The document discusses various dosage forms and drug delivery systems. It begins by defining dosage forms as means of delivering drug molecules to sites of action. It then covers different types of solid, liquid, semi-solid, inhaled, rectal and vaginal dosage forms. Key points include classifications based on route of administration (oral, parenteral, etc.) and physical form (solid, liquid, semi-solid). Common examples are provided for different dosage forms like tablets, capsules, solutions, suspensions, creams, inhalers, and suppositories.
Liquid dosage forms are effective pharmaceutical products containing a mixture of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API/Drug) and non drug components (excipients). It is a dose of a drug used as a medicine for consumption or administration. Many liquid dosage forms are used in the pharmacy, but the most commonly used are syrup, suspension, and elixirs. The general category of liquid oral doses includes a broad range of dosage forms, broadly classified as monophasic and biphasic. Whereas dosage forms in both types comprise at least one drug, monophasic forms are homogeneous and completely dissolve in liquid, whereas biphasic forms in a vehicle do not dissolve.
Magma is a semi-solid dosage form administered orally. It is a two-phase system containing large, water-insoluble particles suspended in a thick, viscous liquid. Magma can be prepared by simple hydration using heat or by a hydration and precipitation reaction. Bentonite magma is produced by sprinkling bentonite onto heated purified water and allowing it to hydrate for 24 hours. Magnesium hydroxide magma is prepared through hydration of magnesium oxide or precipitation using sodium hydroxide and magnesium sulfate. Overdose of magma can cause flushing, hypotension, paralysis and respiratory depression due to hypermagnesemia, which is treated with intravenous calcium and artificial ventilation.
The document discusses solid dosage forms, specifically tablets. It defines tablets and discusses their advantages and disadvantages. It describes different types of tablets classified by their route of administration or function. The document outlines the preparation process for tablets including granule preparation, compression into tablets, and coating. It discusses excipients used and quality control tests performed on tablets.
This document provides an overview of transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS). It defines TDDS as self-contained dosage forms that deliver drugs through the skin at controlled rates. It describes the layers of the skin and three routes of drug absorption. Factors affecting permeability are discussed like solubility, partition coefficient, and pH. It also describes permeation enhancers and the four main types of TDDS. The advantages of avoidance of presystemic metabolism and maintaining therapeutic drug levels are highlighted, along with limitations like only suitable for potent drugs.
This document discusses drugs, dosage forms, and their importance. It begins by defining a drug as a chemical agent for treating disease in humans or animals. Dosage forms are means of delivering drugs to the body. Proper dosage forms are needed for accurate dosing, ease of administration, protection from degradation, and modifying drug effects. The document then covers various oral and topical dosage forms like tablets, capsules, liquids, ointments and creams. It describes their composition, characteristics and purposes. The goal is to educate students on preparation techniques and dosage form selection.
This document discusses different types of powder dosage forms including their advantages and disadvantages. It describes bulk powders for internal and external use which contain multiple doses of powder in containers. Simple and compound powders for internal use contain individually dosed powders wrapped in paper. Powders can also be enclosed in cachets or capsules. Compressed powders refer to tablets which are made by compressing powder mixtures into flat discs. The document provides examples of different types of powders and details on their preparation and use.
The document discusses suppositories, which are solid dosage forms meant to be inserted into body cavities like the rectum or vagina to release drugs locally or systemically. Suppositories are semi-solid preparations made by melting ingredients like bases and drugs together. The main types include rectal, urethral, vaginal, and nasal suppositories, which vary in shape, weight and intended cavity. The document outlines the formulation of suppositories including ideal properties of bases, examples of hydrophilic and lipophilic bases, and other additives like antioxidants and emulsifying agents.
This document provides an overview of Novel Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS). It defines NDDS as approaches that transport pharmaceutical compounds safely in the body as needed. The goals of NDDS are to provide therapeutic drug levels at the target site with minimal side effects, degradation, and increased bioavailability. Ideal NDDS would safely deliver drugs in a controlled and sustained manner over time at the site of action. The document discusses various NDDS approaches and terminologies and provides examples of controlled, sustained, delayed, and extended release systems.
Liquid dosage forms are effective pharmaceutical products containing a mixture of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API/Drug) and non drug components (excipients). It is a dose of a drug used as a medicine for consumption or administration. Many liquid dosage forms are used in the pharmacy, but the most commonly used are syrup, suspension, and elixirs. The general category of liquid oral doses includes a broad range of dosage forms, broadly classified as monophasic and biphasic. Whereas dosage forms in both types comprise at least one drug, monophasic forms are homogeneous and completely dissolve in liquid, whereas biphasic forms in a vehicle do not dissolve.
Magma is a semi-solid dosage form administered orally. It is a two-phase system containing large, water-insoluble particles suspended in a thick, viscous liquid. Magma can be prepared by simple hydration using heat or by a hydration and precipitation reaction. Bentonite magma is produced by sprinkling bentonite onto heated purified water and allowing it to hydrate for 24 hours. Magnesium hydroxide magma is prepared through hydration of magnesium oxide or precipitation using sodium hydroxide and magnesium sulfate. Overdose of magma can cause flushing, hypotension, paralysis and respiratory depression due to hypermagnesemia, which is treated with intravenous calcium and artificial ventilation.
The document discusses solid dosage forms, specifically tablets. It defines tablets and discusses their advantages and disadvantages. It describes different types of tablets classified by their route of administration or function. The document outlines the preparation process for tablets including granule preparation, compression into tablets, and coating. It discusses excipients used and quality control tests performed on tablets.
