This document provides information about computed tomography (CT) scans of the chest, including high-resolution CT. It describes what a chest CT is used for, how it is performed, what the equipment looks like, benefits, and normal findings. A chest CT can detect abnormalities in the lungs, chest wall, heart and blood vessels. It is performed by positioning the patient on a table that slides into a donut-shaped machine. Rotating x-rays create cross-sectional images which are analyzed to diagnose conditions like lung cancer, pneumonia and tumors.
MDCT Principles and Applications- Avinesh ShresthaAvinesh Shrestha
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Multidetector CT (MDCT) is one of the most commonly used imaging modality in the field of Radiology. Development and advancement in MDCT has made it's application as a major component in diagnosis and treatment planning of multitude of disease across the planet. This presentation briefly describes its basic principle and it's wide variety of application in medical imaging.
brief but informative knowledge about how CT works and what are its components ... easy to understand as well as presenting during lectures and in classes . share it
This presentation includes High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the Chest and Temporal bone.
Objective of HRCT.
Artefacts in HRCT.
Clinical applications of HRCT.
Advantages of HRCT.
Disadvantages of HRCT.
Positioning and Centering.
Basic physics of multidetector computed tomography ( CT Scan) - how ct scan works, different generations of ct, how image is generated and displayed and image artifacts related to CT Scan.
MDCT Principles and Applications- Avinesh ShresthaAvinesh Shrestha
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Multidetector CT (MDCT) is one of the most commonly used imaging modality in the field of Radiology. Development and advancement in MDCT has made it's application as a major component in diagnosis and treatment planning of multitude of disease across the planet. This presentation briefly describes its basic principle and it's wide variety of application in medical imaging.
brief but informative knowledge about how CT works and what are its components ... easy to understand as well as presenting during lectures and in classes . share it
This presentation includes High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the Chest and Temporal bone.
Objective of HRCT.
Artefacts in HRCT.
Clinical applications of HRCT.
Advantages of HRCT.
Disadvantages of HRCT.
Positioning and Centering.
Basic physics of multidetector computed tomography ( CT Scan) - how ct scan works, different generations of ct, how image is generated and displayed and image artifacts related to CT Scan.
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Be aware.. Your parents are being treated with devices while treatment.. be sure to know the cybersecurity features of it.
Portable devices (Insulin pumps etc) are also in threat.
• What is Ultrasound imaging?
• Why Ultrasound?
• Common Uses
• History
• Properties of Ultrasound
• Equipment types
• How does the procedure work?
• Physics
• Benefits and Risks etc.
Atomic structure refers to the organization and composition of atoms, which are the fundamental building blocks of matter. Atoms are incredibly small and consist of several subatomic particles, primarily protons, neutrons, and electrons. Understanding atomic structure is essential in the field of chemistry and forms the basis for our understanding of the physical and chemical properties of elements and compounds.
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Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
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The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
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Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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Ct thorax
1. MAAJID MOHI UD DIN MALIK
LECTURER COPMS ADESH UNIVERSITY,
BATHINDA PUNJAB
CT THORAX
2. COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT) - CHEST
• Computed tomography (CT) of the chest uses
special x-ray equipment to examine abnormalities
found in other imaging tests and to help diagnose
the cause of unexplained cough, shortness of
breath, chest pain, fever and other chest
symptoms. CT scanning is fast, painless,
noninvasive and accurate. Because it is able to
detect very small nodules in the lung, chest CT is
especially effective for diagnosing lung cancer at
its earliest, most curable stage.
3. WHAT ARE SOME COMMON USES OF THE
PROCEDURE?
Chest CT is used to:
• Examine abnormalities found on conventional chest x-rays.
• Help diagnose the causes of clinical signs or symptoms of disease
of the chest, such as cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, or
fever.
• Detect and evaluate the extent of tumors that arise in the chest, or
tumors that have spread there from other parts of the body.
• Assess whether tumors are responding to treatment.
• Help plan radiation therapy.
• Evaluate injury to the chest, including the heart, blood vessels,
lungs, ribs and spine.
• Evaluate abnormalities of the chest found on fetal ultrasound
examinations.
4. Chest CT can demonstrate various lung
disorders, such as:
• Benign and malignant tumors.
• Pneumonia.
• Tuberculosis.
• Bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis.
• Inflammation or other diseases of the pleura (the
covering of the lungs).
• Interstitial and chronic lung disease.
• Congenital abnormalities.
5.
6. HOW IS THE PROCEDURE PERFORMED?
• The technologist begins by positioning you on the CT
exam table, usually lying flat on your back. Straps and
pillows may be used to help you maintain the correct
position and remain still during the exam.
• Many scanners are fast enough that children can be
scanned without sedation. In special cases, sedation
may be needed for children who cannot hold still.
Motion will cause blurring of the images and degrade
the quality of the examination the same way that it
affects photographs.
• If a contrast material is used, it will be injected into a
vein shortly before scanning begins.
7. • Next, the table will move quickly through the scanner to
determine the correct starting position for the scans. Then,
the table will move slowly through the machine as the
actual CT scanning is performed. Depending on the type of
CT scan, the machine may make several passes.
• You may be asked to hold your breath during the scanning.
Any motion, including breathing and body movements, can
lead to artifacts on the images. This loss of image quality
can resemble the blurring seen on a photograph taken of a
moving object.
• When the exam is complete, you will be asked to wait until
the technologist verifies that the images are of high enough
quality for accurate interpretation.
• The actual CT scanning takes less than 30 seconds and the
entire process, including exam preparation, is usually
completed within 30 minutes.
