The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The document discusses temporomandibular joint ankylosis, including its causes, clinical features, diagnosis using radiographs, and various treatment methods. Key points include: TMJ ankylosis is the fusion of the mandibular condyle with the glenoid fossa, immobilizing the mandible. Common causes are trauma, infection, and inflammation. Treatment involves surgical resection of the ankylotic mass with coronoidectomy and interpositional arthroplasty using grafts to prevent re-ankylosis, followed by aggressive physiotherapy. Complications can include recurrence if physiotherapy is not continued long-term.
The document discusses local anesthesia and its potential complications. It defines local anesthesia and lists local and systemic complications. It discusses the principles of drug toxicity and the role of the user in potential toxicity. It describes overdose reactions involving the central nervous system and treatments. It provides guidelines for safe administration of local anesthesia and managing complications like overdose reactions and allergic responses.
This document discusses odontogenic keratocysts (OKCs), a type of jaw cyst. It covers the classification, causes, histopathology, clinical features, radiographic features, differential diagnosis, treatment principles, and surgical treatment options for OKCs. OKCs most commonly occur in the mandibular molar and ramus areas and are often radiolucent and multilocular in appearance on radiographs. Treatment options include wide surgical excision or marsupialization to prevent recurrence of these cysts which have a high rate of recurrence compared to other jaw cysts.
This document discusses various nerve blocks for anesthetizing different areas innervated by branches of the mandibular nerve, including the inferior alveolar nerve block. It provides details on the nerves anesthetized, areas anesthetized, techniques, indications, and complications for the inferior alveolar nerve block as well as mental nerve block, incisive nerve block, long buccal nerve block, and lingual nerve block. Modifications to the classical inferior alveolar nerve block technique including those of Clarke and Holmes and Gow Gates are also summarized.
The document discusses osteomyelitis, which is an inflammatory condition of bone that begins as an infection of the medullary cavity and spreads to involve the periosteum. It can be acute or chronic, and is caused by bacteria or fungi entering via trauma or a blood-borne route. Symptoms include pain, swelling, and pus drainage. Diagnosis involves medical imaging and biopsy. Treatment involves antibiotics, drainage of pus, debridement of infected tissue, and sometimes surgery. Chronic osteomyelitis can be difficult to treat and may require repeated surgeries. Risk factors include reduced blood supply to bone from conditions like diabetes.
This document discusses transalveolar extraction, also known as surgical extraction. It involves reflecting a muco-periosteal flap, cutting bone if needed, sectioning tooth roots, and removing the tooth. The document outlines the indications, contraindications, advantages, and steps of the procedure including incisions, bone removal, tooth elevation, debridement, suturing, and post-operative instructions. Potential intraoperative and postoperative complications are also listed.
This document discusses techniques for maxillary nerve blocks. It begins by describing the anatomy of the maxillary nerve and its branches that supply sensation to the upper teeth and gums. It then explains in detail the posterior superior alveolar nerve block technique, including patient and dentist positioning, needed equipment, landmarks, injection technique, and confirming anesthesia. Finally, it provides a brief overview of the maxillary nerve block technique to anesthetize the main trunk of the maxillary nerve.
The document discusses temporomandibular joint ankylosis, including its causes, clinical features, diagnosis using radiographs, and various treatment methods. Key points include: TMJ ankylosis is the fusion of the mandibular condyle with the glenoid fossa, immobilizing the mandible. Common causes are trauma, infection, and inflammation. Treatment involves surgical resection of the ankylotic mass with coronoidectomy and interpositional arthroplasty using grafts to prevent re-ankylosis, followed by aggressive physiotherapy. Complications can include recurrence if physiotherapy is not continued long-term.
The document discusses local anesthesia and its potential complications. It defines local anesthesia and lists local and systemic complications. It discusses the principles of drug toxicity and the role of the user in potential toxicity. It describes overdose reactions involving the central nervous system and treatments. It provides guidelines for safe administration of local anesthesia and managing complications like overdose reactions and allergic responses.
