The document discusses the principles and techniques for intraoral radiography, including the paralleling technique, bitewing radiographs, and use of film holders like the XCP and stabe. It provides step-by-step instructions on positioning patients, placing films, and aligning the beam for various types of intraoral radiographs to obtain diagnostic images. The document emphasizes maintaining the long axis of teeth parallel to the film and directing the beam perpendicular to obtain accurate representations of tooth size and shape.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnostic setup. opg, xeroradiography,clarks technique /certified fixed orth...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnostic setup. opg, xeroradiography,clarks technique /certified fixed orth...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Intraoral X-rays are the most common type of #digitalradiography equipment taken. These X-rays provide a lot of detail and allow your dentist to find cavities, check the health of the tooth root and bone surrounding the tooth, check the status of developing teeth, and monitor the general health of your teeth and jawbone.
http://www.soredex.com/en/digital-radiography/
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
this contains the occlusal radiography methods for both maxillary and mandibular different occusal radiographic techniques, principles, classification, indications
brief description about CONTENTS Introduction Principles of panoramic imaging Image layer Panoramic machines Panoramic film Patient positioning Interpreting the panoramic imaging INDICATION Advantages Disadvantages Conclusion References
3. INTRODUCTION • Panoramic imaging also called pantomography is a technique for producing a single tomographic image of facial structures that includes both the maxillary and mandibular dental arches and their supporting structures . • This is a curvilinear variant of conventional tomography.
4. PRINCIPLES OF PANORAMIC IMAGE FORMATION • Patero and Numata - describe the principles of panoramic radiography • based on the principle of reciprocal movement of x-ray source and an image receptor around a central point or plane called the image layer, in which the OBJECT of image is located. • OBJECT in front or behind this image are not clearly captured because of their movement relative to the centre of rotation of the receptor and the x-ray source.
5. The film and x-ray tubehead move around the patient in opposite directions in panoramic radiography
6. ROTATION CENTER The pivotal point or axis around which the cassette carrier and tube head rotate is termed rotation center Three basic rotation center used in panoramic radiography Double centre rotation Triple centre rotation moving centre rotation The location and number of rotational centers INFLUENCE size and shape of focal trough
7. IMAGE LAYER • Also known as focal trough • It is a three dimensional curved zone where the structures lying within this layer are reasonably well defined on final panoramic image. • The structures seen on a panoramic image are primarily those located within image layer. • OBJECTSoutside the image layer are blurred magnified are reduced in size. Even distorted to the extent of not being recognizable. • This shape of image layer varies with the brand of equipment used.
8. FOCAL TROUGH
9. FACTORS AFFECTING SIZE OF IMAGE LAYER: Arc path Velocity of receptor and X-ray tube head Alignment of x-ray beam Collimator width The location of image layer change with extensive machine used so recalibration may be necessary if consistently suboptimal images are produced. As a position of object is moved within the image layer size and shape of image layer change.
10. PANORAMIC UNIT
11. A, Orthophos XG Plus extraoral x-ray machine. B, Orthoralix 8500 extraoral x-ray machine. C, Example of a digital panoramic system
12. PARTS OF PANORAMIC UNITS a. x-ray tube head b. head positioner: chin rest notched bite block forehead rest lateral head support c. exposure controls
13. X-RAY TUBE HEAD: • Similar to intraoral x-ray tube head • Each has a filament to produce electrons and a target to produce x-rays • Collimator is a lead plate with narrow vertical slit • Narrow x-ray beam emerges from collimator minimize patient exposure to radiation
1
Intraoral X-rays are the most common type of #digitalradiography equipment taken. These X-rays provide a lot of detail and allow your dentist to find cavities, check the health of the tooth root and bone surrounding the tooth, check the status of developing teeth, and monitor the general health of your teeth and jawbone.
http://www.soredex.com/en/digital-radiography/
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
this contains the occlusal radiography methods for both maxillary and mandibular different occusal radiographic techniques, principles, classification, indications
brief description about CONTENTS Introduction Principles of panoramic imaging Image layer Panoramic machines Panoramic film Patient positioning Interpreting the panoramic imaging INDICATION Advantages Disadvantages Conclusion References
3. INTRODUCTION • Panoramic imaging also called pantomography is a technique for producing a single tomographic image of facial structures that includes both the maxillary and mandibular dental arches and their supporting structures . • This is a curvilinear variant of conventional tomography.
