LOSS MINIMIZATION

1. LOSS MINIMISATION INLOSS MINIMISATION IN
POWER SYSTEMPOWER SYSTEM
Submitted bySubmitted by
BIBHU PRASAD GANTHIABIBHU PRASAD GANTHIA
09/21/15 1DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

2. CONTENTSCONTENTS
 Electricity lossesElectricity losses
 Causes in loss reductionCauses in loss reduction
 Useful solutionsUseful solutions
 ConclusionConclusion09/21/15 2DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

3. ELECTRICITY LOSSESELECTRICITY LOSSES
POWER
LOSSES
TRANSMISSION
LOSSES
DISTRIBUTION
LOSSES
TECHNICAL
LOSSES
TECHNICAL
LOSSES
ADMINISTRATIVE
LOSSES
09/21/15 3DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

4. TRANSMISSION LOSSESTRANSMISSION LOSSES
 Losses due to the phenomenon ofLosses due to the phenomenon of
corona.corona.
 Due to copper losses in conductors.Due to copper losses in conductors.
 Due to skin effect.Due to skin effect.
 Due to proximity effect.Due to proximity effect.
09/21/15 4DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

5. CORONA LOSSESCORONA LOSSES
Factors affectingFactors affecting
coronacorona
:- atmosphere:- atmosphere
:-conductor size:-conductor size
:-spacing between:-spacing between
conductorsconductors
:- line voltage:- line voltage
Power loss due to coronaPower loss due to corona
P=242.2{(f+25)/d}[(r/D)^.5]P=242.2{(f+25)/d}[(r/D)^.5]
(V-Vc)^2*10^-5(V-Vc)^2*10^-5
09/21/15 5DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

6. COPPER LOSSESCOPPER LOSSES
 Method of reducing copper lossesMethod of reducing copper losses
:- By using conductors of large diameters.:- By using conductors of large diameters.
:-By using multiple insulated conductors.:-By using multiple insulated conductors.
:-By using hollow conductors:-By using hollow conductors
09/21/15 6DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

7. SKIN EFFECTSKIN EFFECT
 It depends uponIt depends upon
:- type of material:- type of material
:- frequency:- frequency
:- diameter of the:- diameter of the
conductorconductor
:- shape of the:- shape of the
conductorconductor
Outer (Ground) conductor
Inner (signal) conductor
Areas of high
current density
09/21/15 7DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

8. SKIN EFFECTSKIN EFFECT
Skin Depth In Copper
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0.E+00 1.E+09 2.E+09 3.E+09 4.E+09 5.E+09 6.E+09
Frequency, Hz
SkinDepth,microns
µπ
ρ
δ
f
=
µπ
ρ
δ
f
=
09/21/15 8DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

9. PROXIMITY EFFECTPROXIMITY EFFECT
J
x
B-Field
xxx
xxx
xxx
xx
xxoo
ooo
ooo
ooo
oo
Current
Density
Induced
Current
Main
Current
09/21/15 9DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

10. TECHNICAL LOSSESTECHNICAL LOSSES
 Transformer and Transmission line lossesTransformer and Transmission line losses
due to poor maintenance.due to poor maintenance.
 Due to unbalance loadingDue to unbalance loading
 Due to overloading and low voltage.Due to overloading and low voltage.
 Due to poor standard of equipments.Due to poor standard of equipments.
 Due to low power factor at off-peak hours.Due to low power factor at off-peak hours.
 Due to harmonic distortion.Due to harmonic distortion.
 Due to improper Earthings at consumerDue to improper Earthings at consumer
end.end.
 Due to long transmission lines.Due to long transmission lines.09/21/15 10DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

11. COMMERCIAL LOSSESCOMMERCIAL LOSSES
 Tapping(Hooking)Tapping(Hooking)
in LT lines.in LT lines.
 Faulty energyFaulty energy
meters unmeteredmeters unmetered
supply.supply.
 Errors and delay inErrors and delay in
meter reading andmeter reading and
billing.billing.
 Uneven revenueUneven revenue
collection.collection.09/21/15 11DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

12. CAUSES IN LOSSCAUSES IN LOSS
REDUCTIONREDUCTION
 No energy audit.No energy audit.
 No segregation of losses into technical andNo segregation of losses into technical and
commercial losses.commercial losses.
 Political issues.Political issues.
 Lack of regular patrolling for checking theLack of regular patrolling for checking the
theft and tempering of metering.theft and tempering of metering.
 No transparency in meter reading andNo transparency in meter reading and
billing.billing.
 Lack of adequate investment for systemLack of adequate investment for system
modernization.modernization.09/21/15 12DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

13. USEFUL SOLUTIONSUSEFUL SOLUTIONS
 Renewable energy sources.Renewable energy sources.
 Distributed local generation.Distributed local generation.
 Availability Based Tariff.Availability Based Tariff.
 Improved Power Quality.Improved Power Quality.
 Demand side management.Demand side management.
 IT applications.IT applications.
 Benchmarking.Benchmarking.
 Employee & Consumer Training.Employee & Consumer Training.
09/21/15 13DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