This document discusses odontogenic keratocysts (OKCs), a type of jaw cyst. It covers the classification, causes, histopathology, clinical features, radiographic features, differential diagnosis, treatment principles, and surgical treatment options for OKCs. OKCs most commonly occur in the mandibular molar and ramus areas and are often radiolucent and multilocular in appearance on radiographs. Treatment options include wide surgical excision or marsupialization to prevent recurrence of these cysts which have a high rate of recurrence compared to other jaw cysts.
This document discusses various nerve blocks for anesthetizing different areas innervated by branches of the mandibular nerve, including the inferior alveolar nerve block. It provides details on the nerves anesthetized, areas anesthetized, techniques, indications, and complications for the inferior alveolar nerve block as well as mental nerve block, incisive nerve block, long buccal nerve block, and lingual nerve block. Modifications to the classical inferior alveolar nerve block technique including those of Clarke and Holmes and Gow Gates are also summarized.
The document discusses osteomyelitis, which is an inflammatory condition of bone that begins as an infection of the medullary cavity and spreads to involve the periosteum. It can be acute or chronic, and is caused by bacteria or fungi entering via trauma or a blood-borne route. Symptoms include pain, swelling, and pus drainage. Diagnosis involves medical imaging and biopsy. Treatment involves antibiotics, drainage of pus, debridement of infected tissue, and sometimes surgery. Chronic osteomyelitis can be difficult to treat and may require repeated surgeries. Risk factors include reduced blood supply to bone from conditions like diabetes.
This document discusses transalveolar extraction, also known as surgical extraction. It involves reflecting a muco-periosteal flap, cutting bone if needed, sectioning tooth roots, and removing the tooth. The document outlines the indications, contraindications, advantages, and steps of the procedure including incisions, bone removal, tooth elevation, debridement, suturing, and post-operative instructions. Potential intraoperative and postoperative complications are also listed.
This document discusses techniques for maxillary nerve blocks. It begins by describing the anatomy of the maxillary nerve and its branches that supply sensation to the upper teeth and gums. It then explains in detail the posterior superior alveolar nerve block technique, including patient and dentist positioning, needed equipment, landmarks, injection technique, and confirming anesthesia. Finally, it provides a brief overview of the maxillary nerve block technique to anesthetize the main trunk of the maxillary nerve.
1. The document describes various surgical incision techniques for accessing and removing impacted third molars, including envelope flap, three-cornered flap, and lingual split bone techniques.
2. It also discusses methods for bone removal like guttering using a bur or chiseling techniques to create space for tooth extraction.
3. Tooth sectioning is described as an option when the path of removal is hindered to reduce the risk of injury to surrounding structures.
Corticosteroids - Role in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeryanchalag8
Corticosteroids have many uses in oral and maxillofacial surgery. They can be used to treat TMJ disorders by reducing pain and inflammation via intracapsular injections. Topical steroids can treat oral ulcers and lesions. Intralesional injections are used to treat keloids, hypertrophic scars, and central giant cell granulomas. Oral steroids are the standard treatment for Bell's palsy and can reduce postoperative morbidities from surgeries like wisdom tooth extraction and orthognathic surgery by blocking excessive inflammation. While corticosteroids have benefits, their use requires weighing risks and using the minimum dose and least potent type needed for the therapeutic effect.
The document discusses the management of jaw tumors, including diagnosis, treatment planning, and surgical excision principles. Diagnosis involves history, examination, biopsy, and imaging. Treatment planning considers tumor factors like location, size, and histology. Surgical excision modalities range from conservative enucleation to more aggressive resection, depending on the tumor's aggressiveness, location, size, and duration. The goal is to completely remove the tumor while preserving adjacent structures.
Indian Dental Academy is a leader in continuing dental education, providing both online and offline courses. The document discusses ameloblastoma, a type of odontogenic tumor. It defines ameloblastoma, provides its history and classifications including clinical, radiological, and histopathological. Treatment options discussed include medical therapy, radiotherapy, and various surgical treatments such as enucleation, marsupialization, and curettage. Radiographs, biopsy, CT, and MRI are investigated for ameloblastoma.
1. Gingival tissue management techniques are used to displace gingival tissues from the operating site for various dental procedures like cavity preparation and crown placement.
2. Common techniques include use of retraction cords, chemicals, lasers and surgical excision to provide a dry field and control bleeding from the gingival tissues.