This document provides an overview of transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS). It defines TDDS as self-contained dosage forms that deliver drugs through the skin at controlled rates. It describes the layers of the skin and three routes of drug absorption. Factors affecting permeability are discussed like solubility, partition coefficient, and pH. It also describes permeation enhancers and the four main types of TDDS. The advantages of avoidance of presystemic metabolism and maintaining therapeutic drug levels are highlighted, along with limitations like only suitable for potent drugs.
This document discusses drugs, dosage forms, and their importance. It begins by defining a drug as a chemical agent for treating disease in humans or animals. Dosage forms are means of delivering drugs to the body. Proper dosage forms are needed for accurate dosing, ease of administration, protection from degradation, and modifying drug effects. The document then covers various oral and topical dosage forms like tablets, capsules, liquids, ointments and creams. It describes their composition, characteristics and purposes. The goal is to educate students on preparation techniques and dosage form selection.
This document discusses different types of powder dosage forms including their advantages and disadvantages. It describes bulk powders for internal and external use which contain multiple doses of powder in containers. Simple and compound powders for internal use contain individually dosed powders wrapped in paper. Powders can also be enclosed in cachets or capsules. Compressed powders refer to tablets which are made by compressing powder mixtures into flat discs. The document provides examples of different types of powders and details on their preparation and use.
The document discusses suppositories, which are solid dosage forms meant to be inserted into body cavities like the rectum or vagina to release drugs locally or systemically. Suppositories are semi-solid preparations made by melting ingredients like bases and drugs together. The main types include rectal, urethral, vaginal, and nasal suppositories, which vary in shape, weight and intended cavity. The document outlines the formulation of suppositories including ideal properties of bases, examples of hydrophilic and lipophilic bases, and other additives like antioxidants and emulsifying agents.
This document provides an overview of Novel Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS). It defines NDDS as approaches that transport pharmaceutical compounds safely in the body as needed. The goals of NDDS are to provide therapeutic drug levels at the target site with minimal side effects, degradation, and increased bioavailability. Ideal NDDS would safely deliver drugs in a controlled and sustained manner over time at the site of action. The document discusses various NDDS approaches and terminologies and provides examples of controlled, sustained, delayed, and extended release systems.
Powders are mixtures of finely divided drugs and chemicals that can be used internally or externally. Powders consist of particles that can range in size from 10 mm to 1 μm. The particle size distribution and properties influence how powders can be used. Before using powders to make pharmaceutical products, their chemical and physical characteristics like morphology, purity, solubility, and stability are analyzed. Proper blending and avoiding segregation of powder mixtures is important for ensuring uniform and consistent dosing.
This lecture discusses pharmaceutical powders. It begins by defining a pharmaceutical powder as a solid dosage form containing finely divided drugs or chemicals meant for internal or external use. Powders permit drugs to be reduced to a very fine state, enhancing dissolution rate, absorption, and masking unpleasant tastes. The lecture then covers various types of powders including divided powders for internal use (simple, compound, cachet-enclosed), bulk powders (antacids, laxatives), and powders for external use. Methods for reducing particle size like trituration, pulverization, and levigation are also summarized.
Dosage forms come in many types, depending on the method or route of administration. Solid dosage forms, semi-solid dosage forms, liquid dosage forms, and gaseous dosage forms are used for the diagnosis or treatment of the disease by various routes. Solid dosage forms are the most significant dosage forms in pharmaceuticals; it has one or more unit dose of medicament. The solid dosage form is the most commonly used and prescribed by doctors as compared to other dosage forms. It can be administered orally in the form of tablets, capsules, powders, etc. Of these, the tablet is one of the most commonly used oral solid dosage forms.
This document provides an overview of rectal drug delivery systems. Some key points:
- Rectal drug delivery is an alternative to oral administration when swallowing is not possible. It avoids first pass metabolism in the liver and degradation in the stomach.
- Advantages include avoidance of GI irritation, enhanced absorption of some drugs, avoidance of hepatic first pass, and usefulness in pediatric/geriatric patients.
- Applications include rectal administration of anti-epileptics, analgesics like morphine, and peptides.
- Common dosage forms are suppositories, creams, gels, and solutions/suspensions. Suppository bases include fatty bases and water-soluble bases.
- Fact
This document provides an overview of pharmaceutical dosage forms. It defines a dosage form as the physical form that a drug takes, such as solid, liquid, or gas, to deliver the drug to a particular site in the body. Dosage forms are classified based on route of administration and physical form. The key functions of dosage forms are to protect drugs, improve therapeutic activity, and enhance patient compliance. Various types of solid, liquid, semisolid, and gaseous dosage forms are described along with their characteristics and examples.
The document discusses suspensions, including definitions, classifications, properties, advantages, disadvantages, formulation methods, components, and general formulation procedures. Some key points:
- A suspension is a heterogeneous system with insoluble particles dispersed uniformly throughout a liquid medium. Suspending agents help maintain uniform dispersion.
- Suspensions can be classified based on physical state, proportion of solids, behavior of dispersed phase, particle size, and general type (oral, topical, parenteral).
- Important properties include easy redispersion, no sediment compaction, optimal viscosity, and stability.
- Common formulation methods are precipitation, dispersion, controlled flocculation, and use of structured vehicles. Key components are suspending
Pharmaceutical suspension can be classified based on the dispersed phase, vehicle used, proportion of solid particles, particle size, etc. They can be stabilized using suspending agents, viscosity increasing agents, surface charge, etc. Recent advances include nano suspensions to improve solubility, taste masked suspensions to improve palatability, and sustained release suspensions to reduce dosing frequency. Evaluation methods include sedimentation studies, rheological measurements, and zeta potential determination.
This document defines ointments as semi-solid preparations for application to the skin. It discusses the types of ointments including medicated and non-medicated. It describes the ideal properties of ointments and different bases used to make them, including oleaginous, absorption, water-removable, and water-soluble bases. Methods for preparing ointments by incorporation and fusion are also outlined.
