Introduction to distribution systems,
Load modeling and characteristics
Coincidence factor
Contribution factor loss factor
Relationship between the load factor and loss factor
Classification of loads (Residential, commercial, Agricultural and Industrial) and their characteristics.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Class-20: These slides present the related standards and specifications for the smart grid. Details about each standards can be accessed from the reference book specified.
Introduction, Factors affecting system planning, present planning techniques, planning models, Sub-transmission and substation design. Sub-transmission networks configurations, Substation bus schemes, Distribution substations ratings, Service areas calculations, and Substation application curves, future trends in planning, systems approach, and Distribution automation.
Application of tvac pso for reactive power cost minimization in deregulated e...eSAT Journals
Abstract
For planning and proper operation of power system, optimization of reactive power is a must. The reactive power cost minimization aims at dispatching the reactive power in such a way that maximum real power is dispatched and minimum reactive power is utilized so that voltage is maintained at required level. The work presented in this paper discusses various loading conditions and the improvement after applying the optimization technique. It compares the reactive power cost both before and after optimally dispatching the reactive power and thereby ensuring the voltage stability of the power system. Optimal power dispatch is solved using Time Varying Acceleration Coefficient and Particle Swarm Optimization. Reactive support of the generators has two functions such as voltage control and real power delivery. It explains how the application of PSO helps in reactive power control and reduction in power losses.
Keywords: Ancillary services, Deregulated Electricity Market, Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch
Introduction to distribution systems,
Load modeling and characteristics
Coincidence factor
Contribution factor loss factor
Relationship between the load factor and loss factor
Classification of loads (Residential, commercial, Agricultural and Industrial) and their characteristics.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Class-20: These slides present the related standards and specifications for the smart grid. Details about each standards can be accessed from the reference book specified.
Introduction, Factors affecting system planning, present planning techniques, planning models, Sub-transmission and substation design. Sub-transmission networks configurations, Substation bus schemes, Distribution substations ratings, Service areas calculations, and Substation application curves, future trends in planning, systems approach, and Distribution automation.
Application of tvac pso for reactive power cost minimization in deregulated e...eSAT Journals
Abstract
For planning and proper operation of power system, optimization of reactive power is a must. The reactive power cost minimization aims at dispatching the reactive power in such a way that maximum real power is dispatched and minimum reactive power is utilized so that voltage is maintained at required level. The work presented in this paper discusses various loading conditions and the improvement after applying the optimization technique. It compares the reactive power cost both before and after optimally dispatching the reactive power and thereby ensuring the voltage stability of the power system. Optimal power dispatch is solved using Time Varying Acceleration Coefficient and Particle Swarm Optimization. Reactive support of the generators has two functions such as voltage control and real power delivery. It explains how the application of PSO helps in reactive power control and reduction in power losses.
Keywords: Ancillary services, Deregulated Electricity Market, Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch
Distribution Automation: Control functions– Communication system –Consumer Information Service– Geographical Information Systems. SCADA –block diagram –functions. Energy Management: Supply Side Management–Demand Side Management–Technologies Implementation, Dispersed Generation
What is DERMS ? Distributed Energy Resources Management System
What is DERMS ? Distributed Energy Resources Management SystemWhat is DERMS ? Distributed Energy Resources Management SystemWhat is DERMS ? Distributed Energy Resources Management SystemWhat is DERMS ? Distributed Energy Resources Management SystemWhat is DERMS ? Distributed Energy Resources Management SystemWhat is DERMS ? Distributed Energy Resources Management SystemWhat is DERMS ? Distributed Energy Resources Management SystemWhat is DERMS ? Distributed Energy Resources Management SystemWhat is DERMS ? Distributed Energy Resources Management SystemWhat is DERMS ? Distributed Energy Resources Management System
Assessment of Energy Efficiency of a Large Interconnected Distribution System...paperpublications3
Abstract: In a situation, where there is a shortage of power generation or the power stations are operating with a very low reserve margin, as is typically the current position in INDIA, there is a need to operate distribution network at the highest possible efficiency by utilizing network power loss reduction techniques. Such techniques are especially important when contingencies occur as they tend to increase loss, reduce efficiencies and cause power supplies to such networks to increase. This increase can cause the network or multiples of such networks to be load shed, as the power stations do not have the reserve margins to meet this increased demand. An efficiency schedule has been developed for a large ring network that reduces the loss so that its input power can be decreased. In this way, the available power existing due to the contingency can be more evenly spread, and the number of ring main networks to be load shed could be reduced. From the obtained results, the developed efficiency schedule for a large ring main network under contingency conditions was shown to be effective. The efficiency schedule is thus recommended for application in this important field as it will help to prevent load shedding, especially in the situation where power stations are operating with low reserve margins.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Harmonic Voltage Distortions in Power Systems Due to Non Linear LoadsIJAPEJOURNAL
Harmonics are found to have deleterious effects on power system equipments including transformers, capacitor banks, rotating machines, switchgears and protective relays. Transformers, motors and switchgears may experience increased losses and excessive heating. Shunt filters are effective in minimizing voltage distortions. This paper describes the voltage distortions generated by non linear loads. The harmonic specifications such as harmonic factor, characteristic harmonic and non-characteristic harmonic are considered while explaining the paper. ‘MiPower’ software is used to compute the harmonic distortions in a sample power system. Accurate harmonic models are established for a non linear load. To reduce the harmonic voltages impressed upon specific parts of the sample power system, passive filters are installed at two buses. With the implementation of a passive filter at the bus with non linear load, the harmonics are greatly reduced. For the specified power system, at all the buses the total harmonic distortion has been evaluated.
