Long bone measurement
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This is a powerpoint presentation for radiographers who wish to know more about long bone measurement.
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This document provides an overview of bone densitometry and osteoporosis testing. It discusses the types of tests including plain films, SPA, DPA, DXA, QCT, and peripheral tests. DXA is described as the gold standard as it is highly precise, uses minimal radiation, and can monitor changes over time. The document outlines how to perform DXA scans of the lumbar spine and hip, including proper positioning and region of interest placement. It also discusses test results reporting using T-scores and Z-scores to evaluate bone mineral density.
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Computed tomography (CT) scans create cross-sectional images of the body by using X-rays and computer processing. An X-ray tube rotates around the body and produces multiple images from different angles, which are used to reconstruct cross-sectional slices using back projection. These slices can be combined to create 3D images. CT scans provide more detailed images than basic X-rays due to their ability to distinguish between different tissue densities and visualize structures throughout the body.
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The document summarizes the capabilities of an ultra low dose 194 slice CT scanner. It can perform cardiac evaluations and coronary artery assessments with very low radiation. It provides high resolution images quickly with short breath holds. It can also perform CT angiography, CT imaging of the brain, bones, lungs, abdomen and other areas. It allows accurate diagnoses and treatment planning for various conditions.
Medical image analysis
This document discusses various types of medical imaging technologies. It describes radiologic/x-ray technology, ultrasound technology, CT scans, MRI scans, and nuclear imaging including PET and SPECT. The goal of medical imaging is to non-invasively examine the inside of the body to diagnose health problems and guide treatment. Each technology has advantages for certain applications based on the type of information and depth of imaging it provides. Together these modalities provide physicians a variety of tools to accurately diagnose and monitor patient health issues.
Ct thorax
This document provides information about computed tomography (CT) scans of the chest, including high-resolution CT. It describes what a chest CT is used for, how it is performed, what the equipment looks like, benefits, and normal findings. A chest CT can detect abnormalities in the lungs, chest wall, heart and blood vessels. It is performed by positioning the patient on a table that slides into a donut-shaped machine. Rotating x-rays create cross-sectional images which are analyzed to diagnose conditions like lung cancer, pneumonia and tumors.
Radiology_Equipment_Lec-1_Dr. Emad Taleb.pdf
This document provides an overview of various radiological equipment and imaging modalities used in medical diagnosis. It discusses x-ray equipment, computed tomography (CT), ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nuclear medicine, and radiation therapy. For each modality, it describes the basic principles, imaging techniques, clinical applications, and technological advances. The document is intended as an introductory lecture on radiological equipment for medical students.
Mri knee
MRI is commonly used to evaluate the knee joint. The document outlines the standard MRI protocol for the knee, including patient positioning, coil selection, routine sequences, and advanced applications. Parameters such as slice thickness, FOV, and pulse sequences are discussed to optimize visualization of structures like ligaments, cartilage, and menisci.
Computed Tomography
Computed tomography (CT) uses X-rays and a computer to create detailed images of the inside of the body. A CT scan can quickly produce cross-sectional images (slices) of any part of the body, including the brain, chest, abdomen, pelvis, and limbs. During a CT scan, the patient lies on a table that slides into a large circular opening of the scanning machine. The machine rotates around the patient and takes pictures from many angles. The computer then combines these images to create detailed cross-sectional views of the inside of the body. CT scans provide more detailed images than regular X-rays and allow doctors to better evaluate organs, blood vessels and bones.
ADVANCED IMAGING MODALITIES IN ORAL & MAXILLOFACIAL BY DR. ADHIRAJ GHOSH SURGERY
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on advanced imaging modalities in maxillofacial surgery. It discusses the history and evolution of imaging from conventional radiography in the 1800s to current 3D imaging techniques. Specific modalities covered include sialography, ultrasonography, fluoroscopy, angiography, computed tomography, and cone-beam CT. Clinical applications for diagnosing conditions like infections, fractures, and lymph node metastasis are presented. The document provides detailed information on several important imaging techniques used in maxillofacial surgery.
Radiographic aids in dental implants
This document discusses various radiographic techniques used in dental implant planning and assessment. It describes the key phases of implant imaging as pre-surgical, surgical/intraoperative, and post-prosthetic. Various 2D and 3D imaging modalities are discussed, including periapical radiography, panoramic radiography, tomography, computed tomography, cone beam computed tomography, and interactive CT. The advantages and disadvantages of each technique are provided. Critical anatomic structures that require careful imaging for implant planning are also outlined.