The document discusses novel drug delivery systems (NDDS). NDDS aim to control the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs to maximize efficacy and minimize toxicity. They involve interdisciplinary approaches combining polymer science, pharmaceutics, and molecular biology. Various drug carriers are under development like liposomes, nanoparticles, microparticles to minimize drug degradation and increase bioavailability. NDDS can provide controlled release of drugs over extended periods through formulations like sustained release and targeted delivery to specific sites in the body.
This document provides an overview of novel drug delivery systems (NDDS). It discusses the need for NDDS due to disadvantages of current drug therapies, such as degradation in the gastrointestinal tract and first-pass metabolism. The document outlines various types of NDDS, including controlled drug delivery systems, targeted drug delivery systems, and site-specific delivery systems. It also discusses different routes of administration and various polymer carriers that can be used to develop NDDS, such as liposomes, nanoparticles, and microspheres. The overall summary is that NDDS aim to increase drug stability, control release rates, and target drug delivery for improved patient outcomes and compliance.
This document provides an overview of biphasic liquid dosage forms. It defines biphasic liquids as liquid dosage forms containing two phases - an undissolved drug phase distributed throughout a solvent vehicle phase. Suspensions have a solid drug dispersed in a liquid medium, while emulsions have a liquid drug dispersed in a liquid medium. The document discusses the characteristics of suspensions and emulsions, including particle size, dispersion stability methods, and common pharmaceutical examples of each type of biphasic liquid dosage form.
This document discusses modified-release oral dosage forms, including extended-release and delayed-release forms. It describes various technologies used to modify drug release rates, such as coatings, matrices, and osmotic pumps. It also covers terminology, drug candidates suited for modified dosing, clinical considerations, and FDA/USP regulations regarding testing, labeling and in vitro-in vivo correlations. The goal of these dosage forms is to reduce dosing frequency while maintaining therapeutic drug levels over time.
This document provides an overview of pharmaceutical emulsions. It defines emulsions as dispersions of one liquid in another immiscible liquid, stabilized by an emulsifying agent. The key topics covered include the classification of emulsions as oil-in-water or water-in-oil, theories of emulsification, common emulsifying agents like surfactants and hydrocolloids, and factors affecting the stability of emulsions such as flocculation and creaming. Pharmaceutical applications of emulsions include lotions, creams, and ointments.
This seminar discusses modified release drug delivery systems. It begins with an introduction defining modified release as systems that provide drug release in a distinct form from conventional dosage forms, either delaying or extending release. It then covers various types of modified release systems like extended release, delayed release, repeat action and targeted release. Some key technologies for achieving extended release are also summarized, like coated granules, embedding in eroding matrices, multi-tablet systems, and osmotic pumps. The seminar concludes with discussing evaluation of these systems through in vitro/in vivo correlations and dissolution studies.
Parenteral controlled drug delivery system sushmithaDanish Kurien
This document provides an overview of parenteral controlled drug delivery systems, including their objectives, advantages, types of formulations, approaches for formulation, routes of administration, additives used, and recent developments. The key types of formulations discussed are dissolution-controlled depots, adsorption-type depots, encapsulation-type depots, and esterification-type depots. Various approaches for implants and infusion devices are also summarized.
Dr. Maulik Patel's research focuses on developing new drug delivery systems to more selectively target drugs to the site of action. His goals are to increase bioavailability, provide controlled delivery, transport drugs intact to the target site while avoiding healthy tissue, and ensure stable delivery under physiological conditions. He examines various polymer-based formulations, micelles, liposomes, and nanotechnology approaches to better control drug release kinetics and targeting.
This document discusses floating drug delivery systems (FDDS). It begins with an introduction describing FDDS as low-density systems that remain buoyant in the stomach without affecting gastric emptying rate, resulting in increased gastric retention time. It then covers basic gastrointestinal tract physiology, approaches to prolonging gastric residence time including floating systems, and the mechanisms of floating systems. Some advantages include enhanced bioavailability and sustained drug delivery. Widely used polymers, preparation methods, classifications, evaluation tests, marketed products, and conclusions are also summarized.
1. Dosage forms are means to deliver drug molecules to sites of action in the body to produce optimal effects and minimize adverse effects.
2. Dosage forms provide safe delivery of accurate dosages, protect drugs from degradation, and conceal unpleasant tastes or odors.
3. Dosage forms are classified based on their route of administration, physical form, or drug release mechanism and include tablets, capsules, liquids, semi-solids, inhaled, and rectal/vaginal preparations.
1. The document discusses different types of dosage forms including solid, liquid, semi-solid, inhaled, and rectal/vaginal dosage forms.
2. Solid dosage forms include tablets, capsules, powders, and granules. Liquid forms include solutions, emulsions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. Semi-solid forms include ointments, gels, creams and pastes.
3. The document provides examples of each dosage form and explains their composition, use, advantages, and route of administration. The classification of dosage forms is also described based on physical form and route of administration.
Powders are mixtures of finely divided drugs and chemicals that can be used internally or externally. Powders consist of particles that can range in size from 10 mm to 1 μm. The particle size distribution and properties influence how powders can be used. Before using powders to make pharmaceutical products, their chemical and physical characteristics like morphology, purity, solubility, and stability are analyzed. Proper blending and avoiding segregation of powder mixtures is important for ensuring uniform and consistent dosing.