4. PRINCIPLES OF PANORAMIC IMAGE FORMATION • Patero and Numata - describe the principles of panoramic radiography • based on the principle of reciprocal movement of x-ray source and an image receptor around a central point or plane called the image layer, in which the OBJECT of image is located. • OBJECT in front or behind this image are not clearly captured because of their movement relative to the centre of rotation of the receptor and the x-ray source.
5. The film and x-ray tubehead move around the patient in opposite directions in panoramic radiography
6. ROTATION CENTER The pivotal point or axis around which the cassette carrier and tube head rotate is termed rotation center Three basic rotation center used in panoramic radiography Double centre rotation Triple centre rotation moving centre rotation The location and number of rotational centers INFLUENCE size and shape of focal trough
7. IMAGE LAYER • Also known as focal trough • It is a three dimensional curved zone where the structures lying within this layer are reasonably well defined on final panoramic image. • The structures seen on a panoramic image are primarily those located within image layer. • OBJECTSoutside the image layer are blurred magnified are reduced in size. Even distorted to the extent of not being recognizable. • This shape of image layer varies with the brand of equipment used.
8. FOCAL TROUGH
9. FACTORS AFFECTING SIZE OF IMAGE LAYER: Arc path Velocity of receptor and X-ray tube head Alignment of x-ray beam Collimator width The location of image layer change with extensive machine used so recalibration may be necessary if consistently suboptimal images are produced. As a position of object is moved within the image layer size and shape of image layer change.
10. PANORAMIC UNIT
11. A, Orthophos XG Plus extraoral x-ray machine. B, Orthoralix 8500 extraoral x-ray machine. C, Example of a digital panoramic system
12. PARTS OF PANORAMIC UNITS a. x-ray tube head b. head positioner: chin rest notched bite block forehead rest lateral head support c. exposure controls
13. X-RAY TUBE HEAD: • Similar to intraoral x-ray tube head • Each has a filament to produce electrons and a target to produce x-rays • Collimator is a lead plate with narrow vertical slit • Narrow x-ray beam emerges from collimator minimize patient exposure to radiation
1
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Slides prepared by Miriam Bellver for the Computer Vision Reading Group at the Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya (UPC).
Based on the original paper:
Caicedo, Juan C., and Svetlana Lazebnik. "Active object localization with deep reinforcement learning." In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 2488-2496. 2015.
Radiographic assessment in paediatric dentistryS. K.
Radiographic assessment in paediatric dentistry, a seminar prepared mainly to explain the radiography in paediatric dentistry. it includes the uses, indications, and contraindications of the most common views in paediatric dentistry. prepared by undergraduate students form International Islamic University Malaysia.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cephalometrics (3) /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Bisecting angle vs paralleling technique /orthodontic courses by Indian denta...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
this slide briefs the correct positioning and some error in OPG and lateral cephalometric imaging. It also briefs the importance of correct positioning from the perspective of the maxillofacial surgeon.
Diagnosis is the first step in planning any treatment. For implant placement there are various diagnostic methods which are used prior to its placement inside the oral cavity.
