This document provides an overview of various radiological equipment and imaging modalities used in medical diagnosis. It discusses x-ray equipment, computed tomography (CT), ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nuclear medicine, and radiation therapy. For each modality, it describes the basic principles, imaging techniques, clinical applications, and technological advances. The document is intended as an introductory lecture on radiological equipment for medical students.
Medical imaging is the technique and process of creating visual representations of the interior of a body for clinical analysis and medical intervention, as well as visual representation of the function of some organs or tissues (physiology).
A 4 part seminar on 3D cbct technology for seminar presentations. with added technical details and considerations with differences between a CT technology.
Also it features the technical parameters ,uses and how it is considered useful in each departments of medicine and dentistry.
Medical imaging is the technique and process of creating visual representations of the interior of a body for clinical analysis and medical intervention, as well as visual representation of the function of some organs or tissues (physiology).
A 4 part seminar on 3D cbct technology for seminar presentations. with added technical details and considerations with differences between a CT technology.
Also it features the technical parameters ,uses and how it is considered useful in each departments of medicine and dentistry.
• What is Ultrasound imaging?
• Why Ultrasound?
• Common Uses
• History
• Properties of Ultrasound
• Equipment types
• How does the procedure work?
• Physics
• Benefits and Risks etc.
CT scan and MRI are the techniques for body imaging. Computed Tomography or Computerized Axial Tomography is commonly referred to as a CT scan.
C- computed (Use of computer) and T- tomography (Greek word “Tomos” means “slice” and “Grapho” means “ To write”
The first commercial CT scanner was invented by Sir Godfrey Hounsfield in United Kingdom.
It is a diagnostic imaging procedure that uses a combination of X-rays and computer technology to produce images of the inside of the body. It shows detailed images of any part of the body including the bones, muscles, fat, organs and blood vessels.
CT scans may be performed to help diagnose tumors, investigate internal bleeding, or check for other internal injuries or damage.
Computed Tomography or Computerized Axial Tomography is commonly referred to as a CT scan.
C- computed (Use of computer) and T- tomography (Greek word “Tomos” means “slice” and “Grapho” means “ To write”
The first commercial CT scanner was invented by Sir Godfrey Hounsfield in United Kingdom.
It is a diagnostic imaging procedure that uses a combination of X-rays and computer technology to produce images of the inside of the body. It shows detailed images of any part of the body including the bones, muscles, fat, organs and blood vessels.
CT scans may be performed to help diagnose tumors, investigate internal bleeding, or check for other internal injuries or damage. Computed Tomography or Computerized Axial Tomography is commonly referred to as a CT scan.
C- computed (Use of computer) and T- tomography (Greek word “Tomos” means “slice” and “Grapho” means “ To write”
The first commercial CT scanner was invented by Sir Godfrey Hounsfield in United Kingdom.
It is a diagnostic imaging procedure that uses a combination of X-rays and computer technology to produce images of the inside of the body. It shows detailed images of any part of the body including the bones, muscles, fat, organs and blood vessels.
CT scans may be performed to help diagnose tumors, investigate internal bleeding, or check for other internal injuries or damage. MRI stands for Magentic Resonance Imaging which is a non-invasive medical imaging test that produces detailed images of almost every internal structure in the human body, including the organs, bones, muscles and blood vessels.
MRI scanners create images of the body using a large magnet and radio waves.
No ionizing radiation is produced during an MRI exam, unlike X-rays. These images give your physician important information in diagnosing your medical condition and planning a course of treatment.
Raymond Damadian, the inventor of the first magnetic resonance scanning machine performed the first full-body scan of a human being in 1977.
The Nobel Prize was awarded to the American chemist, Paul Lauterbur, and the British physicist, Peter Mansfield, for developing a method to represent the information gathered by a scanner as an image. This is fundamental for the way the technology is used today.
• What is Ultrasound imaging?
• Why Ultrasound?
• Common Uses
• History
• Properties of Ultrasound
• Equipment types
• How does the procedure work?
• Physics
• Benefits and Risks etc.
CT scan and MRI are the techniques for body imaging. Computed Tomography or Computerized Axial Tomography is commonly referred to as a CT scan.
C- computed (Use of computer) and T- tomography (Greek word “Tomos” means “slice” and “Grapho” means “ To write”
The first commercial CT scanner was invented by Sir Godfrey Hounsfield in United Kingdom.
