..

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InformationInformation
► Dual BootDual Boot
► In theIn the OS/2OS/2 world, the termworld, the term dual bootdual boot has a more specific meaning.has a more specific meaning.
► In aIn a dual bootdual boot installation, two (or more)installation, two (or more) operating systemsoperating systems areare
installed in ainstalled in a singlesingle partitionpartition. Selection of which operating system to. Selection of which operating system to
boot is performed by running aboot is performed by running a dual bootdual boot utility program, whichutility program, which
switches around the necessaryswitches around the necessary boot loadersboot loaders programs (by renamingprograms (by renaming
files and copyingfiles and copying boot sectorsboot sectors) to ensure that the chosen operating) to ensure that the chosen operating
system is loaded at the next boot.system is loaded at the next boot.
► In aIn a boot managerboot manager installation, by contrast, the two (or more)installation, by contrast, the two (or more)
operating systemsoperating systems are installed in their own, separate, individual,are installed in their own, separate, individual,
partitionspartitions. Rather than booting directly into an operating system, the. Rather than booting directly into an operating system, the
machine boots into a specialised,machine boots into a specialised, operating systemoperating system neutral,neutral,
boot loaderboot loader program (such as IBM's eponymousprogram (such as IBM's eponymous Boot ManagerBoot Manager))
installed on a floppy disk or in its own partition on a hard disk. Thisinstalled on a floppy disk or in its own partition on a hard disk. This
boot loader program presents a list of the available bootable partitionsboot loader program presents a list of the available bootable partitions
from which the user can choose, and then loads and invokes the bootfrom which the user can choose, and then loads and invokes the boot
loader in the boot sector of the chosen partition, to boot the chosenloader in the boot sector of the chosen partition, to boot the chosen
operating system.operating system.

20. Course Presentation
InformationInformation
► When installing an OS on a computer from scratch, here is how the partitionWhen installing an OS on a computer from scratch, here is how the partition
table is created.table is created.
► The hard disk is denoted as “hda” where hd=hard disk, and the third letterThe hard disk is denoted as “hda” where hd=hard disk, and the third letter
could mean the hard-disk on the system. For e.g. the first hard disk is “hda”,could mean the hard-disk on the system. For e.g. the first hard disk is “hda”,
the second is “hdb”.the second is “hdb”.
► When the partitioning is done, “hda0” is the place of MBR. “hda1” is the primaryWhen the partitioning is done, “hda0” is the place of MBR. “hda1” is the primary
partition. Then a secondary partition may be created which is further subdividedpartition. Then a secondary partition may be created which is further subdivided
into logical drives. Another OS could be installed on any of these logical drives.into logical drives. Another OS could be installed on any of these logical drives.
► hda0 – MBRhda0 – MBR
hda1 – Primary Partition e.g. Windows XPhda1 – Primary Partition e.g. Windows XP
hda2 – Secondary Partitionhda2 – Secondary Partition
hda3 – Logical Drive 1 (FAT32 or NTFS partition)hda3 – Logical Drive 1 (FAT32 or NTFS partition)
hda4 – Logical Drive 2 (FAT32 or NTFS partition)hda4 – Logical Drive 2 (FAT32 or NTFS partition)
hda5 – Logical Drive 3 (Swap for Linux Partition)hda5 – Logical Drive 3 (Swap for Linux Partition)
hda6 – Logical Drive 4 (Root for Linux Partition)hda6 – Logical Drive 4 (Root for Linux Partition)
The above example is a simple example. Specific cases can be different.The above example is a simple example. Specific cases can be different.

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InformationInformation
► When the kernel is being loaded, the control is inWhen the kernel is being loaded, the control is in
the privileged mode. If the user is allowed to loginthe privileged mode. If the user is allowed to login
in the same mode, any user will be “root” orin the same mode, any user will be “root” or
“administrator” (super-user). When the booting is“administrator” (super-user). When the booting is
almost complete, which is with the privileged right.almost complete, which is with the privileged right.
But this login program, after verifying yourBut this login program, after verifying your
password, gives you a shell by creating anotherpassword, gives you a shell by creating another
process which intentionally drops the super-userprocess which intentionally drops the super-user
privileges and assume the privileges of this user.privileges and assume the privileges of this user.
Login program is trusted by the kernel. If that isLogin program is trusted by the kernel. If that is
hacked or replaced, you can get a root shell fromhacked or replaced, you can get a root shell from
any login.any login.