This document provides an extensive overview of solid and liquid dosage forms in pharmacology, including definitions, types, and specific examples of drugs. It details the advantages and disadvantages of various administration routes, including oral, topical, and parenteral forms, and outlines the characteristics of different dosage types, such as tablets, capsules, powders, and liquids. The information is useful for understanding drug formulation and delivery methods in a clinical setting.

1. Solid dosage form
Presentation by:
Dr. Eshani Mahajan

2. Definitions
• Dose : It is a quantity of drug that produces desired therapeutic response in a
recipient. It contains active ingredients like drugs and other substances like
excipients, flavoring agents, and preservatives
• Excipients: Pharmacologically, an inert substance is added to the preparation
when a small quantity of drug is present to add bulk and also used to mask the
unpleasant taste. E.g. lactose, starch
• Vehicles: A carrier or inert medium used as a solvent (or diluent) in which the
medicinally active agent is formulated and administered. E.g. Sugar syrup

3. Definitions
• Aqua: These are watery solutions of volatile oils or other aromatic
substances in distilled water e.g. mentha preperatta
• Flavoring agent: used to mask nauseating and unpleasant taste of
medicines. e.g. spirit chloroform
• Sweetening agents: used to mask bad taste of syrup and elixirs. e.g.
Aspartame

4. Dosage form
• Different drug formulation which are designed to make it possible to
introduce a drug into the human body.
1. Solid
2. Liquid
3. Inhalational

5. Solid dosage form
• Solid oral
• Solid topical
• Other

6. Solid oral
• The most commonly used solid dosage forms as they provide a correct
compact dosage, portable and are convenient to market , store and
administer
• The oral form should administer with full glass of water with the
patient in upright posture

7. Advantages
• Appropriate for any age of patient
• The most common, natural and easiest route of administration
• Safe, economical , convenient to the patient
• Can take it without any help

8. Disadvantages
• Delayed onset of action because absorption takes time
• Not suitable in emergency and for unconscious patient
• Not convenient for patient with vomiting and diarrhoea
• Not suitable for uncooperative patients as children and infants

9. Types
•Tablets
1. Uncoated Tablets
2. Coated Tablets ( Sugar Coated, Film coated )
3. Chewable tablets
4. Sublingual or Buccal
5. Lozenges
6. Mouth dissolving tablets

10. Tablets
• Contain unit dose of one or more powdered or granulated drugs
• Prepared by compressing heavy pressure or moulding method into a
round or disk-like shape suitable for swallowing

11. 1. Uncoated tablets
• Tablets having no coating
• Example: Aspirin, erythromycin tablets

12. 2. Coated tablets
• The tablets are coated with one or more layers of mixture of
substances for a variety of reasons like protecting from air, moisture
or light etc.

13. Sugar Coated tablets
• Coated with sugar to enhance palatability
• Example: Tablet chloroquine, metronidazole

14. Film coated tablets
• A transparent film is made up of cellulose acetate and gelatin
derivative to mask the unpleasant taste
• Example: Cefuroxamine , diltiazem

15. 3. Chewable tablets
• These are large tablets usually pleasant tasting that are meant to be
chewed well before swallowing
• Chewing provide disintegration in the mouth thus rapid effect after
swallowing
• Example: Vit. C, D3 tablets

16. 4. Sublingual or buccal tablets
• These are small, flat or oval tablets intended to be inserted into the
buccal pouch or beneath the tongue where the active ingredient rapidly
absorbed
• Example: GTN (Glyceryl trinitrate), nitrates

17. 5.Lozenges
• These are flat , rounded , rectangular preparations kept in mouth till
they dissolve
• Example: Cough lozenges (strepsils)

18. 6. Mouth dissolving tablets
• Orally disintragating tablets
• Designed for dysphagic, geriatric, pediatric, bedridden and psychotic
patients
• They do not require water for its administration
• Example : Ondasetron, domperidone

19. • Capsules
• Hard capsules
• Soft capsules
• Modified release capsule /Spansules

20. Capsules
• They are container, usually made of gelatin
• They may be hard or soft
• Example: Tetracyclin capsule, amoxicillin capsule

21. 1.Hard capsule
• Shells of two cylindrical sections in which drug may be either in it
which are made up of gelatin.
• Drug may either in granules or powder form

22. 2. Soft capsule
• Single shell of thick gelatin layer
• Drug is in liquid form

23. 3. Modified release capsules or spansules
• These are designed to modify the rate, place, or time of release of
drug
• Can be delayed release type or sustained release type tablet

24. • Powders
• Simple Powder
• Compound Powder
• Granular Effervescent Powder
• Granules
• Cachet

25. Powders
• These are solid dosage form of drugs in finely divided form and mixed
homogeneously
• These can be dispensed, weighed accurately and administered to
children with great ease

26. 1. Simple Powder
• It contains only one ingredient in either crystalline form or amorphous
form
• Example: Glucose powder, aspirin powder

27. 2. Compound Powder
• It contains two or more than two ingredients which are mixed together
• Example: ORS Powder

28. 3. Granular effervescent powder
• These powders contain drug with mixture of acid and alkali which
after dissolving in water release carbon dioxide after reaction
• It masks bitter taste
• Example: ENO

29. 4. Granules
• These are small irregular particles;0.5-2mm in diameter ,aggregated
together by binding a binding agent in single dose sachets
• Example: Zinc granules

30. 5.Cachets
• Catchets provide an edible container like capsule
• Example: Vit. E and evening prime rose oil cachet

31. • Solid topical dosage forms:
• Dusting powder
• Plasters
• Pellets

32. 1.Dusting Powder
• Powders intended for local use with no systemic effects
• Example: Neomycin powder, boric acid powder

