Bacteria may engage in genetic exchange through natural transformation where they take up environmental DNA. While this was initially thought to be a mechanism for recombination, evidence shows it primarily functions to obtain nutrients. The DNA uptake sequence preferences seen in some bacteria likely evolved through passive accumulation driven by the uptake machinery's bias rather than serving recombination. Any recombination in bacteria likely occurs accidentally during DNA repair. In contrast, sexual reproduction in eukaryotes evolved to solve a problem unique to their complexity that is nearly universal among eukaryotes.
binary fisson, conjugation, transposons, transduction, transformation, plasmids, insertion sequences, dissemination of drug resistance in bacteria, genetic transfer in bacteria, theta replication, rolling circle replication
Genome evolution - tales of scales DNA to crops,months to billions of years, ...Pat (JS) Heslop-Harrison
Pat Heslop-Harrison: Lecture to University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia December 2013
Some DNA sequences are recognizable in all organisms and originated with the start of life. Others are unique to a single species. Some sequences are present in single copies in genomes, while others are present as millions of copies. The total amount of DNA in cells of an advanced eukaryotic species can vary over three orders of magnitude, and chromosome number can vary similarly. How can such huge variations be accommodated within the constraints of organism growth, development and reproduction? What are the evolutionary implications of these huge variations? How can we use the information to understand plant evolution, cytogenetics, genetics and epigenetics? What are the implications for future evolution, biodiversity and responses of plants during plant breeding or climate change?
binary fisson, conjugation, transposons, transduction, transformation, plasmids, insertion sequences, dissemination of drug resistance in bacteria, genetic transfer in bacteria, theta replication, rolling circle replication
Genome evolution - tales of scales DNA to crops,months to billions of years, ...Pat (JS) Heslop-Harrison
Pat Heslop-Harrison: Lecture to University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia December 2013
Some DNA sequences are recognizable in all organisms and originated with the start of life. Others are unique to a single species. Some sequences are present in single copies in genomes, while others are present as millions of copies. The total amount of DNA in cells of an advanced eukaryotic species can vary over three orders of magnitude, and chromosome number can vary similarly. How can such huge variations be accommodated within the constraints of organism growth, development and reproduction? What are the evolutionary implications of these huge variations? How can we use the information to understand plant evolution, cytogenetics, genetics and epigenetics? What are the implications for future evolution, biodiversity and responses of plants during plant breeding or climate change?
BACTERIAL RECOMBINATION,PLASMIDS AND EPISOMESsushma93
Genetic recombination - transfer of DNA from one organism (donor) to another organism (recipient). The transferred donor DNA may then be integrated into the recipient's genetic material by various mechanisms
Bacterial recombination occurs in three ways
Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation
the horizontal gene transfer in bacteria is not only important for survival but has its evolutionary significance too. this presentation is a prelude to the three classical types of HGT in bacteria
Chromosomes and molecular cytogenetics of oil palm: impact for breeding and g...Pat (JS) Heslop-Harrison
See also related talk Crops, Climate Change and Super-domestication Heslop-Harrison for Oil Palm Breeders symposium on Gearing Oil Palm Breeding and Agronomy for Climate Change: Keynote opening address MPOB PIPOC and PIPOC ISOPB ISOPA
http://www.slideshare.net/PatHeslopHarrison/heslop-harrisoncrops-climatechangesuperdomestication
Molecular cytogenetic analysis of the chromosomes of oil palm allows us to understand their evolution, genetics and segregation, genetic recombination and karyotypic stability. The cytogenetic manipulation of genomes and their chromosomes is often valuable for plant breeders to introduce and exploit new variation. Cytological landmarks such as centromeres, telomeres, heterochromatin and nucleolar organizer regions are important for the integration of physical chromosomes with the DNA sequence information. This linkage of the genetic, chromosomal and physical maps is particularly useful in a long-lived tree crop where genetic mapping requires decades of preparation and the mapping crosses may not be directly relevant to DxP commercial plantings. Repetitive DNA is often the most rapidly evolving genomic component, but is poorly understood from sequence assemblies; molecular cytogenetic studies allow its organization and variation to be studied, and the exploitation of repetitive sequences as markers and, by the amplification and mobility of transposable elements or satellite repeats, in generation of new variation.
Molecular cytogenetic approaches provide tools for oil palm genomic research, comparative genomics and evolutionary studies and further facilitate understanding the inheritance of specific traits in oil palm, including DNA methylation, epigenetics, and somaclonal variation, allowing work with hybrids, haploids and polyploids. Knowledge of the structures and organization of the chromosomes of oil palm, as in many crop species, is valuable for development of new lines, making hybrids, understanding the causes of some abnormalities or infertility, and exploiting variation and biodiversity found in related species or breeding lines.
Further information and slides from the talk will be on our website www.molcyt.com.