This lecture discusses pharmaceutical powders. It begins by defining a pharmaceutical powder as a solid dosage form containing finely divided drugs or chemicals meant for internal or external use. Powders permit drugs to be reduced to a very fine state, enhancing dissolution rate, absorption, and masking unpleasant tastes. The lecture then covers various types of powders including divided powders for internal use (simple, compound, cachet-enclosed), bulk powders (antacids, laxatives), and powders for external use. Methods for reducing particle size like trituration, pulverization, and levigation are also summarized.
Dosage forms come in many types, depending on the method or route of administration. Solid dosage forms, semi-solid dosage forms, liquid dosage forms, and gaseous dosage forms are used for the diagnosis or treatment of the disease by various routes. Solid dosage forms are the most significant dosage forms in pharmaceuticals; it has one or more unit dose of medicament. The solid dosage form is the most commonly used and prescribed by doctors as compared to other dosage forms. It can be administered orally in the form of tablets, capsules, powders, etc. Of these, the tablet is one of the most commonly used oral solid dosage forms.
This document provides an overview of rectal drug delivery systems. Some key points:
- Rectal drug delivery is an alternative to oral administration when swallowing is not possible. It avoids first pass metabolism in the liver and degradation in the stomach.
- Advantages include avoidance of GI irritation, enhanced absorption of some drugs, avoidance of hepatic first pass, and usefulness in pediatric/geriatric patients.
- Applications include rectal administration of anti-epileptics, analgesics like morphine, and peptides.
- Common dosage forms are suppositories, creams, gels, and solutions/suspensions. Suppository bases include fatty bases and water-soluble bases.
- Fact
This document provides an overview of pharmaceutical dosage forms. It defines a dosage form as the physical form that a drug takes, such as solid, liquid, or gas, to deliver the drug to a particular site in the body. Dosage forms are classified based on route of administration and physical form. The key functions of dosage forms are to protect drugs, improve therapeutic activity, and enhance patient compliance. Various types of solid, liquid, semisolid, and gaseous dosage forms are described along with their characteristics and examples.
The document discusses suspensions, including definitions, classifications, properties, advantages, disadvantages, formulation methods, components, and general formulation procedures. Some key points:
- A suspension is a heterogeneous system with insoluble particles dispersed uniformly throughout a liquid medium. Suspending agents help maintain uniform dispersion.
- Suspensions can be classified based on physical state, proportion of solids, behavior of dispersed phase, particle size, and general type (oral, topical, parenteral).
- Important properties include easy redispersion, no sediment compaction, optimal viscosity, and stability.
- Common formulation methods are precipitation, dispersion, controlled flocculation, and use of structured vehicles. Key components are suspending
Pharmaceutical suspension can be classified based on the dispersed phase, vehicle used, proportion of solid particles, particle size, etc. They can be stabilized using suspending agents, viscosity increasing agents, surface charge, etc. Recent advances include nano suspensions to improve solubility, taste masked suspensions to improve palatability, and sustained release suspensions to reduce dosing frequency. Evaluation methods include sedimentation studies, rheological measurements, and zeta potential determination.
This document defines ointments as semi-solid preparations for application to the skin. It discusses the types of ointments including medicated and non-medicated. It describes the ideal properties of ointments and different bases used to make them, including oleaginous, absorption, water-removable, and water-soluble bases. Methods for preparing ointments by incorporation and fusion are also outlined.
The document discusses novel drug delivery systems (NDDS). NDDS aim to control the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs to maximize efficacy and minimize toxicity. They involve interdisciplinary approaches combining polymer science, pharmaceutics, and molecular biology. Various drug carriers are under development like liposomes, nanoparticles, microparticles to minimize drug degradation and increase bioavailability. NDDS can provide controlled release of drugs over extended periods through formulations like sustained release and targeted delivery to specific sites in the body.
This document provides an overview of novel drug delivery systems (NDDS). It discusses the need for NDDS due to disadvantages of current drug therapies, such as degradation in the gastrointestinal tract and first-pass metabolism. The document outlines various types of NDDS, including controlled drug delivery systems, targeted drug delivery systems, and site-specific delivery systems. It also discusses different routes of administration and various polymer carriers that can be used to develop NDDS, such as liposomes, nanoparticles, and microspheres. The overall summary is that NDDS aim to increase drug stability, control release rates, and target drug delivery for improved patient outcomes and compliance.
This document provides an overview of biphasic liquid dosage forms. It defines biphasic liquids as liquid dosage forms containing two phases - an undissolved drug phase distributed throughout a solvent vehicle phase. Suspensions have a solid drug dispersed in a liquid medium, while emulsions have a liquid drug dispersed in a liquid medium. The document discusses the characteristics of suspensions and emulsions, including particle size, dispersion stability methods, and common pharmaceutical examples of each type of biphasic liquid dosage form.
This document discusses modified-release oral dosage forms, including extended-release and delayed-release forms. It describes various technologies used to modify drug release rates, such as coatings, matrices, and osmotic pumps. It also covers terminology, drug candidates suited for modified dosing, clinical considerations, and FDA/USP regulations regarding testing, labeling and in vitro-in vivo correlations. The goal of these dosage forms is to reduce dosing frequency while maintaining therapeutic drug levels over time.
This document provides an overview of pharmaceutical emulsions. It defines emulsions as dispersions of one liquid in another immiscible liquid, stabilized by an emulsifying agent. The key topics covered include the classification of emulsions as oil-in-water or water-in-oil, theories of emulsification, common emulsifying agents like surfactants and hydrocolloids, and factors affecting the stability of emulsions such as flocculation and creaming. Pharmaceutical applications of emulsions include lotions, creams, and ointments.
This seminar discusses modified release drug delivery systems. It begins with an introduction defining modified release as systems that provide drug release in a distinct form from conventional dosage forms, either delaying or extending release. It then covers various types of modified release systems like extended release, delayed release, repeat action and targeted release. Some key technologies for achieving extended release are also summarized, like coated granules, embedding in eroding matrices, multi-tablet systems, and osmotic pumps. The seminar concludes with discussing evaluation of these systems through in vitro/in vivo correlations and dissolution studies.
