This document provides information about lozenges, including their definition, introduction, shapes, types, classification, raw materials, manufacturing, advantages, disadvantages, uses, examples, storage and packaging. It defines lozenges as solid dosage forms containing drugs and flavoring intended to dissolve slowly in the mouth. Lozenges are used for local effects in the oral cavity and sometimes systemically. They are available in various shapes and types, including medicated and non-medicated, and are classified based on site of action, texture and composition.

2. Pharmaceutics

3.  Prepared by Meerab Tanveer

4. Lozenges

5. Definition
 Lozenges are the solid dosage forms containing a
drug along with flavouring and sweeting agents.
 These are solid preparations that are intended to
dissolve or disintegrate slowly in the mouth.
 They are most often used for localized effects in oral
cavity. Also for systemic effects if it is well absorbed
in the buccal lining and phayrnx.

6. INTRODUCTION:
 These are solid and flavoured medicated dosage form,
intended to be sucked and held in mouth or phyrnx.
 These are OTC and prescription products.
 They provide drug delivery locally to mouth, tongue and
throat etc.
 It maximizes the local activity of drug.
 They contain varieties of API like local anesthetic,
decongestants, analgesics, vitamins and cough
suppresents.

7. SHAPES OF LOZENGES:
 These are available in following shapes:
 Flat
 Circular
 Octagonal
 Biconvex
 Cylindrical

8. TYPES OF LOZENGES:
 MEDICATED LOZENGES.
EXAMPLE:
STREPSILS
 NON-MEDICATED LOZENGES.
EXAMPLE:
CANDIES, LOLLIPOPS

9. MEDICATEDLOZENGES:
Medicated lozenges are classified as:
 Hard candy lozenges
 centre filled hard candy lozenges
 liquid filled
 fruit centres
 paste centres
 fat centres
 Chewable or caramel base medicated lozenges
 caramel
 toffees

10. Compressedlozenges
 These lozenges are compressed in weight range of 1.5 –
4g.
 large in diameter
 Having desired area of activity on mucus membrane and
mouth.

11. RAWMATERIAL REQUIREDFOR MANUFACTURING:
 Sugars
Example:
Dextrose, corn syrup, sucrose.
 Acidulants:
Citric acid, fumaric acid, Tartaric acid
 Colorants:
Organic colors

12. Cont….
 Medicaments:
 Local anesthetics:
Benzocaine, Dicoline
 Anti-histamines:
Diphen hydramine HCl
 Anti-tussives:
Detro methorphan hydro bromide
 Analgesics:
Aspirin, acetaminophen.
 Decongestants:
Phenyl propanolamine HCl

13. CLASSIFICATION:
Classified on the basis of:
Site of
action
Local
Example:
Antiseptics
Systemic
Example: Nicotine
Texture &
Composition
Chewable:
Vitamins
Compressed:
troches
Hard:
lollipops
Soft:
bentasil

14. MANUFACTURING

16. Advantages:
 slow dissolution rate
 Rapid absorption
 Pleasant taste
 Easy to administer to pediatric and for geriatric patients.
 Keep the drug in contact to the oral cavity for longer
duration of time

17. DISADVANTAGES:
 No drinking or eating before or during use.
 Should not be swallowed
 give relief for shorter period of time and a person needs a proper treatment
for long term relief.
 Children may precieve it as candy and not a serious dosage form due to its
gummy nature and sweet taste.

18. USES:
 Nicotine lozenges are use for cessation of smoking habit.
 For treating fungal infections
 example: NYSTATIN LOZENGES
 To relief sore throat
 Available as OTC preparations.

19. Examples :
Traditional drugs
Benzocaine
Cetylpyridinium chloride
Newer drugs
Morphine sulfatePLE
Clotrimazole
Nystatin

21. Storage&Packaging:
 The properly sized lozenges are stored at a temperature of
15 – 20 C.
 At controlled humidity of 25 – 35 %.
 Blister packs are commonly used as unit dose packaging.

22. PILLS

23. PILLS:
 These are small, oval or spherical solid dosage form containing
drugs to be administered orally.
 The weight is usually from 200 – 300 mg
 Very small pills having weight 20 – 60 mg are sometimes reffered as
granules or parvules.
 A very large pill usually for veterniary use are known as bolus
 Pills have been compeletly replaced by capsules and tablets.

24. COMPOSITION OF PILLS:
 Active ingredient
 Diluents & excipients
 Example: starch, tragacanth
 Conspergents
 Example: dusting powders are used
to prevent the pill mass from sticking
to the hands, machines or other materials.

25. MANUFACTURING:
 Using following methods:
 By hand method
Procedure:
 Massing the ingredients together with binding consistency.
 Dividing the mass into single dose units.
 Shaping and finishing.
 Drying
 May or may not be coated
 By machines

26.  Easy for administration due to spherical shape and small in size.
 Very small doses can be compounded and dispensed
 Example: compound phenolphthalein pills as purgatives.
 Pills containing resinous drugs dissolve slowly where slow and continuous
action is desired such as with cathartics.
Advantages:

27. Dispensing:
 Should be dispensed in pill or powder
boxes.
 Cotton may be placed in the bottom of
container and on the top of pills to
prevent rattling and breaking.

28. Any question