Bacterial genetics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
BACTERIAL RECOMBINATION,PLASMIDS AND EPISOMESsushma93
Genetic recombination - transfer of DNA from one organism (donor) to another organism (recipient). The transferred donor DNA may then be integrated into the recipient's genetic material by various mechanisms
Bacterial recombination occurs in three ways
Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation
the horizontal gene transfer in bacteria is not only important for survival but has its evolutionary significance too. this presentation is a prelude to the three classical types of HGT in bacteria
Chromosomes and molecular cytogenetics of oil palm: impact for breeding and g...Pat (JS) Heslop-Harrison
See also related talk Crops, Climate Change and Super-domestication Heslop-Harrison for Oil Palm Breeders symposium on Gearing Oil Palm Breeding and Agronomy for Climate Change: Keynote opening address MPOB PIPOC and PIPOC ISOPB ISOPA
http://www.slideshare.net/PatHeslopHarrison/heslop-harrisoncrops-climatechangesuperdomestication
Molecular cytogenetic analysis of the chromosomes of oil palm allows us to understand their evolution, genetics and segregation, genetic recombination and karyotypic stability. The cytogenetic manipulation of genomes and their chromosomes is often valuable for plant breeders to introduce and exploit new variation. Cytological landmarks such as centromeres, telomeres, heterochromatin and nucleolar organizer regions are important for the integration of physical chromosomes with the DNA sequence information. This linkage of the genetic, chromosomal and physical maps is particularly useful in a long-lived tree crop where genetic mapping requires decades of preparation and the mapping crosses may not be directly relevant to DxP commercial plantings. Repetitive DNA is often the most rapidly evolving genomic component, but is poorly understood from sequence assemblies; molecular cytogenetic studies allow its organization and variation to be studied, and the exploitation of repetitive sequences as markers and, by the amplification and mobility of transposable elements or satellite repeats, in generation of new variation.
Molecular cytogenetic approaches provide tools for oil palm genomic research, comparative genomics and evolutionary studies and further facilitate understanding the inheritance of specific traits in oil palm, including DNA methylation, epigenetics, and somaclonal variation, allowing work with hybrids, haploids and polyploids. Knowledge of the structures and organization of the chromosomes of oil palm, as in many crop species, is valuable for development of new lines, making hybrids, understanding the causes of some abnormalities or infertility, and exploiting variation and biodiversity found in related species or breeding lines.
Further information and slides from the talk will be on our website www.molcyt.com.
Bacterial genetics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
A short yet comprehensive presentation on bacterial genetics, an important microbiology topic for BDS 2nd, MBBS 2nd and MD/MS /MDS 1st . Made using CP Baveja's Textbook of Microbiology. Meant as an introduction and overview with stress on some key areas.
Topics covered: Basic Principles, Synthesis of Protein, Extra Chromosomal Genetic Material, Bacterial Variation , Gene Transfer, Genetic Mechanisms of Drug Resistance, Genetic Engineering, DNA Probes, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Genetically Modified Organisms and Gene Therapy.
presentation on how to expand the genetic code; it's pre-requisites; xenobiology and xeno-nucleic acids; planet's first Semi-Synthetic Organism ( with 6 nucleotides) and Hachimoji DNA (8 Nucleotide DNA)
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Chapter 3 - Islamic Banking Products and Services.pptx
Louisville2
1. Do bacteria have sex? Rosie Redfield University of British Columbia
2. Do bacteria have any processes that evolved to make new combinations of chromosomal genes? Why is natural competence the only process that still needs investigating? Why does Haemophilusinfluenzaetake up DNA? When does H. influenzaetake up DNA? Which DNAs does H. influenzaetake up, and why? What happens to the DNA? But first, why should we care?
3. Sexual reproduction (in eukaryotes): Why do we bother? Why is sexual reproduction so common in eukaryotes?
4. Genes that cause sex must somehow improve the fitness of the genomes they’re in. But how? Why does sexual reproduction exist? The object of this process is to create those individual differences which form the material out of which natural selection produces new species. Weismann 1886
5. “It is very much sexual reproduction!” Everyone assumes that bacteria have sex, but do they really? Sex is as old as bacteria are. Now, a team at the University of California-Davis has developed a mathematical model of the speed of bacterial sex. The model... “The major bacterial sex mechanism is conjugation.” “Bacteria, too, have sex” “Conjugation is bacterial sex. This name refers simply to the fact that it is a mechanism SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED for transfer of DNA ...”
6. Do bacteria have any processes that evolved to make new combinations of chromosomal genes? Parasexual processes of bacteria: Why is natural competence (transformation)the only process that needs investigation?
7. Do ‘parasexual processes’ exist for genetic exchange? Recombination: All of these genes have important functions in DNA replication and repair. They’re not ‘genes for recombination’.