Increased demands on the nation's electrical power systems and incidences of electricity shortages, power quality problems, rolling blackouts, electricity spiked prices have caused many customers to seek other sources for high-quality and reliable electricity. Distributed Energy Resources (DER) small-scale power generation resources located close to where the electricity is used (e.g., a house or commercial sectors), provide an alternate source of energy. DER is a faster and less expensive option for the construction of large and central power plants and also high-voltage transmission lines. They offer consumers the potential for lower cost, higher service reliability, high power quality, increased energy efficiency, and energy independence. The use of renewable distributed energy generation technologies and "green power" such as wind, photovoltaic, geothermal, biomass, or hydroelectric power can also provide a significant environmental benefit.
Enhancement of Power Quality in Grid Connected Photovoltaic System Using Pred...rahulmonikasharma
Now- a days the increased use of power electronic devices has resulted in power quality problems such as voltage sag, swell, harmonics and voltage flicker. Non-linear loads affect system power quality. PV systems are grid connected via an interfacing converter. Single phase shunt active power filter (APF) can be used to develop the power quality in terms of current harmonic mitigation and reactive power compensation. In this paper a PV interfacing inverter which acts as a shunt an APF is controlled using predictive current control (PCC) technique for current harmonics mitigation. The MATLAB Simulink model is used to study the performance of system.
SURVEY ON POWER OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR LOW POWER VLSI CIRCUIT IN DEEP SU...VLSICS Design
CMOS technology is the key element in the development of VLSI systems since it consumes less power. Power optimization has become an overridden concern in deep submicron CMOS technologies. Due to shrink in the size of device, reduction in power consumption and over all power management on the chip are the key challenges. For many designs power optimization is important in order to reduce package cost and to extend battery life. In power optimization leakage also plays a very important role because it has significant fraction in the total power dissipation of VLSI circuits. This paper aims to elaborate the developments and advancements in the area of power optimization of CMOS circuits in deep submicron region. This survey will be useful for the designer for selecting a suitable technique depending upon the
requirement.
SURVEY ON POWER OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR LOW POWER VLSI CIRCUIT IN DEEP SU...VLSICS Design
CMOS technology is the key element in the development of VLSI systems since it consumes less power. Power optimization has become an overridden concern in deep submicron CMOS technologies. Due to shrink in the size of device, reduction in power consumption and over all power management on the chip are the key challenges. For many designs power optimization is important in order to reduce package cost and to extend battery life. In power optimization leakage also plays a very important role because it has significant fraction in the total power dissipation of VLSI circuits. This paper aims to elaborate the developments and advancements in the area of power optimization of CMOS circuits in deep submicron region. This survey will be useful for the designer for selecting a suitable technique depending upon the requirement.
SURVEY ON POWER OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR LOW POWER VLSI CIRCUIT IN DEEP SU...VLSICS Design
CMOS technology is the key element in the development of VLSI systems since it consumes less power.
Power optimization has become an overridden concern in deep submicron CMOS technologies. Due to
shrink in the size of device, reduction in power consumption and over all power management on the chip
are the key challenges. For many designs power optimization is important in order to reduce package cost
and to extend battery life. In power optimization leakage also plays a very important role because it has
significant fraction in the total power dissipation of VLSI circuits. This paper aims to elaborate the
developments and advancements in the area of power optimization of CMOS circuits in deep submicron
region. This survey
Distribution Automation: Control functions– Communication system –Consumer Information Service– Geographical Information Systems. SCADA –block diagram –functions. Energy Management: Supply Side Management–Demand Side Management–Technologies Implementation, Dispersed Generation
What is DERMS ? Distributed Energy Resources Management System
What is DERMS ? Distributed Energy Resources Management SystemWhat is DERMS ? Distributed Energy Resources Management SystemWhat is DERMS ? Distributed Energy Resources Management SystemWhat is DERMS ? Distributed Energy Resources Management SystemWhat is DERMS ? Distributed Energy Resources Management SystemWhat is DERMS ? Distributed Energy Resources Management SystemWhat is DERMS ? Distributed Energy Resources Management SystemWhat is DERMS ? Distributed Energy Resources Management SystemWhat is DERMS ? Distributed Energy Resources Management SystemWhat is DERMS ? Distributed Energy Resources Management System
Assessment of Energy Efficiency of a Large Interconnected Distribution System...paperpublications3
Abstract: In a situation, where there is a shortage of power generation or the power stations are operating with a very low reserve margin, as is typically the current position in INDIA, there is a need to operate distribution network at the highest possible efficiency by utilizing network power loss reduction techniques. Such techniques are especially important when contingencies occur as they tend to increase loss, reduce efficiencies and cause power supplies to such networks to increase. This increase can cause the network or multiples of such networks to be load shed, as the power stations do not have the reserve margins to meet this increased demand. An efficiency schedule has been developed for a large ring network that reduces the loss so that its input power can be decreased. In this way, the available power existing due to the contingency can be more evenly spread, and the number of ring main networks to be load shed could be reduced. From the obtained results, the developed efficiency schedule for a large ring main network under contingency conditions was shown to be effective. The efficiency schedule is thus recommended for application in this important field as it will help to prevent load shedding, especially in the situation where power stations are operating with low reserve margins.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Harmonic Voltage Distortions in Power Systems Due to Non Linear LoadsIJAPEJOURNAL
Harmonics are found to have deleterious effects on power system equipments including transformers, capacitor banks, rotating machines, switchgears and protective relays. Transformers, motors and switchgears may experience increased losses and excessive heating. Shunt filters are effective in minimizing voltage distortions. This paper describes the voltage distortions generated by non linear loads. The harmonic specifications such as harmonic factor, characteristic harmonic and non-characteristic harmonic are considered while explaining the paper. ‘MiPower’ software is used to compute the harmonic distortions in a sample power system. Accurate harmonic models are established for a non linear load. To reduce the harmonic voltages impressed upon specific parts of the sample power system, passive filters are installed at two buses. With the implementation of a passive filter at the bus with non linear load, the harmonics are greatly reduced. For the specified power system, at all the buses the total harmonic distortion has been evaluated.