Parenteral controlled drug delivery system sushmithaDanish Kurien
This document provides an overview of parenteral controlled drug delivery systems, including their objectives, advantages, types of formulations, approaches for formulation, routes of administration, additives used, and recent developments. The key types of formulations discussed are dissolution-controlled depots, adsorption-type depots, encapsulation-type depots, and esterification-type depots. Various approaches for implants and infusion devices are also summarized.
Dr. Maulik Patel's research focuses on developing new drug delivery systems to more selectively target drugs to the site of action. His goals are to increase bioavailability, provide controlled delivery, transport drugs intact to the target site while avoiding healthy tissue, and ensure stable delivery under physiological conditions. He examines various polymer-based formulations, micelles, liposomes, and nanotechnology approaches to better control drug release kinetics and targeting.
This document discusses floating drug delivery systems (FDDS). It begins with an introduction describing FDDS as low-density systems that remain buoyant in the stomach without affecting gastric emptying rate, resulting in increased gastric retention time. It then covers basic gastrointestinal tract physiology, approaches to prolonging gastric residence time including floating systems, and the mechanisms of floating systems. Some advantages include enhanced bioavailability and sustained drug delivery. Widely used polymers, preparation methods, classifications, evaluation tests, marketed products, and conclusions are also summarized.
1. Dosage forms are means to deliver drug molecules to sites of action in the body to produce optimal effects and minimize adverse effects.
2. Dosage forms provide safe delivery of accurate dosages, protect drugs from degradation, and conceal unpleasant tastes or odors.
3. Dosage forms are classified based on their route of administration, physical form, or drug release mechanism and include tablets, capsules, liquids, semi-solids, inhaled, and rectal/vaginal preparations.
1. The document discusses different types of dosage forms including solid, liquid, semi-solid, inhaled, and rectal/vaginal dosage forms.
2. Solid dosage forms include tablets, capsules, powders, and granules. Liquid forms include solutions, emulsions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. Semi-solid forms include ointments, gels, creams and pastes.
3. The document provides examples of each dosage form and explains their composition, use, advantages, and route of administration. The classification of dosage forms is also described based on physical form and route of administration.
Introduction to dosage forms.pptx power pointafsanamamedova
This document provides an introduction and overview of dosage forms. It begins by defining dosage forms as the means of delivering drug molecules to sites of action in the body. It then classifies dosage forms based on their physical state (solid, liquid, semi-solid), route of administration (oral, parenteral, topical), and other characteristics. The main body of the document describes various common solid, liquid, and semi-solid dosage forms such as tablets, capsules, solutions, suspensions, creams and ointments. It provides examples of excipients used and how different dosage forms are designed to improve drug delivery or mask unpleasant characteristics. In closing, the document emphasizes dosage forms are needed to safely and conveniently deliver accurate drug
This document provides an introduction to dosage forms, which are the means by which drug molecules are delivered to sites of action within the body. It discusses the need for dosage forms due to challenges with direct clinical use of active drug substances. The document then classifies and describes various types of solid, liquid, semi-solid, inhaled, and parenteral dosage forms including tablets, capsules, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, ointments, creams, suppositories, injections and more. Excipients are also discussed as inactive ingredients that aid drug delivery without affecting therapeutic action.
doses forms.pptx used in pharmaceutical formulationsRakesh Barik
This document provides an introduction and overview of dosage forms. It discusses the classification of dosage forms based on their route of administration (oral, parenteral, etc.), physical form (solid, liquid, semi-solid), and other characteristics. The main types of solid, liquid, and semi-solid dosage forms are described including tablets, capsules, oral solutions, suspensions, ointments, and others. The document emphasizes that dosage forms are designed to safely and effectively deliver drug molecules to sites of action in the body.
1. The document introduces different types of dosage forms including solid, liquid, and semi-solid forms. Solid forms include tablets, capsules, powders, and granules. Liquid forms include solutions, emulsions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. Semi-solid forms include ointments, gels, creams and pastes.
2. Dosage forms deliver drug molecules to sites of action in the body and provide benefits like accurate dosing, protecting drugs, and masking tastes. They are classified based on route of administration, physical form, and whether they are for oral, topical, inhaled or other uses.
3. Common excipients used in dosage forms are discussed
This document discusses different types of dosage forms used to deliver drugs to the body. It begins with an introduction and overview of dosage forms. It then covers the classification and examples of solid, liquid, and semi-solid dosage forms. Solid dosage forms discussed include tablets, capsules, powders, and others. Liquid forms include solutions, emulsions, suspensions and others. Semi-solid forms include creams, ointments, gels and suppositories. The document provides details on the composition, properties and examples of various oral and other administration route dosage forms.
This document discusses different dosage forms used to deliver drugs to the body. It defines dosage forms as the means of delivering active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) to sites of action within the body. Dosage forms contain APIs and excipients. They are classified based on route of administration and physical form. Solid dosage forms include tablets, capsules, and implants. Semi-solid forms include ointments, creams, and suppositories. Liquid forms include oral solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. The document provides examples and descriptions of various common dosage forms.
This document summarizes various types of solid and semi-solid oral dosage forms including tablets, capsules, lozenges, pastilles, and others. Tablets can be coated or uncoated and come in many forms like effervescent, chewable, sublingual, and buccal. Capsules contain medications and come in two pieces that are joined. Other dosage forms are used to deliver drugs to specific areas like the mouth or skin and have characteristics like dissolving slowly. Semi-solid forms include ointments, gels, and enemas that are used on or in the body for drug delivery and other purposes.