8. Conjugation: Usually plasmid transfer Rarely host DNA transfer Do ‘parasexual processes’ exist for genetic exchange? Transduction and conjugation are caused by genetic parasites. Transduction: Recipient Phage-infected source
9. New combinations of genes (sex)? Could be for Do ‘parasexual processes’ exist for genetic exchange? Naturally competent recipient cell Why do bacteria take up DNA? Templates for DNA repair? Nucleotides and other nutrients (food)?
19. Why do bacteria take up DNA? How does H. influenzae decide when to take up DNA? Regulation is by nutritional signals. How does H. influenzaedecide which DNAs to take up? Why does it prefer fragments with a particular sequence motif? And why is this motif so common in its own DNA? What happens to the DNA that H. influenzae takes up?
20. Bacteria in the Pasteurellaceae preferentially take up ‘self’ DNA. So do Neisseria species.
21. Uptake sequences: The H. influenzaegenome contains about 2000 strong matches to the USS consensus. Uptake sequences are motifs, not mobile elements. Uptake sequences are not species-specific. Why are the preferred motifs so common in the genomes of bacteria that take them up?
22. Molecular drive explanation: Sequences preferred by the uptake machinerypassively accumulate in the genome by recombination, replacing allelic versions that are not as easily taken up. But why are the USS sequences preferred by the uptake machinery? Maughan, H. et al.2010 Genetics;186:613-627
23. Hypothesis:The motif is preferred because it is easily kinked, allowing the DNA to pass through the secretin pore.
24. Uptake sequences are bent. Neighbors are correlated at bend positions Seg 3 Seg 2 Seg 3 Seg 2 Core Core core s-2 s-3 USS Randomized Ethylation of some positions enhances uptake 300bp 200bp
25. To test this hypothesis we first need to know exactly what the uptake specificity is. DNA uptake Periplasm DNA pool Input DNA pool ~109 cells in 1 ml competent culture ~1010 taken-up fragments purified from the periplasm ~1011 synthetic fragments with a degenerate USS Results of sequencing 200 bp Degenerate USS: 24% mismatch from consensus at each position (31 bp) Flow cell priming site A and sequencing priming site Flow cell priming site B A complex pool of DNA fragments is mixed with cells Competent cells with a rec2 mutation take up DNA without translocation
26. Uptake sequences in the genome reflect the true uptake specificity roughly but not exactly. Genome sequence motif Measured uptake preference
27. Why do bacteria take up DNA? How does H. influenzae decide when to take up DNA? Regulation is by nutritional signals. How does H. influenzae decide which DNAs to take up? Uptake sequences may favour the local kinking needed for DNA uptake. What happens to the DNA that H. influenzae takes up?
29. What happens to the DNA that H. influenzae takes up? How long are recombination tracts? Are they contiguous or interupted? How many does a cell get? The experiment: Competent cells* took up DNA from a diverged strain*. Four transformants were completely sequenced. * NovR-1 NalR-1 * * NovR-2 NalR-2 * * * *Donor and recipient strains had both already been sequenced.
30. All of the recombination tracts in the genomes of four H. influenzae recombinants I II III IV V Region:
31. Nov1 A B I. Nal1 G donor recipient * * C D Nov1 E F II. I IV II III V donor Nov2 L K recipient
32. III. Nal2 Nov2 M N O Nal1 IV. H I … I IV II III V … Nal1 donor J … recipient V. Nal2 P … … donor … recipient donor recipient
33. Recombination of structural variation Indels and more complex structural variants: sometimes recombined perfectly. often were found at the endpoints of recombination tracts. sometimes recombined in complex ways. Transformation at structural variation in recombinant Nov1 B A 1241 bp 128 bp inferred intermediate NP NP Rd Rd 0 bp 52 bp observed recombinant 286 bp 1241 bp
34. Lots and lots of control sequencing and analysis: Coming soon: 100 recombinant genomes, Using sequencing to map phenotypes (every bp variant is a genetic marker).
35. Do bacteria have any processes that evolved to make new combinations of chromosomal genes? The evidence from gene regulation says that natural competence is a way of obtaining nucleotides from DNA, not a mechanism for recombination. Uptake specificity is uncommon and may be best explained by molecular drive acting on a mechanistic bias in uptake. Whatever recombination bacteria have needed must have occurred by accident (like mutations). Eukaryote sexual reproduction must have evolved to solve a problem specific to eukaryotes. And yet this problem must be shared by almost all eukaryotes.
36. Other contributors: NRC Ottawa: Wendy Findlay John Nash Imperial College: Simon Kroll Janine Bosse With funding from CIHR, Genome BC and NIH
Editor's Notes
First find definition of sex that captures the problem...
National DNA Day commemorates the completion of the Human Genome Project in April 2003 and the discovery of the double helix of DNA in 1953