Increased demands on the nation's electrical power systems and incidences of electricity shortages, power quality problems, rolling blackouts, electricity spiked prices have caused many customers to seek other sources for high-quality and reliable electricity. Distributed Energy Resources (DER) small-scale power generation resources located close to where the electricity is used (e.g., a house or commercial sectors), provide an alternate source of energy. DER is a faster and less expensive option for the construction of large and central power plants and also high-voltage transmission lines. They offer consumers the potential for lower cost, higher service reliability, high power quality, increased energy efficiency, and energy independence. The use of renewable distributed energy generation technologies and "green power" such as wind, photovoltaic, geothermal, biomass, or hydroelectric power can also provide a significant environmental benefit.
Enhancement of Power Quality in Grid Connected Photovoltaic System Using Pred...rahulmonikasharma
Now- a days the increased use of power electronic devices has resulted in power quality problems such as voltage sag, swell, harmonics and voltage flicker. Non-linear loads affect system power quality. PV systems are grid connected via an interfacing converter. Single phase shunt active power filter (APF) can be used to develop the power quality in terms of current harmonic mitigation and reactive power compensation. In this paper a PV interfacing inverter which acts as a shunt an APF is controlled using predictive current control (PCC) technique for current harmonics mitigation. The MATLAB Simulink model is used to study the performance of system.
SURVEY ON POWER OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR LOW POWER VLSI CIRCUIT IN DEEP SU...VLSICS Design
CMOS technology is the key element in the development of VLSI systems since it consumes less power. Power optimization has become an overridden concern in deep submicron CMOS technologies. Due to shrink in the size of device, reduction in power consumption and over all power management on the chip are the key challenges. For many designs power optimization is important in order to reduce package cost and to extend battery life. In power optimization leakage also plays a very important role because it has significant fraction in the total power dissipation of VLSI circuits. This paper aims to elaborate the developments and advancements in the area of power optimization of CMOS circuits in deep submicron region. This survey will be useful for the designer for selecting a suitable technique depending upon the
requirement.
SURVEY ON POWER OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR LOW POWER VLSI CIRCUIT IN DEEP SU...VLSICS Design
CMOS technology is the key element in the development of VLSI systems since it consumes less power. Power optimization has become an overridden concern in deep submicron CMOS technologies. Due to shrink in the size of device, reduction in power consumption and over all power management on the chip are the key challenges. For many designs power optimization is important in order to reduce package cost and to extend battery life. In power optimization leakage also plays a very important role because it has significant fraction in the total power dissipation of VLSI circuits. This paper aims to elaborate the developments and advancements in the area of power optimization of CMOS circuits in deep submicron region. This survey will be useful for the designer for selecting a suitable technique depending upon the requirement.
SURVEY ON POWER OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR LOW POWER VLSI CIRCUIT IN DEEP SU...VLSICS Design
CMOS technology is the key element in the development of VLSI systems since it consumes less power.
Power optimization has become an overridden concern in deep submicron CMOS technologies. Due to
shrink in the size of device, reduction in power consumption and over all power management on the chip
are the key challenges. For many designs power optimization is important in order to reduce package cost
and to extend battery life. In power optimization leakage also plays a very important role because it has
significant fraction in the total power dissipation of VLSI circuits. This paper aims to elaborate the
developments and advancements in the area of power optimization of CMOS circuits in deep submicron
region. This survey
Optimal placement of facts devices to reduce power system losses using evolu...nooriasukmaningtyas
The rapid and enormous growths of the power electronics industries have made the flexible ac transmission system (FACTS) devices efficient and viable for utility application to increase power system operation controllability as well as flexibility. This research work presents the application of an evolutionary algorithm namely differential evolution (DE) approach to optimize the location and size of three main types of FACTS devices in order to minimize the power system losses as well as improving the network voltage profile. The utilized system has been reactively loaded beginning from the base to 150% and the system performance is analyzed with and without FACTS devices in order to confirm its importance within the power system. Thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC), unified power flow controller (UPFC) and static var compensator (SVC) are used in this research work to monitor the active and reactive power of the carried out system. The adopted algorithm has been examined on IEEE 30-bus test system. The obtained research findings are given with appropriate discussion and considered as quite encouraging that will be valuable in electrical grid restructuring.
AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE CONTROL OF TRANSFORMER USING MICROCONTROLLER AND SCADA Ajesh Jacob
AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE CONTROL OF TRANSFORMER USING MICROCONTROLLER AND SCADA
LABVIEW PROJECT FINAL YEAR EEE
ABSTRACT: A tap changer control operates to connect appropriate tap position of winding in power transformers to maintain correct voltage level in the power transmission and distribution system. Automatic tap changing can be implemented by using µC. This improved tap-changing decision and operational flexibility of this new technique make it attractive for deployment in practical power system network. This paper deals with the implementation of µC based tap changer control practically, using special purpose digital hardware as a built-in semiconductor chip or software simulation in conventional computers. Two strategies are suggested for its implementation as a software module in the paper. One is to integrate it with the supervisory system in a substation control room operating in a LAN environment. In this configuration, the parallel transformers can be controlled locally. The other is to integrate it into the SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system, which allows the transformers to be monitored and controlled remotely over a wide area of power-network. The implementation of µC based tap changer control needs interfacing between the power system and the control circuitry. µC s may need to interact with people for the purpose of configuration, alarm reporting or everyday control.
A human-machine interface (HMI) is employed for this purpose. An HMI is usually linked to the SCADA system’s databases and software programs, to provide trending, diagnostic data, and management information such as scheduled maintenance procedures, logistic information, detailed schematics for a particular sensor or machine, and expert-system troubleshooting guides.
OBJECTIVES: The original system can afford the following features:
- Complete information about the plant (circuit breakers status, source of feeding, and level of the consumed power).
- Information about the operating values of the voltage, operating values of the transformers, operating values of the medium voltage, load feeders, operating values of the generators. These values will assist in getting any action to return the plant to its normal operation by minimum costs.
- Information about the quality of the system (harmonics, current, voltages, power factors, flickers, etc.). These values will be very essential in case of future correction.
- Recorded information such case voltage spikes, reducing the voltage on the medium or current interruption.
- implementation of µC based tap changer control practically, using special purpose digital hardware as a built-in semiconductor chip or software simulation in conventional computers.
GIS Based Power Distribution System: A Case study for the Junagadh Cityijsrd.com
In this paper power distribution data (poles, transformers and transmission lines) have been mapped using GPS and high resolution remote sensing images. These details have been put in GIS using ArcGIS 9.1 software. Various things like road network and land use are also superimposed on the power distribution system GIS layer. Various types of analysis like finding a pole or circuit of specific transformer can be done using GIS tools.
Network loss reduction and voltage improvement by optimal placement and sizin...nooriasukmaningtyas
Minimization of real power loss and improvement of voltage authenticity of
the network are amongst the key issues confronting power systems owing to
the heavy demand development problem, contingency of transmission and
distribution lines and the financial costs. The distributed generators (DG) has
become one of the strongest mitigating strategies for the network power loss
and to optimize voltage reliability over integration of capacitor banks and
network reconfiguration. This paper introduces an approach for the
optimizing the placement and sizes of different types of DGs in radial
distribution systems using a fine-tuned particle swarm optimization (PSO).
The suggested approach is evaluated on IEEE 33, IEEE 69 and a real
network in Malaysian context. Simulation results demonstrate the
productiveness of active and reactive power injection into the electric power
system and the comparison depicts that the suggested fine-tuned PSO
methodology could accomplish a significant reduction in network power loss
than the other research works.
Influencing Factors on Power Losses in Electric Distribution NetworkIJAEMSJORNAL
Line losses reduction greatly affects the performance of the electric distribution network. This paper aims to identify the influencing factors causing power losses in that network. Newton-Raphson method is used for the loss assessment and the Sensitivity analysis by approach One-Factor-At-A-Time (OAT) for the influencing factors identification. Simulation with the meshed IEEE-30 bus test system is carried out under MATLAB environment. Among the 14 parameters investigated of each line, the result shows that the consumed reactive powers by loads, the bus voltages and the linear parameters are the most influencing on the power losses in several lines. Thus, in order to optimize these losses, the solution consists of the reactive power compensation by using capacitor banks; then the placement of appropriate components in the network according to the corresponding loads; and finally, the injection of other energy sources into the bus which recorded high level losses by using the hybrid system for instance.