This document discusses various dosage forms used to deliver drug molecules to sites of action within the body. It defines dosage forms and describes their classification based on route of administration and physical form. Several oral dosage forms are described in detail, including tablets, capsules, liquids, and others. Topical, rectal, vaginal, parenteral, inhaled, and other dosage forms are also summarized. The purpose, composition, and examples of each type of dosage form are provided.
The document discusses drug dosage forms, which are the various ways that pharmaceutical products are administered to patients. Some key points made:
- Dosage forms provide accurate dosing of drugs and allow for administration through different routes. Common forms include tablets, capsules, injections, etc.
- Formulations specify the name, strength and dosage form of the drug product. Excipients are inactive ingredients that don't affect the drug's therapeutic action.
- The dosage form determines how drug molecules are delivered to sites of action in the body. It must provide protection, accurate dosing, and optimize drug effects.
This document discusses different types of dosage forms including oral and topical dosage forms. Oral dosage forms include tablets, capsules, liquids, and others. Tablets can be coated, sublingual, effervescent, chewable and more. Capsules are either hard or soft shelled. Topical dosage forms include ointments, creams, gels, pastes, liniments and others that are applied to the skin or mucous membranes for local effects. Dosage forms are designed to deliver drugs to sites of action in the body in a way that protects, masks tastes, and controls drug release.
This document provides an overview of different dosage forms used to deliver drug molecules to sites of action within the body. It discusses both oral and topical solid and liquid dosage forms such as tablets, capsules, ointments, creams, and more. It also covers parenteral forms like injections as well as inhaled, rectal, and vaginal dosage forms. The document classifies dosage forms based on their physical form and route of administration and provides examples and descriptions of common forms.
This document discusses various types of dosage forms including their definitions, classifications, and examples. It covers solid dosage forms like tablets, capsules, and powders as well as liquid forms like solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. It also discusses semi-solid forms like ointments, creams, gels and pastes. Additionally, it covers various routes of administration such as oral, topical, rectal, parenteral, inhaled and others. It provides details on the composition, use and examples of different dosage forms based on their physical properties and intended route of delivery.
PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS : an overall introduction .pptxAdinathSangale2
Dosage forms are the mechanism by which drug molecules / APIs are administered to areas of action inside the body to generate maximum intended benefits and the lowest unwanted effects.
OR The Dosage form is the combination of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) and Excipients in the formulation.
This document defines and classifies different types of dosage forms. It discusses oral solid dosage forms like tablets, capsules, granules and powders. It also covers oral liquid forms such as solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. Finally, it summarizes topical dosage forms including ointments, creams, gels, pastes and dusting powders which are applied externally to the skin or mucous membranes. The purpose of different dosage forms is to deliver drug molecules accurately to sites of action in the body while protecting, masking taste and ensuring sustained or controlled release of medication.
This document discusses different types of dosage forms, which are means of delivering drug molecules to sites of action in the body. It describes various oral dosage forms including tablets, capsules, liquids, and others. It also covers topical dosage forms such as ointments, creams, gels, and more. Oral dosage forms provide accurate dosing, protection from gastric acid, and masking of taste, while topical forms are used on the skin or mucous membranes to deliver drugs locally. The document provides details on the composition, use, and advantages of many common dosage forms.
This presentation provides an overview of different dosage forms including their definitions, classifications, and examples. It discusses solid dosage forms like tablets and capsules, liquid forms like syrups and suspensions, and semisolid forms like ointments and creams. The key points are:
- A dosage form refers to the physical form of a drug, such as a tablet, capsule, or liquid, and how it is administered.
- Dosage forms are classified by their physical form (solid, liquid, semisolid), route of administration (oral, topical, parenteral), and release rate (immediate or sustained release).
- Common solid dosage forms include tablets, capsules, and powders. Liquid
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1. KNOW ABOUT YOUR DRUGS
PART - III
DOSAGE FORMS AND
DRUG DELIVERY
SYSTEMS
PRESENTED BY
SANI SINGH
M. PHARM (PHARMACEUTICS)
2. DOSAGE FORM OF DRUGS
Dosage forms are the means by which drug molecules / APIs are delivered to sites of
action within the body to produce optimum desired effects and minimum adverse effect.
Need of Dosage
Forms
Drug Safety /
Benefit
Patient Safety
/ Benefit
3. NEED OF DOSAGE FORMS
Provide safe and convenient delivery of accurate dosage.
Example – Tablets, capsules, syrups
Protection of a drug substances from atmospheric oxygen or moisture.
Example – Coated capsules, sealed ampules
Protection of a drug substances from gastric acid after oral administration.
Example – Enteric coated tablets
Conceal bitter taste, or odor of a drug substances.
Example – Capsules, coated tablets, flavored syrups
Provide liquid preparation of drug that insoluble or unstable in the desired
vehicle. Example – Suspension
Provide liquid dosage forms of substances soluble in desired vehicle.
Example – Solution
4. Provide optional drug action from topical administration sites.
Example – Ointment, cream, ear and nasal preparations
Provide for insertion of a drug into one of the body’s orifices.
Example – Rectal and vaginal suppositories
Provide extended drug action through controlled release mechanisms.
Example – Controlled release tablets, capsules, suspensions
Provide for the placement of drugs within body tissues.
Example – Implants
Provide for the optimal drug action through inhalation therapy.
Example – Inhalants
5. CLASSIFICATION OF DOSAGE FORMS
Based on Route of
Administration
Oral
Parenteral
Topical
Transdermal
Respiratory/Inhaled
Ophthalmic
Rectal
Veginal
Otic
Based on Physical Form
Solid
Semi-solid
Liquid
Gases
14. SOLID DOSAGE FORMS
1 -TABLET
A tablet is unit dose of one or more medicament. Prepare by compression or mould
method.