14. RENEWABLE SOURCESRENEWABLE SOURCES
09/21/15 14DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

15. DISTRIBUTEDDISTRIBUTED
GENERATIONGENERATION
 Distributed generation is very useful to supplyDistributed generation is very useful to supply
power in rural and remote places where the longpower in rural and remote places where the long
distribution lines result in high losses.distribution lines result in high losses.
 It can help to reduce congestion on the powerIt can help to reduce congestion on the power
lines and strengthen local area transmission andlines and strengthen local area transmission and
distribution network.distribution network.
09/21/15 15DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

16. AVAILABILITY BASEDAVAILABILITY BASED
TARIFFTARIFF
 It controls the frequency variations byIt controls the frequency variations by
penalty/reward mechanism for anypenalty/reward mechanism for any
deviations from the schedule.deviations from the schedule.
 It helps to reduce gap between supply andIt helps to reduce gap between supply and
demand by scheduling of every 15 minutesdemand by scheduling of every 15 minutes
blockblock
09/21/15 16DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

17. POWER QUALITY PROBLEMSPOWER QUALITY PROBLEMS
 A Perfect power supply would be one that isA Perfect power supply would be one that is
always available, always within voltage andalways available, always within voltage and
frequency tolerances( i.e.frequency tolerances( i.e. ++10 % and10 % and ++0.50.5
Hz respectively) , and has a pure noise freeHz respectively) , and has a pure noise free
sinusoidal wave shape.sinusoidal wave shape.
 “Any problem manifested in voltage, current
or frequency deviations that results in failure
or mal-operation of customer equipment is
defined as power quality.”
09/21/15 17DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

18. HARMONICSHARMONICS
REDUCTION OFREDUCTION OF
HARMONICSHARMONICS
 Preventive solution
 Remedial solutions
09/21/15 18DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

19. DEMAND SIDEDEMAND SIDE
MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT
 Systematic utilization of energy
 Maximizing efficiency
 Balancing supply and demand at consumer level
 Improve economic development
 Involve environment friendly power and reduce
energy bills
 Energy conservation
 Energy audit
09/21/15 19DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

20. IT APPLICATIONSIT APPLICATIONS
 Integrated inventory and billing system
 Customers profiling
 Data mining
 Load survey data and network analysis of
HT systems
 Geographical Information System (GIS) and
Customer Relationship Management
09/21/15 20DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

21. BENCHMARKINGBENCHMARKING
 Benefits of Benchmarking
:- Promoting competition
:- Performance evaluation
:- Coordinated tariff
:-Improving power quality and productivity
:- Maximizing efficiency
09/21/15 21DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

22. EMPLOYEE TRAININGEMPLOYEE TRAINING
 Employees training should be conducted on
a regular basis to upgrade their knowledge.
 Employees also have much interest in IT
applications in power sector.
09/21/15 22DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

23. GOVERNMENT INITIATIVESGOVERNMENT INITIATIVES
APDRP
:- Full metering, energy audit and MIS, control
of theft.
:- Increase in transformation capacity.
:- Increase in HT/LT ratio. Systems analysis
and reconfiguration.
:- Reduction of technical losses
09/21/15 23DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

24. CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
 Further development are done for reduction ofFurther development are done for reduction of
power or energy losses for example energypower or energy losses for example energy
losses can be minimized by reconductoring,losses can be minimized by reconductoring,
bifurcation of feeders, installation of shuntbifurcation of feeders, installation of shunt
capacitors, addition of new grid station and areacapacitors, addition of new grid station and area
planning, extensive energy loss reductionplanning, extensive energy loss reduction
programme,conversion of LT line TO 11 KVprogramme,conversion of LT line TO 11 KV
line and providing additional transformers,line and providing additional transformers,
adopting distribution system, balancing ofadopting distribution system, balancing of
transformers, adequate preventive maintenancetransformers, adequate preventive maintenance
etc.etc.09/21/15 24DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

25. REFERENCESREFERENCES
 M. E. Baran and F. F. Wu, “NetworkM. E. Baran and F. F. Wu, “Network
reconfiguration in distribution systems for lossreconfiguration in distribution systems for loss
reduction and load balancing,”reduction and load balancing,” IEEE Trans.IEEE Trans.
Power Del.Power Del., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1401-1407, Apr., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1401-1407, Apr.
1989.1989.
 D. Shirmohammadi and H. W. Hong,D. Shirmohammadi and H. W. Hong,
“Reconfiguration of electric distribution“Reconfiguration of electric distribution
networks for resistive line loss reduction,”networks for resistive line loss reduction,”
IEEE Trans. Power Del.IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1492-, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1492-
1498, Apr. 1989.1498, Apr. 1989.09/21/15 25DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

26. 09/21/15 26DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.