It is a diagnostic imaging procedure that uses a combination of X-rays and computer technology to produce images of the inside of the body. It shows detailed images of any part of the body including the bones, muscles, fat, organs and blood vessels.
CT scans may be performed to help diagnose tumors, investigate internal bleeding, or check for other internal injuries or damage.
Computed Tomography or Computerized Axial Tomography is commonly referred to as a CT scan.
C- computed (Use of computer) and T- tomography (Greek word “Tomos” means “slice” and “Grapho” means “ To write”
The first commercial CT scanner was invented by Sir Godfrey Hounsfield in United Kingdom.
It is a diagnostic imaging procedure that uses a combination of X-rays and computer technology to produce images of the inside of the body. It shows detailed images of any part of the body including the bones, muscles, fat, organs and blood vessels.
CT scans may be performed to help diagnose tumors, investigate internal bleeding, or check for other internal injuries or damage. Computed Tomography or Computerized Axial Tomography is commonly referred to as a CT scan.
C- computed (Use of computer) and T- tomography (Greek word “Tomos” means “slice” and “Grapho” means “ To write”
The first commercial CT scanner was invented by Sir Godfrey Hounsfield in United Kingdom.
It is a diagnostic imaging procedure that uses a combination of X-rays and computer technology to produce images of the inside of the body. It shows detailed images of any part of the body including the bones, muscles, fat, organs and blood vessels.
CT scans may be performed to help diagnose tumors, investigate internal bleeding, or check for other internal injuries or damage. MRI stands for Magentic Resonance Imaging which is a non-invasive medical imaging test that produces detailed images of almost every internal structure in the human body, including the organs, bones, muscles and blood vessels.
MRI scanners create images of the body using a large magnet and radio waves.
No ionizing radiation is produced during an MRI exam, unlike X-rays. These images give your physician important information in diagnosing your medical condition and planning a course of treatment.
Raymond Damadian, the inventor of the first magnetic resonance scanning machine performed the first full-body scan of a human being in 1977.
The Nobel Prize was awarded to the American chemist, Paul Lauterbur, and the British physicist, Peter Mansfield, for developing a method to represent the information gathered by a scanner as an image. This is fundamental for the way the technology is used today.
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
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A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
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It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
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of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
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Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
3. COURSE OUTLINE
UNIT I - MEDICAL X-RAY EQUIPMENT
UNIT II - COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY
UNIT III - ULTRASOUND MACHINE
UNIT IV– MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
UNIT V - NUCLEAR MEDICINE SYSTEMS
UNIT VI - RADIATION THERAPY AND RADIATION SAFETY
3
4. WHAT IS RADIOLOGY?
• Radiology is a medical specialty uses imaging concept to both
diagnose and treat human diseases.
• Person handling the radiological equipment is called a Radiologist.
• Radiologist use an array of imaging technologies such as
– X-ray,
– computed tomography (CT),
– ultrasound,
– nuclear medicine,
– positron emission tomography (PET) and
– magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to diagnose or treat diseases.
• Interventional radiology is the performance of minimally invasive
medical procedures with the guidance of imaging technologies.
• The acquisition of medical imaging is usually carried out by the
radiographer or radiologic technologist. 4
5. IMAGING MODALITIES
Projection (plain) Radiography
• X-rays were discovered by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
• Radiographs or Roentgenographs, named after the
discoverer of X-rays, are produced by transmitting X-rays
through a patient.
• A capture device then converts them into visible light,
which then forms an image for review and diagnosis.
• The original, and still common, imaging procedure uses
silver impregnated films.
5
6. • A X-ray tube generates a beam of X-rays which is aimed at
the patient.
• The X-rays that pass through the patient are filtered by
placing a device called X-ray filter, made of aluminum to
reduce scatter and noise.
• It then strikes an undeveloped film, which is held tightly to
a screen of light-emitting phosphors in a light-tight
cassette.
• The film is then developed chemically and an image
appears on the film.
6
7. DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY
• Digital radiography (DR)- X-rays strike a plate of
sensors that converts the signals generated into digital
information and an image displayed on a computer screen.
• Plain radiography was the only imaging modality available
during the first 50 years of radiology.
• Due to its availability, speed, and lower costs compared to
other modalities, radiography is often the first-line test of
choice in radiologic diagnosis.
7
8. FLUOROSCOPY
• Fluoroscopy and angiography are special applications of X-
ray imaging.
• A fluorescent screen and image intensifier tube is connected
to a closed-circuit television system (CCTV).