8. WHAT DOES THE EQUIPMENT LOOK LIKE?
• The CT scanner is typically a large, donut-shaped
machine with a short tunnel in the center. You will lie
on a narrow examination table that slides in and out of
this short tunnel. Rotating around you, the x-ray tube
and electronic x-ray detectors are located opposite
each other in a ring, called a gantry. The computer
workstation that processes the imaging information is
located in a separate control room. This is where the
technologist operates the scanner and monitors your
exam in direct visual contact. The technologist will be
able to hear and talk to you using a speaker and
microphone.
9. BENEFITS
• CT is fast, which is important for patients who have trouble
holding their breath.
• CT is widely available.
• CT scanning is painless, noninvasive and accurate.
• A major advantage of CT is its ability to image bone, soft tissue
and blood vessels all at the same time.
• Unlike conventional x-rays, CT scanning provides very detailed
images of many types of tissue as well as the lungs, bones, and
blood vessels.
• CT examinations are fast and simple; in emergency cases, they
can reveal internal injuries and bleeding quickly enough to help
save lives.
• CT has been shown to be a cost-effective imaging tool for a wide
range of clinical problems.
10. • CT is less sensitive to patient movement than MRI.
• CT can be performed if you have an implanted medical
device of any kind, unlike MRI.
• CT imaging provides real-time imaging, making it a good
tool for guiding minimally invasive procedures such
as needle biopsies and needle aspirations of many areas of
the body, particularly the lungs, abdomen, pelvis and bones.
• A diagnosis determined by CT scanning may eliminate the
need for exploratory surgery and surgical biopsy.
• No radiation remains in a patient's body after a CT
examination.
• X-rays used in CT scans should have no immediate side
effects.
• Low-dose CT scans of the chest use a lower dose of
radiation than conventional chest CT.
11. ROUTINE THORAX
• Indications- Screening, Infection/ inflammation, Trauma, Mass of Lung,
Pleura and Mediastinum, Staging Lymphoma, Lesions of Chest wall and
Esophagus, Follow ups.
• Patient Positioning- Head First, Spine with Arms elevated above the level of
Head.
• Topogram Position / Landmark- Anteroposterior; 1 inch below the level of
the Chin to Umbilicus.
• Mode of Scanning- Helical with Single Breath hold.
• Scan Orientation- Caudocranial.
• Start Location- The imaginary line joining the two costophrenic angles.
• End Location- 1cm above the Apex of the Lung.
12. • Gantry Tilt- Nil.
• Field Of View- Just fitting to the Thoracic Cavity including the soft tissues
of the Chest Wall.
• Contrast Administration- Intravenous, Oral Air/ Positive Contrast For
Esophageal Evaluation.
• Volume of Contrast- 60-80 ml.
• Rate of Injection of Contrast- 2-2.5 mL/sec.
• Scan Delay- 30-35 sec.
• Slice Thickness in Reconstruction- 3-5 mm.
• Slice Interval- 1.5-2.5 mm.
• 3D Reconstructions- MRP,MIP VRT if needed.
15. HIGH-RESOLUTION COMPUTED
TOMOGRAPHY
• High-resolution computed
tomography (HRCT) is a type
of computed tomography (CT) with
specific techniques to enhance image
resolution. It is used in the diagnosis of
various health problems, though most
commonly for lung disease, by assessing
the lung parenchyma.
16. TECHNIQUE
• HRCT is performed using a conventional CT scanner.
However, imaging parameters are chosen so as to
maximize spatial resolution: a narrow slice width is
used (usually 1–2 mm), a high spatial resolution image
reconstruction algorithm is used, field of view is
minimized, so as to minimize the size of each pixel, and
other scan factors (e.g. focal spot) may be optimized
for resolution at the expense of scan speed.
• Depending on the suspected diagnosis, the scan may be
performed in both inspiration and expiration. The
patient may also lie prone (face down) rather than the
more usual supine (face up).
17. • As HRCT's aim is to assess a generalized lung disease, the
test is conventionally performed by taking thin sections 10–
40 mm apart. The result is a few images that should be
representative of the lungs in general, but that cover only
approximately one tenth of the lungs.
• Because HRCT does not image the whole lungs (by using
widely spaced thin sections), it is unsuitable for the
assessment of lung cancer or other localized lung diseases.
Similarly, HRCT images have very high levels of noise (due
to thin sections and high-resolution algorithm), which may
make them non-diagnostic for the soft-tissues of
the mediastinum.
• Intravenous contrast agents are not used for HRCT as the
lung inherently has very high contrast (soft tissue against
air), and the technique itself is unsuitable for assessment of
the soft tissues and blood vessels, which are the major
targets of contrast agents.
18. HIGH RESOLUTION EXAMINATION
• Indications- Diffuse interstitial Lung Disease, Emphysema, Chronic
Obstruction Airway Disease, Bronchiectasis.
• Patient Positioning- Head first, Spine with Arms elevated above the
level of head.
• Topogram Position/ Landmark- Anteroposterior; 1 inch below the
level of Chin to Umbilicus.
• Mode of Scanning-Sequential with Breath-hold Technique in Mid
Inspiration with every scan.
• Scan Orientation- Craniocaudal.
• Starting Location- 1 cm above the Apex of the Lung.
19. • End Location- The imaginary line joining the two Costophrenic
angles.
• Gantry angle- Nil
• FOV- Just fitting to the Lung fields.
• Slice Thickness- Thinnest available (0.5-1.5mm).
• Scan Time- 0.5-1 sec.
• Slice Interval- 10mm.
• Contrast Administration- Nil.
• Scan Delay- None.
20. HIGH-RESOLUTION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (HRCT) CHEST
SHOWING PROGRESSIVE REPLACEMENT OF LUNG PARENCHYMA
WITH MULTIPLE CYSTS, AND PROLIFERATION OF ABNORMAL
SMOOTH-MUSCLE CELLS