Recent advances in imaging techniques/ /certified fixed orthodontic courses b...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable
Varisimplex2 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
2. Principles of Image Formation
• Ideal results:
– Sharp image
– Image of the true shape and
size of the object being
radiographed
ikassem@dr.com
3. Five Fundamental Principles of
Shadow Casting
• Smallest radiation source
• Target-film-distance long as practical
• Object-film-distance short as possible
• Parallel film to long axis of teeth
• Perpendicular alignment of beam to film &
objects
ikassem@dr.com
4. Paralleling Technique
• Technique of choice due to
image accuracy
• Implication of name
• Developed 1920
• Requires use of long target-film-
distance
– 16” PID or recessed tubehead
ikassem@dr.com
5. Principles of the Paralleling Technique
• Film placed parallel to long axis of teeth
• Beam directed perpendicular to film & long axis of
teeth
• Film holder used to keep film flat & unbent
• Long PID or TFD to offset increased magnification
due to great OFD
ikassem@dr.com
7. Steps of the Paralleling Technique
• Film placement
• Film position
– Vertical dimension
• Parallel to long axis
• Two-point contact
– Horizontal dimension
• Beam alignment
– Vertical
– Horizontal
• Film exposure
ikassem@dr.com
8. Steps of the Paralleling Technique
• Film placement: position film to cover
prescribed area (teeth to be examined)
ikassem@dr.com
9. Steps of the Paralleling Technique
• Film position
– Vertical dimension:
position film parallel
to long axes of teeth
by placing far away
from lingual surfaces
of teeth
ikassem@dr.com
10. Steps of the Paralleling Technique
• Film position
– Vertical dimension: position film parallel to
long axes of teeth by placing far away from
lingual surfaces of teeth
– Two-point contact: maintain contact of top
edge of film with palate & bite portion of
holder with maxillary occlusal surfaces
ikassem@dr.com
11. Steps of the Paralleling Technique
Two-
point
contact
Radiation
beam
Maxillary molar
ikassem@dr.com
12. Steps of the Paralleling Technique
• Film position
– Horizontal dimension: position horizontal
plane of film parallel to facial surfaces of
teeth being radiographed
ikassem@dr.com
13. Steps of the Paralleling Technique
Horizontal
position of
film
ikassem@dr.com
14. Steps of the Paralleling Technique
• Beam alignment
– Vertical: direct radiation beam perpendicular
to film & long axes of teeth
– Horizontal: direct radiation beam through the
contact areas of the teeth
ikassem@dr.com
15. Criteria of Diagnostic Acceptability
• What’s a “good” film?
– Area of interest clearly displayed
– Apical regions visible with 2-3 mm
of surrounding bone
– Entire tooth/teeth length displayed
– No cone-cutting in region of interest
ikassem@dr.com
16. Beam Alignment Devices
• XCP
– Plastic bite block or styrofoam
– Metal arm supports plastic ring
– Arm used to align horizontal & vertical
beam alignment
ikassem@dr.com
17. Beam Alignment Devices
– Ring further aligns
beam & prevents
cone cutting
– Cotton rolls used for
stabilization
– Rectangular PID or
lead collimators
available
ikassem@dr.com
19. Client Positioning
• Midsaggital plane
perpendicular to floor
• Maxillary occlusal plane
parallel to floor for
maxillary films
• Mandibular occlusal
plane parallel to floor
for mandibular films
ikassem@dr.com
20. Film Packet Positioning
• Film holder
– Anterior: longest
dimension of film
placed vertically
– Posterior: widest
dimension of film
placed horizontally
– Dot in the slot
– XCP: flex backing plate
to open film slot
ikassem@dr.com
22. XCP Assembly
• Insert rod into
openings in bite
block
• Insert indicator
rod into aiming
ring slot
• Check for correct
assembly
ikassem@dr.com
23. XCP Placement Into Oral Cavity
• Center film & holder behind teeth to be
radiographed
• Maintain film parallel to long axis of teeth
& buccal surfaces of teeth
• Stabilized bite block against occlusal
surfaces of teeth to be radiographed
ikassem@dr.com
24. Long Axes of the Teeth
Maxillary Arch
ikassem@dr.com
25. Long Axes of the Teeth
Mandibular Arch
ikassem@dr.com
26. Sequence of Films
• Several possibilities
• Need to remember which films have
been exposed
• #1-32
• Cross arch
• Anterior first
ikassem@dr.com
28. XCP Placement Into Oral Cavity
• Insert cotton roll under bite block
• Instruct client to close firmly
• Slide aiming ring along indicator rod until close to
client’s skin
• Expose film!