Common excipients used in tablet are :
Diluents – Provide bulkiness of tablet.
Disintegrants – To ensure that the tablet breaks up in the digestive tract.
Binder – Important for granulation of powder.
Glidants and Lubricants – Provide good flow and ensure efficient tabletting.
Sweeteners and Flavors – To mask the taste of APIs.
Pigments – To mask uncoated tablets visually attractive.
A coating may be applied to mask taste, smooth tablet for easy swallow, expending
shelf life, and prevent gastric degradation of drug.
15. 2 - BUCCAL AND SUBLINGUAL TABLET
Buccal tablets placing between the gum and the cheek.
Sublingual tablets placing under the tongue.
Medicaments of both systems rapidly dissolve in mouth and absorbed through the
mucous membrane of mouth.
Drug reaches in systemic circulation without affecting by gastric juices and
metabolizing enzymes of the liver.
Examples – Vasodilators, Steroidal hormones.
16. 3 - EFFERVESCENT TABLET
Effervescent tablets are uncoated and generally contain acid substances (citric
and tartaric acids) and carbonates or bicarbonates , which react rapidly in
presence of water and release carbon dioxide.
They are intended to be dissolved or dispersed in water before use, it provide :
Tablet immediately dissolve or dispersed
Pleasant taste of carbonated drink
They are tablets that chewed prior to swallowing.
They are designed for administration to children e.g. vitamin products.
4 - CHEWABLE TABLET
17. 5 - CAPSULES
Solid unit dosage form that contain a solid, semi-solid, and liquid fill and a gelatin
shell.
Common excipients used in capsules are :
Gelatin – Commonly used as gelling agent.
Plasticizers – To ensure elasticity or mechanical stability.
Additional Additives – Preservative, coloring and opacifying agents .
They are mainly two types are :
Hard gelatin capsules used for dry powder ingredients.
Soft gelatin capsules used for semi-solid and for active ingredients that are
dissolved or suspended in oil.
18. 6 - LOZENGE
It is a solid preparation that used to medicate the mouth and throat for the slow
administration of indigestion or cough remedies.
It consisting of sugar and gum, the latter giving strength and cohesiveness to the
lozenge and facilitating slow release of the medicament.
7 - PASTILLES
It is a solid medicated pill or candy preparation that design to dissolve slowly in
the mouth.
They are softer than lozenge and their base are glycerol, gelatin, acacia and sugar.
19. 8 - DENTAL CONES
A tablet from intended to be placed in the empty socket following a tooth extraction,
for preventing the local multiplication of pathogenic bacteria associated with tooth
extractions.
These tablets contain an excipients like – lactose, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium
chloride etc.
Cones may contain an antibiotic or antiseptic.
9 - PILLS
It is a solid oral dosage form which consists of spherical masses prepared from
one or more APIs with inert excipients.
Pills are now rarely used.
20. They are consisting of solid, dry aggregates of powder particles with irregular
shape often supplied in single-dose sachets.
Some granules are placed under the tongue and swallowed with water and other
are intended to be dissolved in water before taking.
Effervescent granules evolve carbon dioxide when added to water.
10 – ORAL GRANULES
11 – ORAL POWDER
Bulk Powders are multi dose preparations consisting of solid, loose, dry particles of
varying degrees of fineness.
Contain one or more active ingredients, with or without excipients and, if necessary,
coloring matter and flavoring substances.
Usually contain non-potent medicaments such as antacids since the patient measures
a dose by volume using a 5 ml medicine spoon.
21. LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS
1 – ORAL SOLUTION
Oral solutions are clear Liquid preparations for oral use containing one or more
active ingredients dissolved in a suitable vehicle.
2 – ORAL EMULSION
Oral emulsions are stabilized oil-in-water dispersions, either or both phases of which
may contain dissolved solids either oil is dispersed in finely divided form in water or
vice versa.
3 – ORAL SUSPENSION
Biphasic liquid preparations for oral use containing one or more active ingredients
suspended in a suitable vehicle. It sediment which is readily dispersed on shaking to
give a uniform suspension which remains sufficiently stable to enable the correct
dose to be delivered.
22. 4 – SYRUP
It is a concentrated aqueous solution of a sugar, usually sucrose to which
medicaments are added.
Flavored syrups are a convenient form of masking disagreeable tastes.
5 – ELIXIR
It is pleasantly flavored clear liquid oral preparation of potent or nauseous drugs.
The vehicle may contain a high proportion of ethanol or sucrose together with
antimicrobial preservatives which confers the stability of the preparation.
6 – MOUTHWASHES
These are similar to gargles but are used for oral hygiene and to treat infections
of the mouth.
23. 7 – LINCTUSES
It is viscous, liquid oral preparations that are usually prescribed for the relief of
cough. It contain high proportion of syrup and glycerol which have a demulcent
effect on the membranes of the throat.
The dose volume is small (5ml) and, to prolong the demulcent action, they should
be taken undiluted.
8 – ORAL DROPS
Oral drops are liquid preparations for oral use that are intended to be
administered in small volumes with the aid of a suitable measuring device.
They may be solutions, suspensions or emulsions.
24. 9 – GARGLES
They are prepared in a concentrated solution with directions for the patient
to dilute with warm water before use.
They are aqueous solutions used in the prevention or treatment of throat infections.
10 – LOTIONS
It is mono-phasic liquid preparations (aqueous) for external application without
friction either dabbed on the skin or applied on a suitable dressing and covered
with a water proof dressing to reduce evaporation.