• An image intensifier tube is a vacuum tube device for
increasing the intensity of available light in an optical
system to allow use under low light conditions
• This allows real-time imaging of structures in motion or
augmented with a radiocontrast agent.
8
9. • Radiocontrast agents are administered, often swallowed
or injected into the body of the patient, to delineate
anatomy and functioning of the blood vessels, the
genitourinary system or the gastrointestinal tract.
• Two radiocontrasts are presently in use:
– Barium as (BaSO4) may be given orally or rectally for
evaluation of the GI tract.
– Iodine, in multiple proprietary forms, may be given by
oral, rectal, intraarterial or intravenous routes.
9
10. • These radiocontrast agents strongly absorb or scatter X-ray
radiation.
• In conjunction with the real-time imaging it allows
demonstration of dynamic processes, such as peristalsis in
the
digestive tract or blood flow in arteries and veins.
• odine contrast may also be concentrated in abnormal areas
more or less than in normal tissues and make abnormalities
(tumors, cysts, inflammation) more conspicuous.
• Carbon dioxide can be used as a contrast agent in the
venous system;
• This contrast agent attenuates the X-ray radiation less than
the surrounding tissues.
10
11. CT SCANNING
• CT imaging uses X-rays in conjunction with computing
algorithms to image the body.
• In CT, an X-ray generating tube opposite an X-ray
detector in a ring shaped apparatus rotate around a patient
producing a computer generated cross-sectional image
(tomogram).
• CT is acquired in the axial plane, while coronal and
sagittal images can be rendered by computer
reconstruction.
11
12. • The transverse plane (also called the
horizontal plane, axial plane, or
transaxial plane) is an imaginary plane
that divides the body into superior and
inferior parts.
• It is perpendicular to the coronal and
sagittal planes.
• It is one of the planes of the body used to
describe the location of body parts in
relation to each other.
• The other two commonly used terms are
the coronal plane and the sagittal plane. 12
13. • A coronal plane (also known as the frontal plane) is any
vertical plane that divides the body into ventral and dorsal
(belly and back) sections.
• It is one of the planes of the body used to describe the
location of body parts in relation to each other.
• Sagittal plane is a vertical plane which passes from
ventral (front) to dorsal (rear) dividing the body into right
and left halves.
13
14. • Radiocontrast agents are often used with CT for enhanced
delineation of anatomy.
• Although radiographs provide higher spatial resolution, CT
can detect more subtle variations in attenuation of X-rays.
• The measure of how closely lines can be resolved in an
image is called spatial resolution.
• Spatial resolution refers to the number of independent pixel
values per unit length.
• CT exposes the patient to more ionizing radiation than a
radiograph.
14
15. • Spiral Multi-detector CT utilizes 8,16 or 64 detectors during
continuous motion of the patient through the radiation beam
to obtain much finer detail images in a shorter exam time.
• CT scanning has become the test of choice in diagnosing
some urgent and emergent conditions such as:
– cerebral hemorrhage,
– pulmonary embolism (clots in the arteries of the lungs),
– aortic dissection (tearing of the aortic wall),
– appendicitis, and
– obstructing kidney stones.
15
16. • Continuing improvements in CT technology including
faster scanning times and improved resolution have
dramatically increased the accuracy and usefulness of CT
scanning and consequently increased utilization in
medical diagnosis.
• The first commercially viable CT scanner was invented
by Sir Godfrey Hounsfield at EMI Central Research
Labs, Great Britain in 1972.
16
17. ULTRASOUND
• Medical ultrasonography uses ultrasound (high-frequency
sound waves) to visualize soft tissue structures in the
body in real time.
• No ionizing radiation is involved, but the quality of the
imagesobtained using ultrasound is highly dependent on
the skill of the person (ultrasonographer) performing the
exam.
• Ultrasound is also limited by its inability to image
through air (lungs, bowel loops) or bone.
• The use of ultrasound in medical imaging has developed
mostly within the last 30 years.
17
18. • The first ultrasound images were static and two
dimensional (2D), but with modern-day ultrasonography
3D reconstructions can be observed in real-time;
effectively becoming 4D.
• Because ultrasound does not utilize ionizing radiation,
unlike radiography, CT scans, and nuclear medicine
imaging techniques, it is generally considered safer.
• For this reason, this modality plays a vital role in
obstetrical imaging.