ikassem@dr.com
30. Stabe Holder
• Anatomical considerations
– Long axes
– Apices location
• Beam alignment/angulation
– Vertical
– Horizontal
– Point of entry
– Centering exposure field
ikassem@dr.com
31. Stabe Holder
• Design features
– Radiolucent
– Rigid back
– Disposable
– Bite stability
– Long bite portion
ikassem@dr.com
32. Stabe Holder Film Placement
• Dot in slot
• Center film in
holder
– Anterior =
vertical
– Posterior =
horizontal
ikassem@dr.com
33. Stabe Holder Film Placement
• Position behind teeth
of interest
• Place film parallel to
long axes of teeth
• Stabilize holder against
occlusal surfaces of
teeth being
radiographed (two-
point contact)
ikassem@dr.com
36. Point of Entry
• Central/lateral: side of
nose
• Canine: ala of nose
• Premolar: pupil of eye
• Molar: outer corner of
eye
ikassem@dr.com
37. Stabe Holder
• Beam alignment/angulation
– Vertical
– Horizontal
– Point of entry
– Centering exposure field
ikassem@dr.com
38. Vertical Beam Alignment
• Two steps
– Step 1: Parallel PID
with bite portion
of Stabe holder
– Step 2: Position
center of PID over
point of entry
ikassem@dr.com
40. Center Exposure Field
• To avoid cone cut sight down one
side and top or bottom of PID
ikassem@dr.com
41. Composition of Interproximal Radiographs
• Composition
– Adult: four posterior #2 films
– Mixed dentition or deciduous: try for two #2,
but four #1 are acceptable
ikassem@dr.com
45. Interproximal Survey
Adult Dentition
•Four or six #2 films used for vertical
placement
ikassem@dr.com
46. Interproximal Survey
Adult Dentition
•Two #3 long bitewing films used
ikassem@dr.com
47. Interproximal Radiographic Technique
• Principles
– Center film behind the
teeth of interest
– Place film close &
parallel to teeth
– Direct radiation beam
perpendicular to teeth
& film
ikassem@dr.com
48. Client Positioning for Interproximal
Radiographs
• Client positioned
upright
• Midsaggital plane
perpendicular to
floor
ikassem@dr.com
49. Film Holders for Interproximal
Radiographs
• Film placed in tab, loop or XCP holders
ikassem@dr.com
50. Film Placement for Interproximal
Radiographs Using XCP
• No specific location for dot
• Center films behind teeth of interest
ikassem@dr.com
51. Film Placement for Interproximal
Radiographs Using XCP
• Center films behind teeth of interest in
vertical and horizontal position
ikassem@dr.com
52. Premolar Film Placement Using XCP
• Center films behind
teeth of interest in
horizontal position
• Maintain film parallel Plane of
to buccal surfaces of buccal
premolars surfaces of
premolars
ikassem@dr.com
57. Molar Film Placement Using XCP
• Center films behind
teeth of interest in
horizontal position Plane of
• Maintain film buccal
surfaces of
parallel to buccal
premolars
surfaces of molars
ikassem@dr.com
62. Vertical Bitewings
• Indicated to examine
alveolar bone levels in
moderate to advanced
periodontal disease
• Four to six films
exposed depending on
the number of erupted
molars
ikassem@dr.com
64. Criteria for Diagnostic Acceptability
• What makes a “good” interproximal
radiograph?