A REVIEW OF SELF HEALING SMART GRIDS USING THE MULTIAGENT SYSTEMijiert bestjournal
This paper is trying review different techniques us ed for self healing of the smart grid network. A smart grid has taken a very high importance in th e last ten years or so. Then the advancement in smart grid has taken a major importance. One of the most important aspects in the field of smart grid is a self healing of fault,and this att racted the researchers. As described in many research papers,one of the main requirements of th e electrical grid is to maintain zero gap between generation and distribution [2,3,4]. Howe ver deregulation and decentralized generation has given with the information and communication te chnology (ICT). This paper will summarize latest available techniques for self healing smart grids.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3
Optimization of loss minimization using facts in deregulated power systems
1. Innovative Systems Design and Engineering www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1727 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2871 (Online)
Vol 3, No 3, 2012
Optimization of Loss Minimization Using FACTS in
Deregulated Power Systems
Julluri Namratha Manohar1* Amarnath Jinka2 Vemuri Poornachandra Rao3
1. Ellenki College of Engineering and Technology, Patelguda(V), Medak(Dist.), Hyderabad, Andhra
Pradesh, India 502319
2. College of Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, Andhra
Pradesh, India 500 085
3. TKR College of Engineering and Technology, Meerpet, Hyderabad
* E-mail of the corresponding author: jnm4607@yahoo.com
Abstract
Losses are an important parameter of consideration for mitigation and thereby enhancing the Available
Transfer Capability of Power Systems. Loss mitigation is a two stage process – the first stage is the
Planning phase and the second stage is the Operational phase. The paper discusses briefly the Planning
phase activities. The various methods of mitigating the losses in the Operational phase have been presented
in the paper with emphasis on one technique – the Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System
devices. The Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System Devices are the latest power electronics
devices by which losses can be reduced and transfer capability enhanced. Thyristor Control Series
Compensator is used to reduce losses. The method is tested on IEEE 9 bus, 14 Bus and 30 bus systems and
validated. Results have been presented and analyzed in this paper.
Keywords: Available Transfer Capability, B- Loss Coefficients, Flexible Alternating Current Transmission
Systems, Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator.
1. Introduction
The primary objective of Power Systems design is to operate the systems economically at maximum
efficiency and supply power on demand to various load centers with high reliability. The rising electric
power demand in the 21st- century, has called for re-structuring of the electric power system. The
restructuring is in two aspects – one is the technical aspect and the other the Management aspect. As
regards the technical aspect the power systems are expanding in size to meet the huge power demand and
are complex due to advancement of technology such as Hybrid-Generation, FACTS (Flexible Alternative
Current Transmission Systems) etc. Management viewpoint, the deregulation of the power utility industry
is resulting in significant regulatory changes. Deregulation has paved a path for the re-birth of distributed
energy resources and continually emerging new and difficult issues of concern in the operation of power
systems. In addition to modern power systems being highly interconnected over long distances to carry
power from the sources to loads, there is an economic reason also. The interconnected systems benefit by
(a) exploiting load diversity (b) sharing of generation reserves and (c) economy gained from the use of
large efficient units without sacrificing reliability. Additionally, in deregulated circumstances of the power
system, it has already become possible for the third party such as independent power producers and
customers to access the transmission network for wheeling. Under the above condition, it becomes more
and more important to enhance the reliability of the power system. An aspect of interest here is quantifying
the loss accurately and adopting measures to minimize the loss, thereby resulting in improved power
transfer capability. The electric power transmission efficiency-enhancing actions and technologies include:
• Distributed generation/Micro grids • Underground distribution lines.
• Intelligent grid design. • Energy storage devices.
• Three phase design for distribution • Ground wire loss reduction techniques.
• Distribution loss reduction via distribution automation. • Power factor improvement.
•Higher transmission operating voltages. Power electronic transformers
• Reduction of overall Transmission and Distribution transformer Mega Volt-Ampere.
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India’s electricity grid has the highest transmission and distribution losses in the world – a whopping 27%.
This is attributed to technical losses (grid’s inefficiencies) and theft. Hence, Losses have always been a
subject of interest to study.
The paper presents the interest of the authors in discussing few Planning techniques and determining the
losses in the transmission system under various conditions and presenting an effective method of mitigating
losses to enhance Available Transfer Capability.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2. – Losses in Power System, Section 3. Management
of Technical Losses, Section 4. Mathematical Modeling of Technical Losses, Section 5. FACTS Devices
and its Implementation, Section 6. is Case Study and In Section 7. Results and Discussion have been
presented. Conclusions in Section 8..
2. Losses in Power System
Losses in simple terms may be stated as the difference between the power generated and the power
received.
Ploss = PG – PR (1)
where Ploss = Total Losses PG = Power Generated PR = Power Received
2.1 Categorization of Losses
The losses are broadly classified into two categories:
i. Technical Losses:
The technical losses are internal to the Power system and occur due to the components in the system. They
occur naturally and consist mainly of power dissipation in electrical system components such as
transmission and distribution lines, transformers etc. Technical losses are a function of the system design
parameters and the dynamic state of the power system. Technical losses can be controlled by two methods:
i) By proper design of the system parameters such as diameter of the conductor, length of the conductor,
selection of the right material, operation voltage etc. This is an activity of the Planning Stage.
ii) Controlling the parameters during power system operation by use of devices such as FACTS etc. This is
an activity of the Controlling Stage.
ii. Non-Technical Losses
Non-technical losses are caused by actions external to the power system and consist primarily of electricity
theft, non-payment by customers, and errors in accounting and record-keeping.
3. Management of Technical Losses
Management of Technical Losses is a two stage process:
1. Planning Stage 2. Monitoring, Control and Maintenance Stage.
The stages are shown in Figure 1.