18
19. • Fetal anatomic development can be thoroughly evaluated
allowing early diagnosis of many fetal anomalies.
• Growth can be assessed over time, important in patients
with chronic disease or gestation-induced disease, and in
multiple gestations (twins, triplets etc.).
• Color-Flow Doppler Ultrasound measures the severity of
peripheral vascular disease and is used by Cardiology for
dynamic evaluation of the heart, heart valves and major
vessels.
• Stenosis of the carotid arteries can presage cerebral
infarcts(strokes).
19
20. • Small portable ultrasound devices now replace bulky
units.
• Extensive hemoperitoneum (bleeding inside the body
cavity) or injury to the major organs may require
emergent surgical exploration and repair and ultrasound is
used in these applications.
20
21. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
• MRI uses strong magnetic fields to
align atomic nuclei (usually
hydrogen protons) within body
tissues,
• Uses a radio signal to disturb the axis
of rotation of these nuclei and
observes the radio frequency signal
generated as the nuclei return to their
baseline states.
• The radio signals are collected by
small antennae, called coils, placed
near the area of interest.
• An advantage of MRI is its ability to
produce images in axial, coronal,
sagittal and multiple planes with
equal ease. 21
22. • MRI scans give the best soft tissue contrast of all the imaging
modalities. Why?
• With advances in scanning speed and spatial resolution, and
improvements in computer 3D algorithms and hardware,
MRI has become a tool in musculoskeletal radiology and
neuroradiology.
• One disadvantage is that the patient has to hold still for long
periods of time in a noisy, cramped space while the imaging
is performed.
• Recent improvements in magnet design including
– stronger magnetic fields (up to 3 teslas),
– shortening exam times, and
– more open magnet designs, 22
23. • MRI has great benefit in imaging the brain, spine, and
musculoskeletal system.
• The modality is currently contraindicated for patients
with pacemakers, cochlear implants, some indwelling
medication pumps, certain types of cerebral aneurysm
clips, metal fragments in the eyes and some metallic
hardware due to the powerful magnetic fields and strong
fluctuating radio signals the body is exposed to.
• Areas of potential advancement include functional
imaging, cardiovascular MRI, as well as MR image
guided therapy.
23
24. NUCLEAR MEDICINE
• Nuclear medicine imaging involves the administration into
the patient of radiopharmaceuticals consisting of substances
with affinity for certain body tissues labeled with radioactive
tracer.
• A radioactive tracer, or radioactive label, is a chemical
compound in which one or more atoms have been replaced
by a radioisotope.
• By virtue of its radioactivity it can be used to explore the
mechanism of chemical reactions by tracing the path that the
radioisotope follows.
• Radioisotopes of hydrogen, carbon, phosphorus, sulphur, and
iodine have been used extensively to trace the path of
biochemical reactions. 24
25. • The most commonly used tracers are:
– Technetium-99m,
– Iodine-123,
– Iodine-131,
– Gallium-67 and
– Thallium-201.
• The heart, lungs, thyroid, liver, gallbladder, and bones are
commonly evaluated for particular conditions using these
techniques.
• Nuclear medicine is useful in displaying physiological
function.
25
26. • The excretory function of the kidneys,
• iodine concentrating ability of the thyroid,
• blood flow to heart muscle, etc. can be measured.
• The principal imaging device is the gamma camera which
detects the radiation emitted by the tracer in the body and
displays it as an image.
• With computer processing, the information can be displayed
as axial, coronal and sagittal images.
• In the most modern devices Nuclear Medicine images can be
fused with a CT scan taken quasi-simultaneously so that the
physiological information can be overlaid or co-registered
with the anatomical structures to improve diagnostic accuracy.
26
27. PET
• PET,(positron emission tomography), scanning also falls
under "nuclear medicine.“
• In PET scanning, a radioactive biologically-active
substance, most often Fluorine-18 Fluorodeoxyglucose, is
injected into a patient and the radiation emitted by the
patient is detected to produce multi-planar images of the
body.
• Metabolically more active tissues, such as cancer,
concentrate the active substance more than normal tissues.
• PET images can be combined with CT images to improve
diagnostic accuracy.
27
28. • The applications of nuclear medicine can include bone
scanning which traditionally has had a strong role in the
workup/staging of cancers.
• Myocardial perfusion imaging is a sensitive and specific
screening exam for reversible myocardial ischemia
(Imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and
demand).
• Molecular Imaging is the new and exciting frontier in this
field.
28