33. 2. Plasters
• These are solid adhesive preparations applied to protect, soothe and
provide mechanical strength to lessen pain
• Example: Johnson and Johnson, zinc oxide plaster

34. 3. Pellets
• These are the sterile spheres formed by compression of the drug
• They are implanted subcutaneously which form a depot from where a
drug is released slowly
• Example: Testosterone pellet

35. Other solid dosage form
•Suppositories
• Rectal
• Vaginal
• Uretheral

36. Suppositories
• These are mixtures of drugs with a firm base that can be moulded in
shapes suitables for insertion in orifice

37. 1.Rectal suppositories
• These are cone or bullet-shaped to be placed in the rectum
• Example: Dulcolax suppositories for constipation

38. 2.Vaginal suppositories
• These are the conical or spherical shaped to be placed in vagina
• Example: Miconazole +Tinidazole

39. 3.Urethral suppositories (bougies)
• These are pencil shaped
• Supplied in aluminium foil and usually lubricated with water

40. Liquid dosage form
1. Liquid oral
2. Liquid topical

41. Liquid oral
Types
•Solutions
Elixirs
Syrup
Linctus
Tinctures
Oral drops

42. 1. Elixirs
• These are clear flavoured hydroalcoholic solutions of medicinal
substances.
• Usually less sweet and less viscous due to less sugar
• Example: Vitamin B-Complex elixirs, cough elixirs

43. 2. Syrup
• Syrups are concentrated sucrose solution in water or other liquids
• Contains high sugar and more effective than elixir
• Example: Cough and Vitamin syrups

44. 3.Linctus
• These are viscous liquids containing the drug with some demulcents
(menthols), sugar and alcohol intended to relief cough
• Sipped and swallowed slowly
• Example: Cough linctus

45. 4. Tincture
• These are solutions prepared by extracting the active content from a
crude drug
• Obtained from vegetable material (alcoholic or hydroalcoholic) or
from chemical.
• E.g. Tincture digitalis, Tincture belladona

46. 5. Oral drops
• Drops are solutions, tincture or mixtures of drug substances to be
prescribed in small quantities intended to be used orally or external.
• E.g. Vitamin drops

47. • Suspensions
• Mixture
• Emulsions
• Magmas

48. 1.Mixture
• These are solid drugs, soluble or insoluble dispersed homogeneously
in vehicles meant for internal use
• Insoluble particles are suspended by using suitable suspending agent
(agar-agar)
• Such mixture is to be labelled as “Shake well before use”
• Example: Antidiarrhoeal mixtures, milk of magnesia, MgSO4

49. 2. Emulsions
• Emulsion is a mixture of two immiscible liquids, one of which is
dispersed uniformly throughout the other with the help of emulsifying
agent.
• Example: Cod liver oil emulsion, liquid paraffin emulsion

50. 3. Magmas
• These are bulky suspensions of poorly soluble substances in water
• Since they are white liquids they are also called as milks
• Example: Bentonite magma, aluminium hydroxide magma

51. 4. Dry mixture for solution
• Agents having insufficient stability in aqueous solutions to meet
extended shelf life periods are provided as dry powders or granules for
reconstitution with the required quantity of purified water
immediately before administration. E.g. ORS powder

52. Liquid topical dosage forms
• Liniments
• Lotions
• Ointments
• Paste
• Creams
• Gels
• Paints
• Spray
• Enema
• Mouth wash
• Irrigation solution

53. 1. Liniments
• They are liquid preparations intended for external application on
unbroken skin by rubbing
• Example : Turpentine methyl salicylate liniment

54. 2. Lotions
• They are liquid preparations meant for local application to the skin or
mucous membrane without rubbing
• Example: Calamine lotion

55. 3. Ointments
• They are semisolid preparation with greasy base as vehicle for
external application to skin and mucous membrane
• Example: Chloramphenicol eye ointment

56. 4. Pastes
• They are semi-solid preparation contain a non greasy base
• Paste do not melt at body temperature like ointments
• Example: Anhydrous benzoyl peroxide

57. 5. Creams
• They are viscous liquid or semisolid emulsion which can be either
water or water in oil type
• Example: Betnovate cream

58. 6. Gels
• Drug is dissolved in a liquid and then dispensed in some gelling agent
(soft gelatin)
• They are usually transparent preparation
• Example: Aluminium hydroxide gel

59. 7. Paint
• It is a viscous liquid preparation for application on skin and mucous
membrane
• Example: Gum paint

60. 8. Spray
• Sprays are aerosol preparations containing medicament for topical
application
• Example: Analgesic spray

61. 9. Enema
• It is meant for rectal administration employed to evacuate the bowl
• Example: Hydrocortisone rectal suspension

62. 10. Mouthwash
• It is an aqueous suspension with a pleasant taste and colour used for
rinsing , deodorant, refreshing or antiseptic action
• Example: Listerine

63.  Liquid parenteral dosage form
• Ampoules
• Single or multidose vial

64. Liquid parenteral dosage form
• These preparation meant for parenteral administration
• They must be sterile and pyrogen free

65. 1. Ampoules
• It is a glass/plastic container, which contain single dose of a drug
• Example: Propofol, phenylephrine

66. 2. Single or multi dose vial
• It contain multiple doses of drug solution or powder form of the drug
• The solution can be reused but sterility has to be maintained
• Example: Vaccines

67. Advantages
• Faster action
• Can be given in unconsciousness and uncooperative patients
• Useful in patients with vomiting
• First pass metabolism avoided
• Useful in emergency situation

68. Disadvantages
• They required assistance and proper aseptic precautions
• Pain at the injection site
• Expensive, inconvenient to patients
• Injury to the nerve may occur

69. Thank you