– Teeth of interest visible in the film
– Crowns & proximal surfaces of teeth of interest
are visible without overlap of contact areas
– Alveolar crestal bone is visible surrounding teeth
of interest
ikassem@dr.com
66. Client Positioning for Interproximal Radiographs
Using Loops/Tabs
• Client positioned
upright
• Midsaggital plane
perpendicular to floor
• Occlusal plane parallel
to floor
ikassem@dr.com
67. Film Placement for Interproximal
Radiographs Using Loops/Tabs
• Slide film into paper loop or place stick-on-
tab across center of film
ikassem@dr.com
68. Film Placement for Interproximal
Radiographs Using Loops/Tabs
• No specific location for dot
• Center films behind teeth of interest
ikassem@dr.com
69. Film Placement for Interproximal
Radiographs Using Loops/Tabs
• Fold tab upward against film
• Hold film between thumb & index finger
• Insert into oral cavity
• Place lower half of film between tongue &
teeth
• Turn tab downward & hold against occlusal
surfaces of the mandibular teeth
ikassem@dr.com
70. Film Placement for Interproximal
Radiographs Using Loops/Tabs
ikassem@dr.com
71. Beam Alignment for Interproximal Radiographs
Using Loops/Tabs
• Vertical angulation: (Up/down plane)
– May be positive or negative
– Measured in degrees on outside of tubehead
– Positive vertical angulation: PID above occlusal plane &
beam directed toward floor
– Negative vertical angulation: PID below occlusal plane
& beam directed toward ceiling
ikassem@dr.com
72. Beam Alignment for Interproximal Radiographs
Using Loops/Tabs
Vertical Angulation
ikassem@dr.com
73. Beam Alignment for Interproximal Radiographs
Using Loops/Tabs
• Horizontal angulation: (Side-to-side plane)
– Determines appearance of proximal teeth surfaces
ikassem@dr.com
74. Beam Alignment for Interproximal Radiographs
Using Loops/Tabs
–Direct radiation
perpendicular to
curvature of arch and
through contact areas of
teeth
ikassem@dr.com
75. Premolar Interproximal Using
Loops/Tabs
•Insert film packet
into oral cavity
between tongue
and premolars
•Position film far
enough forward to
include distal half
of canines
ikassem@dr.com
76. Premolar Interproximal Using
Loops/Tabs
• Center films behind
teeth of interest in
vertical position
ikassem@dr.com
77. Premolar Interproximal Using
Loops/Tabs
• Center films behind
teeth of interest in
horizontal position
• Maintain film parallel Plane of
to buccal surfaces of buccal
premolars surfaces of
premolars
ikassem@dr.com
78. Vertical Beam Alignment for Premolar
Interproximal Radiograph
• Adjust vertical
angulation to + 10
degrees
ikassem@dr.com
84. Molar Interproximal Using Loops/Tabs
•Insert film packet
into oral cavity
between tongue and
molars
•Position film far
enough back to
include the distal of
the most posteriorly
erupted molar
ikassem@dr.com
85. Molar Interproximal Using Loops/Tabs
• Center films behind
teeth of interest in
vertical position
ikassem@dr.com
86. Molar Interproximal Using Loops/Tabs
• Center films behind
teeth of interest in
horizontal position Plane of
• Maintain film buccal
surfaces of
parallel to buccal
premolars
surfaces of molars
ikassem@dr.com
87. Vertical Beam Alignment for Molar
Interproximal Radiograph
• Adjust vertical
angulation to + 10
degrees
ikassem@dr.com
94. Vertical Bitewings with Loops/Tabs
• Indicated to examine
alveolar bone levels in
moderate to advanced
periodontal disease
• Four to six films
exposed depending on
the number of erupted
molars
ikassem@dr.com
95. Vertical Bitewings with Loops/Tabs
Vertical beam
alignment = plus 15
degrees
Horizontal beam
alignment = the
same as for
horizontal
interproximals
ikassem@dr.com
98. Criteria for Diagnostic Acceptability
• What makes a “good” interproximal
radiograph?
– Teeth of interest visible in the film
– Crowns & proximal surfaces of teeth of interest
are visible without overlap of contact areas
– Alveolar crestal bone is visible surrounding teeth
of interest
ikassem@dr.com