3.1 Planning to Minimize Losses
The Technical losses can be calculated based on the natural properties of components in the power system:
resistance, reactance, capacitance, voltage, current, and power, which are routinely calculated by utility
companies as a way to specify what components can be added to the system, in order to reduce losses and
improve the voltage levels and efficiency. Transmission losses in the network constitute economic loss
providing no benefits. Transmission losses are construed as a loss of revenue by the utility. The magnitude
of each of these losses needs to be accurately estimated and practical steps taken to minimize them. From
the utility perspective, transmission losses need to be reduced to their optimal level. Before we begin to
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discuss the various steps in the planning of designing a power system that should operate with minimum
losses, let us visit the major reasons for technical losses.
As per TERI (The Energy and Resources Institute) the major reasons for high technical losses in our
country are due to inadequate planning: Inadequate investment on transmission and distribution (T&D),
particularly in sub-transmission and distribution. While the desired investment ratio between generation
and T&D should be 1:1, during the period 1956 -97 it decreased to 1:0.45. Low investment has resulted in
overloading of the distribution system without commensurate strengthening and augmentation. Haphazard
growths of sub-transmission and distribution system with the short-term objective of extension of power
supply to new areas, large scale rural electrification through long 11kV(Kilo Volt) and Low Tension(LT)
lines, Too many stages of transformations, Improper load management, Inadequate reactive compensation,
Poor quality of equipment used in agricultural pumping in rural areas, Cooler, air-conditioners and
industrial loads in urban areas. To overcome the above drawbacks, the various Modern Methods and
Technology developed being implemented are: Implementation of rigid standards for various equipment
such as transformers, High Voltage Direct Current Transmission (HVDC), Placement of FACTS Devices,
Gas Insulated Sub-Station (GIS), Superconductors, Wide Area Monitoring System (WAMS) and
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA).Planning also involves computation of the various
losses for the design system parameters of resistance, reactance and capacitance of lines, operating voltages
etc . This is discussed in the next section.
3.2 Monitoring, Control and Maintenance of the Electric Power Transmission Grid
Monitoring of the Electrical Power System requires recording of the various system parameters such as
voltages, current, line flows, loads and generation and status of the various equipment. Controlling requires
determining the deviation of the operating parameters from the standard and initiating corrective actions. In
the context of the paper subject of study, we are to determine the losses and power flows on the various
transmission lines at base state and after taking corrective action, and thereby compute the reduction in
losses. The corrective action taken is placement of the FACTS device, Thyristor Controlled Series
Capacitors (TCSC) in the lines having maximum active power loss.
4. Mathematical Modeling of Technical Losses
4.1 Fundamental method
Technical losses in power systems mean power losses incurred by physical properties of components in the
power systems’ infrastructure. A common example of such power loss is proportional to the resistance
(R) of the wire and the square of the current (I) [1].
Ploss = RI2 (2)
For a system which delivers a certain amount of power (P), over a particular voltage (V), the current
flowing through the cables is given by
. (3)
Thus, the power lost in the lines is
(4)
Therefore, the power lost is proportional to the resistance and inversely proportional to the square of the
voltage. Because of this relationship, it is favourable to transmit energy at voltages as high as possible. This
reduces the current and thus the power lost during transmission. Thus High Voltage DC (HVDC) is used to
transmit large amounts of power over long distances or for interconnections between asynchronous grids.
When electrical energy is required to be transmitted over very long distances, it can be more economical to
transmit using direct current (DC) instead of alternating current (AC). For a long transmission line, the
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value of the smaller losses, and reduced construction cost of a DC line, can offset the additional cost of
converter stations at each end of the line. Also, at high AC voltages significant amounts of energy are lost
due to corona discharge, the capacitance between phases or, in the case of buried cables, between phases
and the soil or water in which the cable is buried. Since the power flow through an HVDC link is directly
controllable, HVDC links are sometimes used within a grid to stabilize the grid against control problems
with the AC energy flow. One prominent example of such a transmission line is the Pacific Intertie located
in the Western United States. The two important modern technologies to boost efficiency of transmission
are HVDC and FACTS. A study has been conducted on 9 Bus,14 Bus and 30 Bus system to determine the
effect of FACTS devices in particular TCSC on i)reduction of losses ii) extent of loss reduction.
4.2 B-Coefficients
Another interesting method is the B-Loss coefficients. B-Coefficients are the widely used conventional
method to calculate the incremental losses. The B-Loss Coefficients express transmission losses as a
function of the outputs of all generation plants. The B matrix loss formula was originally introduced in
early 1950 as a practical method for loss calculations. Consider a simple three-phase radial transmission
line between two points of generating/source and receiving/load as illustrated by Figure 2. We can deduce
the line loss as:
2
Ploss = 3 I R (5)
│I│ = (6)
√ Ø
VG is the magnitude of the generated voltage (line-to-line)
cosφG is the generator power factor
Combining the above two equations we have:
= ( ) (7)
│ │ Ø
Assuming fixed generator voltage and power factor, we can write the losses as:
P B P (8)
Losses are thus approximated as a second order function of generation. If a second power generation is
present to supply the load as shown in the figure 3 we can express the transmission losses as a function of
the two plant loadings. Losses can now be expressed by the equation:
PL=P B11+2P P2B12+P2B22
1 1 (9)
We refer to B as the loss coefficient. The simplest form of the equationis called George’s formula,which is
given by:
∑ ∑! ! ! (10)
Pm, Pn is the power generation from all sources
The B coefficients are not truly constant but vary with unit loadings. Transmission losses become a major
factor to be considered when it is needed to transmit electric energy over long distances or in the case of
relatively low load density over a vast area. The active power losses may amount to 20 to 30 % of total
generation in some situations. Finally we find out, that the real power losses are the function of the
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generation and B-loss coefficient. Varying the generations to fulfill the power demand would change the
losses accordingly. If we will be able to minimize the B-losses, we will reduce the total losses also. B-loss
coefficient is a function of resistances, voltages and power factors at each system state, while the
resistances are the physical properties of the equipment and they are constant, improving the voltage would
minimize the B-loss coefficient.