Limb length discrepency in hip arthroplasty
This document discusses methods for measuring and correcting limb length discrepancy (LLD) during total hip arthroplasty (THA). It describes that postoperative LLD ranges from 1-27% and can be caused by inaccurate templating, excessive acetabular reaming, or sinking of collarless stems. Intraoperative techniques aim to place reference pins or markers in the pelvis and femur to measure LLD, but these methods have limitations due to inaccurate repositioning of the limb. Newer navigation systems using CT or fluoroscopy may improve accuracy of LLD measurement and correction during THA.
Normal CT BRAIN
The document discusses the radiological anatomy of a normal CT brain scan. It begins by describing the lobes of the brain and surfaces visible on CT. It then discusses the history and technique of CT scanning, describing how different tissues appear in varying shades of gray. Common artifacts are also reviewed. Key features of a normal CT brain include symmetric ventricles and sulci, with intact skull and no masses or fluid collections seen.
Ct abdomen
This document provides information about computed tomography (CT) scanning of the abdomen and pelvis. It describes what CT scanning is used for, how the procedure works, how it is performed, limitations, and details of routine whole abdomen scans and phased scanning for tumor staging. CT scanning uses x-rays to create cross-sectional images of the abdomen that can detect diseases of the internal organs and help diagnose abdominal pain. The procedure involves positioning the patient on a table that slides through a scanner, which rotates around the patient to create detailed images.
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Long bone measurement
- 2. Long Bone Measurement • Orthoroentgenology • A radiographic technique used to determine the exact length of a child’s limb bones • Usually performed on lower limbs • The purpose is to determine limb length discrepancy, which occurs primarily in children • Because patients might require regular check- ups, gonadal protection is essential
- 3. Procedures • As of today there are several ways to perform Long Bone Measurement. We will be covering • Scanogram (spot film) • CT Technique • Digital and CR with stitching
- 5. Procedure • Three exposures are made of the limb – Unilateral examination is recommended if large discrepancy exists – Bilateral is accurate if discrepancy is small – Upper limb exposures are made at shoulder, elbow, and wrist – Lower limb exposures are made at hip, knee, and ankle
- 6. Procedure • Accuracy is dependent on patient remaining absolutely still throughout the procedure • Proper immobilization is essential
- 7. Procedure • Both sides are examined for comparison • Requires special metal ruler imaged with limbs • Place between limbs and tape to table to remain immobile for each of the three projections
- 8. Procedure • Patient position – Supine – If imaging both sides simultaneously, immobilize ankles 5 to 6 inches (13 to 15 cm) apart – Knees fully extended, if possible – If not, support both knees in the same amount of flexion – Lower limb rotated medially to anatomic position
- 9. Procedure • Localize joints on each side and mark with skin-marking pencil – Indicates central ray (CR) entrance point • For upper limb – Shoulder marked over superior margin of humeral head – Elbow marked ½ to ¾ inch (1.3 to 1.9 cm) below plane of epicondyles – Wrist marked between styloid processes
- 10. Procedure • For lower limb – Hip marked 1 to 1¼ inches (2.5 to 3.2 cm) laterodistally and at right angle to midpoint of imaginary line between anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and pubic symphysis – Knee marked at depression between femoral and tibial condyles, just below patellar apex – Ankle marked directly below depression midway between malleoli
- 11. Procedure • Metal ruler taped to table between limbs • Three exposures made on one image receptor (IR) centered to each joint, beginning at the most proximal joint • Use close collimation for improved image quality and radiation protection • Shield gonads
- 13. CT Technique
- 14. Computed Tomography Technique • Computed tomography (CT) for long bone measurements has two advantages over conventional radiographs – More consistently reproduced – Less radiation exposure
- 15. CT Technique • A CT “scout” or localizer image is made • Scanogram is term applied to image • CT cursor is placed over joints to obtain measurements • Accuracy is dependent on proper cursor placement – Research suggests cursor placement be done three times and then averaged
- 16. CT Technique • The simple explanation – This technique is less radiation because they only do a CT scout which is a none diagnostic image but does contain enough info to make accurate measurements
- 18. Digital and CR with stitching One exposure multiple CR cassettes Several exposures on the same digital detectors
- 19. CR with stitching • Must be performed upright due to equipment requirements • Requires special metal ruler imaged with limbs • Place between limbs and tape to buckey to remain immobile • Extra SID is required to reduce elongation of bones • After Exposures are taken films are processed and stitched together.
- 21. Digital Stitching • Depending on equipment can be performed upright or supine • No ruler is required to be taped to buckey due to post processing measurement • Several images are taken then stitched together digitaly