3. Retraction cords soaked in chemical agents like adrenaline are placed into the gingival sulcus to retract tissues, while techniques like electrocautery and lasers provide precise cutting with less bleeding.
Local anesthesia is used to induce numbness in a specific part of the body. This document discusses types of local anesthetics, their maximum doses, potential complications from local anesthesia administration including needle breakage, prolonged numbness, nerve injury, swelling, and allergic reactions. It provides guidance on managing these complications through reassurance, medication, heat/ice therapy, observation, and referral to a specialist if needed. Systemic toxicity is also addressed, with levels of severity and corresponding emergency treatment procedures.
Spread of Oral Infection (2009)
Copyright 2009 by Department of Oral Medicine
University of Dental Medicine, Yangon
Feel free to request to take it down this slide if you are copyright owner.
This document summarizes a critical review on contemporary views of dry socket (alveolar osteitis). It discusses standardization of definitions, etiology, pathogenesis, and management. Dry socket is defined as postoperative pain in the extraction site 1-3 days after extraction accompanied by a partially or totally disintegrated blood clot. It occurs most frequently after mandibular third molar extraction. Etiology is multifactorial and may include oral microorganisms, surgical trauma, root/bone fragments, excessive irrigation, clot dislodgement, local anesthesia, oral contraceptives, and smoking. Management includes identification and elimination of risk factors as well as preventive and symptomatic treatments.
A traumatic bone cyst is a lesion that forms within bone, often in the mandible, that lacks an epithelial lining. It is believed to result from trauma that causes a hematoma within the bone that fails to organize, leaving an empty cavity. Teenagers are most commonly affected, presenting with swelling or pain. Radiographs show a well-delineated radiolucent area with scalloped borders between tooth roots. Histopathology finds minimal fibrous tissue without an epithelial component.
This document discusses maxillary impactions, specifically maxillary third molars and canines. It covers definitions of impacted teeth, classifications based on position and angulation, indications and contraindications for removal, radiographic examinations, surgical techniques, complications, and management approaches. For maxillary third molars, it describes classifications, steps for removal including flap design and bone removal, and complications like displacement into the sinus. For maxillary canines, it discusses etiology, classifications, sequelae, localization techniques, and management options including surgical exposure and removal.
Necrotizing gingivostomatitis is an inflammatory condition affecting the gingiva and mouth that is caused by fusiform bacteria and spirochetes. It is characterized by painful, red gingiva with crater-like sores between teeth, bleeding gums, bad breath, and fever. Examination of affected tissue shows many bacteria and white blood cells. Histologically, there is gingival ulceration and necrosis with an inflammatory cell infiltrate. Treatment involves cleaning the mouth with antiseptics followed by scaling and antibiotics to resolve the infection.
This document describes the characteristics of various types of oral ulcers. It defines ulcer terminology like margin, edge, and floor. It outlines the shapes, numbers, positions, edges, floors, discharges, and bases that can help differentiate ulcers. Common acute ulcers include traumatic, necrotizing, herpetic, and syphilitic. Chronic ulcers include tuberculous and major aphthous. Neoplastic ulcers are typically painless and non-healing. The document provides details on examining, diagnosing, and managing different oral ulcer conditions.
This document discusses various aspects of oral surgery preparation and procedures. It covers definitions of oral surgery, pre-surgical evaluation and preparation, asepsis and sterilization techniques, surgical staff preparation, incision types, flap design principles, tissue handling techniques, hemostasis, suturing, wound decontamination and debridement, and edema control. The document provides details on each topic to thoroughly outline the process of oral surgery.
Gow gates & vazirani akinosi technique of nervePOOJAKUMARI277
The document summarizes two techniques for mandibular nerve blocks - the Gow-Gates technique and the Vazirani-Akinosi closed mouth technique.