5. FACTS Devices and Its Implementation
The power electronic based FACTS have been developed and used as economical and efficient means to
control the power transfer in the interconnected AC transmission systems. The benefit brought about by
FACTS includes improvement of system dynamic behavior and thus enhancement of system reliability. The
benefits due to FACTS controllers are many. They contribute to optimal system operation by reducing
power losses and improving voltage profile. The power flow in critical lines can be enhanced as the
operating margins can be reduced due to fast controllability. In general, the power carrying capacity of lines
can be increased to values up to the thermal limits (imposed by current carrying capacity of the
conductors). The transient stability limit is increased thereby improving dynamic security of the system and
reducing the incidence of blackouts caused by cascading outages. The steady state or small signal stability
region can be increased by providing auxiliary stabilizing controllers to damp low frequency oscillations.
FACTS controllers such as TCSC can counter the problem of Sub-synchronous Resonance (SSR). The
problem of voltage fluctuations and in particular, dynamic over-voltages can be overcome by FACTS
controllers. However, their main function is to control power flows [2]. Provided optimally located, FACTS
devices are capable of increasing the system load ability too. These aspects are playing an increasing and
major role in the operation and control of competitive power systems.
5.1 Modeling of FACTS Devices
Table 1 lists the several types of existing and proposed FACTS devices. These types are termed A, B, and C
here for convenience [3]. Figure 4. depicts the block diagram of the FACTS devices (a) TCSC (b) TCPST
(c) UPFC (d) SVC. As shown in Fig.4, the reactance of the line can be changed by TCSC. The afore-
mentioned FACTS devices can be applied to control the power flow by changing the parameters of power
systems so that the power flow can be optimized [4]. Moreover, in a multi machine network according to
the different utilization of generation units, by use of FACTS, the generation costs can also be reduced.
5.2 Practical Implementation of TCSC
Series compensation, in its classical appearance, has been in commercial use since the 1960s. From its
basic mechanism, a number of benefits are attainable, all contributing to reduction of losses and increase of
the power transmission capability of new or existing transmission circuits. The rated value of TCSC is a
function of the reactance of the transmission line where it is located. In power transmission applications,
the degree of compensation is usually chosen somewhere in the range 0.7XLine to 0.2 XLine.
In India, two TCSCs have been installed on the Rourkela-Raipur twin circuit 400 kV power transmission
inter-connector between the Eastern and Western regions of the grid. The length of the inter-connector is
412 km. The main purpose of this major AC inter-connector is to enable export of surplus energy from the
Eastern to the Western regions of India during normal operating conditions, and also during contingencies.
The TCSCs are located at the Raipur end of the lines.
The TCSCs enable damping of inter-area power oscillations between the regions, which would otherwise
have constituted a limitation on power transfer over the inter-connector. Dynamic simulations performed
during the design stage, and subsequently confirmed at the commissioning and testing stage, have proved
the effectiveness of the Raipur TCSC as power oscillation dampers.
6. Case Study
6.1Optimal Location of TCSC Based On Real Power Loss
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The static conditions are considered here for the placement of FACTS devices in the power system. The
objectives for device placement may be one of the following: 1. Reduction in the real power loss of a
particular line.2. Reduction in the total system real power loss 3. Reduction in the total system reactive
power loss. 4. Maximum relief of congestion in the system. For the first objective the line with the
maximum power loss may be considered for placement of TCSC. Methods based on the sensitivity
approach may be used for the next three objectives. If the objective of FACTS device placement is to
provide maximum relief of congestion, the devices may be placed in the most congested lines or,
alternatively, in locations determined by trial-and-error.
6.2 Proposed Approach
Power Flow studies were carried out by using Power World Simulator and MATLAB. First Base Case data
was obtained for 9 – Bus, 14-Bus and 30 – Bus. The One-Line diagram of 9-Bus and 14-Bus Test systems
is depicted in Figure 5 and 6 respectively. The lines having maximum losses were identified. TCSC FACTS
device was placed in these lines. TCSC was implemented by increasing the reactance of the line by 20 % to
70%. .After placing of TCSC power flow data was obtained and compared with the base case values. The
percentage reduction of losses was computed. The results are analyzed and discussed below.