11 – NASAL DROPS & SPRAYS
Drugs in aqueous solution may be instilled into the nose from a dropper or from a
plastic squeeze bottle.
Used for local effect, e.g. antihistamine, decongestant.
25. 11 – COLLODION
Collodion is a solution of nitro cellulose in ether or acetone, some times with
the addition of alcohols.
As the solvent evaporates, it dries to a celluloid-like film.
It is highly flammable.
Compound Wart Remover consists of acetic acid and salicylic acid in an
acetone collodion base used in treatment of warts by Keratolysis.
12 – PAINTS
Paints are mono-phasic liquids for application to the skin or mucous membranes.
Skin paints contain volatile solvent that evaporates quickly to leave a dry resinous
film of medicament.
Throat paints are more viscous due to a high content of glycerol that designed to
prolong contact of the medicament with the affected site.
26. PARENTERAL DOSAGE FORMS
An injection is an infusion method of putting liquid in to the body, usually with a
hollow needle and a syringe which is pierced through the skin.
Intravenous Injection
• It is a liquid administered directly into the bloodstream via a vein.
• It is advantages when a rapid onset of action is needed.
Intramuscular Injection
• It is the injection of a APIs directly into a muscle.
• Intramuscular injections are often given in the deltoid, vastus
lateralis, ventrogluteal and dorsogluteal muscles.
Subcutaneous Injection
• It is injecting into the subcutis, the layer of skin directly below the
dermis and epidermis.
• It is highly effective in administering vaccines and insulin.
27. SEMI-SOLID DOSAGE FORMS
1 – OINTMENTS
Ointments are semi-solid, greasy preparations for application to the skin, rectum or
nasal mucosa.
Base is usually anhydrous and immiscible with skin secretions.
Ointments may be used as emollients or dissolved medicaments to the skin.
2 – GELS
In gel a liquid phase is constrained with in a 3-D polymeric matrix (consisting of
natural or synthetic gum) having a high degree of physical or chemical cross-
linking.
It is used for medication, lubrication and some miscellaneous applications like
carrier for spermicidal agents to be used intra vaginally.
28. 3 – CREAMS
Oil-in-water (O/W)
• It composed of small droplets of
oil dispersed in a continuous
aqueous phase.
• Less greasy and more easily
washed off using water.
Water-in-oil (W/O)
• It composed of small droplets of
water dispersed in a continuous
oily phase.
• More difficult to handle but used
for hydrophobic drug preparation.
• Reduces water loss from the
stratum corneum maintain
moisture of skin.
29. 4 – PASTES
Pastes are basically ointments into which a high percentage of insoluble solid has
been added.
The extra ordinary amount of particulate matter stiffens the system.
It provide less heating and penetration than ointment.
It make good protective barrier when placed on the skin, the solid they contain
can absorb and thereby neutralize certain noxious chemicals before they ever
reach the skin.
Greasy Pastes
• Leaser’s paste
Non-greasy Paste
• Bassorin paste
30. INHALED DOSAGE FORMS
1 – INHALER
Inhalers are solutions, suspensions or emulsion of drugs in a mixture of inert
propellants.
Release of a dose of the medicament under pressure in an aerosol dispenser in the form
of droplets of 50 um diameter or less from the container through a spring loaded valve
incorporating a metering device.
It is commonly used in the treatment of asthma and other respiratory problems.
31. 2 – NEBULIZER OR ATOMIZER
It is commonly used in treating asthma, and other respiratory diseases.
It is a device used to administer medication in forms of a liquid mist to the air ways.
It pumps air or oxygen through a liquid medicine to turn it into a vapor, which is then
inhaled by the patient.
Generally prefer to inhalers for patients, due to advantages such as:
1- Cheaper
2- More portable
3- Less risk of side effects.
For that reason, are usually reserved only for serious cases of respiratory disease or
severe attacks.
32. RECTAL & VAGINAL DOSAGE FORMS
1 – SUPPOSITORY
It is a semi solid medicated mass, usually cone shaped, that is inserted
either into the rectum, vagina where it melts at body temperature.
2 – ENEMA
An enema is the procedure of introducing liquids into the rectum and
colon via the anus.
Evacuant Enema
• Used as a bowel stimulant to treat
constipation.
• Their volume up to 2 liters.
• Warmed to body temperature.
• Example - soft soap enema &
Magnesium sulphate enema
Retention Enema
• Their volume does not exceed 100
ml.
• No warming needed.
• Example – barium enema &
nutrient enema.
33. 3 – PESSARY
Pessaries are solid medicated preparations designed for insertion
into the vagina where they melt or dissolve.
Moulded
Pessaries
• Cone shape and
prepared by
molded method.
Compressed Pessaries
• Prepare by compression
as similar manner to oral
tablets.
• Available in different
shape.
Vaginal
Capsules
• Prepare same as
soft gelatin
capsules and
various size and
shape.
34. KEY CONCEPTS
General consideration in dosage form design.
• Characteristics of drug substances
• Drug stability and formulation stability
• Appearance and Palatability
• Prevention against microbial contamination
Drug
Consideration
• Nature of disease or illness
• Age of patient
• Condition of patient (Emergency, unconscious)
Therapeutic
Consideration
• Biopharmaceutics
• Bioavailability concept
Biopharmaceutics
Consideration
35. REFERENCES
Allen. Lyod. V, “Ansel’s Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery
System”, 9th edition, 2011, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
www.fda.gov
Aulton. M. E, “Pharmaceutics: The Science of Dosage From Design”, 1998,
Churchill Livingstone.
Lachman, L., Liebermann, H.A. & Konig, J.L. “The Theory and Practice
of Industrial Pharmacy, 3rd edition, 1986.
For detail study refer reference books and journal mention in reference.