The Gow-Gates technique involves injecting the anesthetic at the neck of the condyle using intraoral and extraoral landmarks to block the mandibular nerve. It provides anesthesia of the mandibular teeth and surrounding soft tissues with a single injection. The Vazirani-Akinosi technique is done with the patient's mouth closed by inserting the needle through the mucosa at the level of the maxillary molar junction to block the mandibular nerve. Both techniques effectively anesthetize the mandibular region for dental
This document summarizes a medical case involving a 13-year-old male patient who presented with swelling in the upper right back region of his jaw for one month. On examination, the doctor observed a 2cm x 2cm spherical, reddish-pink swelling on the posterior right side of the palate. The swelling was firm with a well-defined, regular border and normal surrounding structures. Differential diagnoses included pyogenic granuloma, peripheral giant cell granuloma, exophytic capillary hemangioma, and peripheral fibroma. The treatment plan was to surgically excise the lesion.
brief description on posterior superior alveolar nerve block.
its uses in dentistry, technique and action. locating PSA nerve is easy and this is the most used nerve block in dentistry.
This document discusses local anesthesia techniques for pediatric dental patients. It defines pain and local anesthesia, and describes the components of local anesthetic solutions. It provides details on topical anesthetics and various injection techniques for mandibular and maxillary teeth, including inferior alveolar nerve block, mental nerve block, and local infiltration. Supplemental techniques like periodontal ligament injections are also covered. The document discusses metabolism of local anesthetics, maximum recommended doses, and potential complications. It concludes by mentioning new techniques like jet injection and computer-controlled delivery systems.
This document provides information on various techniques of local anesthesia. It begins by classifying local anesthesia techniques into topical, infiltration, and nerve block. For infiltration anesthesia, it describes soft tissue and intra-bony infiltration techniques for the maxilla and mandible. For nerve block anesthesia, it details techniques for blocking specific nerves of the maxilla like the posterior superior alveolar nerve and mandible like the inferior alveolar nerve. Factors influencing choice of technique and contraindications are also summarized. The document provides in-depth descriptions of performing local anesthesia techniques for the maxilla and mandible.
1. The document describes various surgical incision techniques for accessing and removing impacted third molars, including envelope flap, three-cornered flap, and lingual split bone techniques.
2. It also discusses methods for bone removal like guttering using a bur or chiseling techniques to create space for tooth extraction.
3. Tooth sectioning is described as an option when the path of removal is hindered to reduce the risk of injury to surrounding structures.
Corticosteroids - Role in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeryanchalag8
Corticosteroids have many uses in oral and maxillofacial surgery. They can be used to treat TMJ disorders by reducing pain and inflammation via intracapsular injections. Topical steroids can treat oral ulcers and lesions. Intralesional injections are used to treat keloids, hypertrophic scars, and central giant cell granulomas. Oral steroids are the standard treatment for Bell's palsy and can reduce postoperative morbidities from surgeries like wisdom tooth extraction and orthognathic surgery by blocking excessive inflammation. While corticosteroids have benefits, their use requires weighing risks and using the minimum dose and least potent type needed for the therapeutic effect.
The document discusses the management of jaw tumors, including diagnosis, treatment planning, and surgical excision principles. Diagnosis involves history, examination, biopsy, and imaging. Treatment planning considers tumor factors like location, size, and histology. Surgical excision modalities range from conservative enucleation to more aggressive resection, depending on the tumor's aggressiveness, location, size, and duration. The goal is to completely remove the tumor while preserving adjacent structures.
Indian Dental Academy is a leader in continuing dental education, providing both online and offline courses. The document discusses ameloblastoma, a type of odontogenic tumor. It defines ameloblastoma, provides its history and classifications including clinical, radiological, and histopathological. Treatment options discussed include medical therapy, radiotherapy, and various surgical treatments such as enucleation, marsupialization, and curettage. Radiographs, biopsy, CT, and MRI are investigated for ameloblastoma.
1. Gingival tissue management techniques are used to displace gingival tissues from the operating site for various dental procedures like cavity preparation and crown placement.
2. Common techniques include use of retraction cords, chemicals, lasers and surgical excision to provide a dry field and control bleeding from the gingival tissues.
3. Retraction cords soaked in chemical agents like adrenaline are placed into the gingival sulcus to retract tissues, while techniques like electrocautery and lasers provide precise cutting with less bleeding.
Local anesthesia is used to induce numbness in a specific part of the body. This document discusses types of local anesthetics, their maximum doses, potential complications from local anesthesia administration including needle breakage, prolonged numbness, nerve injury, swelling, and allergic reactions. It provides guidance on managing these complications through reassurance, medication, heat/ice therapy, observation, and referral to a specialist if needed. Systemic toxicity is also addressed, with levels of severity and corresponding emergency treatment procedures.