7. Results and Discussions
1) The Power Flow study converged in 0.14sec with FACTS as compared to without FACTS. 2) Objective
Function Value is reduced by 1.31 $/hr. 3) For the 9 – Bus System Total MW Loss before placement of
FACTS Devices is 10.6MW.The transmission line between buses 5 and 6 is having the maximum Loss of
7.6MW. Hence, TCSC was placed in the line between buses 5 and 6. Total MW Loss after placement of
FACTS Devices is 9.9MW and the loss in the transmission Line between buses 5 and 6 is reduced to
6.3MW. Thus the total Loss reduction is 6.6%, with placement of FACTS Devices. The inductive reactance
between 75% and 20% of the line reactance respectively were considered. In 14 Bus System line between
buses 1 to 2 is having maximum MW loss. Hence the TCSC FACTS device was placed in this particular
line; and the reduction in losses was observed to be 17%. In Case Study of 30 Bus System also the lines
having maximum losses were identified and TCSC placed. The lines identified were between buses 1-3, 2-
4, 2-6, 24-25, 25-27. The real Power Loss reduction was 9.4%. 4) The Table 2 below shows the percentage
loss reduction with FACTS devices. 5) The graph of the Losses Vs Line No of 9 – Bus is depicted in Figure
7. 5) The graph of the Losses Vs Line No of 30 – Bus in Figure 8.
8. Conclusion
FACTS devices have proved an effective method for Loss reduction .The effectiveness of TCSC is
demonstrated on IEEE 9 bus, 14 bus system and 30 –Bus IEEE Power Systems. The main conclusions of
the paper are: i) The time of convergence is less. ii) The placement of Facts devices enhances system ATC
and mitigates real power loss. iii) The simple and direct method of placing TCSC in the lines having
maximum power loss has shown effective results in loss reduction and enhancing ATC.
References
[1]Arai Sobhy M. Abdelkader, Member, IEEE, 2011, Characterization of Transmission Losses, 392 IEEE
TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. 26, NO. 1, FEBRUARY 2011
[2]Optimal Placement of FACTS Devices by Genetic Algorithm for the Increased Load Ability of a Power
System A. B.Bhattacharyya, B. S.K.GoswamiWorld Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 75
2011
[3] Optimal Location of FACTS Devices for Congestion Management in Deregulated Power Systems
K.Vijayakumar,SRM University,Kattankulathur, Chennai, International Journal of Computer Applications
(0975 – 8887), Volume 16– No.6, February 2011.
[4] K.Narasimha Rao, J.Amarnath “Enhancement of Available Transfer Capability with FACTS Devices”,
Journal of Current Sciences, 2010.
[5] V.Kakkar and N.K.Agarwal, Recent Trends on FACTS and D-FACTS, Modern Electric Power Systems
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2010, Wroclaw, Poland.
[6] Lana Wong, A Review of Transmission Losses in Planning Studies August 2011,
http://www.energy.ca.gov/2011publications/CEC-200-2011-009/CEC-200-2011-009.pdf
J.Namratha Manohar has acquired her degree in Electrical Engineering from Osmania University in the
year 1982, MCA from IGNOU in the year 2004, M.Tech from IASE in the year 2006.She is presently a
Research Student in the Department of Electrical Engineering at J.N.T.U, Hyderabad and serving as
Professor and Head of the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering at Ellenki College of
Engineering and Technology,Patelguda. Her research areas include Power System, Performance
Optimization Techniques.
J.Amarnath has acquired his degree in Electrical Engineering from Osmania University in the year 1982,
M.E from Andhra University in the year 1984 and Ph.D from J.N.T. University, Hyderabad in the year
2001. He is presently Professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, JNTU College
of Engineering, Hyderabad, India. He presented more than 60 research papers in various national and
international conferences and journals. His research areas include Gas Insulated Substations, High Voltage
Engineering, Power Systems and Electrical Drives.
Dr PC Rao Vemuri, a popular Professor of Computer Science worked at various capacities like
General Manager (TECH), Vice President ,Director (Technical ) and Chief Technology officer in IT
industry. He is one of the team members who got transferred CYBER MAINFRAME computer
technology from CDC (USA) to India. Dr PCRAO worked as a Principal and Professor of reputed
colleges GNITS ,Karshak, Sri Indu, St Martin, IARE and Holy Mary Institute of Technology and
Science from last 13 years. His areas of research are CPU scheduling models ,natural Language
processing data bases ,data mining and software cost estimation .
Monitor
(Power System Parameters)
Control
(Send Corrective Action)
Fig. 1 Stages of Management of Technical Losses
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Figure 2 Radial Line with One Generation Figure 3 Radial System with One Additional
Generation
Fig. 4. Block diagram of the considered FACTS devices (a) TCSC (b) TCPST (c) UPFC (d) SVC
60MW 150 MW
1 150MW 3
4 5 6
8 7
9 100 MW
2
125 MW
165 MW
Figure 5 IEEE 9-Bus Test System Figure 6 IEEE 14-Bus Test System
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Figure 7 9 Bus System Losses Before and after Placing FACTS
Figure 8 30 Bus System Losses Before and after Placing FACTS
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TABLE 1 TYPES OF FACTS DEVICE MODELS
Type Parameter FACTS
Designation Controlled Devices
Type A Series P and Q UPFC
Type B Series P TCSC,phase
angle regulator
Type C Series Q SVC,STATCON
Table 2 % Loss Reduction with FACTS
Power System Real Power Loss
Reduction
9-Bus 6.6%
14-Bus 17%
30-Bus 9.4%
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