Spread of Oral Infection (2009)
Copyright 2009 by Department of Oral Medicine
University of Dental Medicine, Yangon
Feel free to request to take it down this slide if you are copyright owner.
This document summarizes a critical review on contemporary views of dry socket (alveolar osteitis). It discusses standardization of definitions, etiology, pathogenesis, and management. Dry socket is defined as postoperative pain in the extraction site 1-3 days after extraction accompanied by a partially or totally disintegrated blood clot. It occurs most frequently after mandibular third molar extraction. Etiology is multifactorial and may include oral microorganisms, surgical trauma, root/bone fragments, excessive irrigation, clot dislodgement, local anesthesia, oral contraceptives, and smoking. Management includes identification and elimination of risk factors as well as preventive and symptomatic treatments.
A traumatic bone cyst is a lesion that forms within bone, often in the mandible, that lacks an epithelial lining. It is believed to result from trauma that causes a hematoma within the bone that fails to organize, leaving an empty cavity. Teenagers are most commonly affected, presenting with swelling or pain. Radiographs show a well-delineated radiolucent area with scalloped borders between tooth roots. Histopathology finds minimal fibrous tissue without an epithelial component.
This document discusses maxillary impactions, specifically maxillary third molars and canines. It covers definitions of impacted teeth, classifications based on position and angulation, indications and contraindications for removal, radiographic examinations, surgical techniques, complications, and management approaches. For maxillary third molars, it describes classifications, steps for removal including flap design and bone removal, and complications like displacement into the sinus. For maxillary canines, it discusses etiology, classifications, sequelae, localization techniques, and management options including surgical exposure and removal.
Necrotizing gingivostomatitis is an inflammatory condition affecting the gingiva and mouth that is caused by fusiform bacteria and spirochetes. It is characterized by painful, red gingiva with crater-like sores between teeth, bleeding gums, bad breath, and fever. Examination of affected tissue shows many bacteria and white blood cells. Histologically, there is gingival ulceration and necrosis with an inflammatory cell infiltrate. Treatment involves cleaning the mouth with antiseptics followed by scaling and antibiotics to resolve the infection.
This document describes the characteristics of various types of oral ulcers. It defines ulcer terminology like margin, edge, and floor. It outlines the shapes, numbers, positions, edges, floors, discharges, and bases that can help differentiate ulcers. Common acute ulcers include traumatic, necrotizing, herpetic, and syphilitic. Chronic ulcers include tuberculous and major aphthous. Neoplastic ulcers are typically painless and non-healing. The document provides details on examining, diagnosing, and managing different oral ulcer conditions.
This document discusses various aspects of oral surgery preparation and procedures. It covers definitions of oral surgery, pre-surgical evaluation and preparation, asepsis and sterilization techniques, surgical staff preparation, incision types, flap design principles, tissue handling techniques, hemostasis, suturing, wound decontamination and debridement, and edema control. The document provides details on each topic to thoroughly outline the process of oral surgery.
Gow gates & vazirani akinosi technique of nervePOOJAKUMARI277
The document summarizes two techniques for mandibular nerve blocks - the Gow-Gates technique and the Vazirani-Akinosi closed mouth technique.
The Gow-Gates technique involves injecting the anesthetic at the neck of the condyle using intraoral and extraoral landmarks to block the mandibular nerve. It provides anesthesia of the mandibular teeth and surrounding soft tissues with a single injection. The Vazirani-Akinosi technique is done with the patient's mouth closed by inserting the needle through the mucosa at the level of the maxillary molar junction to block the mandibular nerve. Both techniques effectively anesthetize the mandibular region for dental
This document summarizes a medical case involving a 13-year-old male patient who presented with swelling in the upper right back region of his jaw for one month. On examination, the doctor observed a 2cm x 2cm spherical, reddish-pink swelling on the posterior right side of the palate. The swelling was firm with a well-defined, regular border and normal surrounding structures. Differential diagnoses included pyogenic granuloma, peripheral giant cell granuloma, exophytic capillary hemangioma, and peripheral fibroma. The treatment plan was to surgically excise the lesion.
brief description on posterior superior alveolar nerve block.
its uses in dentistry, technique and action. locating PSA nerve is easy and this is the most used nerve block in dentistry.
This document discusses local anesthesia techniques for pediatric dental patients. It defines pain and local anesthesia, and describes the components of local anesthetic solutions. It provides details on topical anesthetics and various injection techniques for mandibular and maxillary teeth, including inferior alveolar nerve block, mental nerve block, and local infiltration. Supplemental techniques like periodontal ligament injections are also covered. The document discusses metabolism of local anesthetics, maximum recommended doses, and potential complications. It concludes by mentioning new techniques like jet injection and computer-controlled delivery systems.
This document provides information on various techniques of local anesthesia. It begins by classifying local anesthesia techniques into topical, infiltration, and nerve block. For infiltration anesthesia, it describes soft tissue and intra-bony infiltration techniques for the maxilla and mandible. For nerve block anesthesia, it details techniques for blocking specific nerves of the maxilla like the posterior superior alveolar nerve and mandible like the inferior alveolar nerve. Factors influencing choice of technique and contraindications are also summarized. The document provides in-depth descriptions of performing local anesthesia techniques for the maxilla and mandible.
Local anesthetics work by blocking sodium channels in nerves, limiting the propagation of action potentials and producing loss of sensation in a specific area. Early local anesthetics like cocaine and procaine had limitations. Lidocaine, introduced in 1940, was a major improvement as an amide-type local anesthetic with quick onset, duration of hours, and less allergenicity. Factors like lipid solubility, pH, vasoconstrictors, and dosage levels affect the onset and duration of local anesthetics. Regional anesthesia techniques involve anesthetizing broader areas using techniques like topical, field block, and peripheral or central nerve blocks.
The trigeminal nerve arises from the pons and has three main divisions - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. The ophthalmic nerve is sensory to the eye and parts of the nose and forehead. The maxillary nerve is sensory to parts of the face and upper teeth. The mandibular nerve is mixed sensory and motor, innervating the lower face, teeth, and muscles of mastication. It exits through the foramen ovale. The document then describes the branches and distributions of each trigeminal nerve division.
Pair learning and activities report (repaired)Christine Watts
This document discusses strategies for actively engaging students in the learning process, including pair learning. It describes pair learning as a strategy where students work in pairs to practice and reinforce skills taught by the teacher. Some benefits of pair learning are that it involves all students, increases opportunities for practice, motivates students, and helps teachers accommodate diverse learners. Effective pair learning activities are planned to align with learning objectives, ensure all students participate, and provide structured interaction and feedback. A variety of teaching strategies can be used at different stages of a lesson, including pair activities, to improve learning outcomes.
Local anesthesia /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable
This document discusses various nerve blocks used for mandibular anesthesia, including the inferior alveolar nerve block, Gow-Gates technique, Vazirani-Akinosi closed-mouth block, and mental nerve block. It describes the nerves anesthetized, areas anesthetized, indications, contraindications, landmarks, techniques, and potential complications for each block. The inferior alveolar nerve block and Gow-Gates technique provide the most extensive mandibular anesthesia while the mental nerve block specifically targets the area innervated by the mental nerve. Proper administration of these blocks requires identifying the correct anatomical landmarks and depositing the local anesthetic in the appropriate location near the target nerve.
This document describes various techniques for injecting anesthesia in the maxilla. It discusses 13 different injection techniques including supraperiosteal infiltration, periodontal ligament injection, intraosseous injection, and nerve blocks of the posterior superior alveolar nerve, middle superior alveolar nerve, anterior superior alveolar nerve, maxillary nerve, greater palatine nerve, and nasopalatine nerve. For each technique, it provides details on the nerves anesthetized, areas anesthetized, indications, contraindications, advantages, disadvantages, and injection technique. Potential failures and complications are also outlined for many of the techniques.
- Milestone Scientific is a recognized global leader in advanced injection technologies and their computer-controlled injection systems are sold worldwide to dental professionals.
- Their proprietary CompuDent system delivers local anesthetic at a precise rate below a patient's pain threshold and has been considered a major advancement in dentistry.
- Their Wand and SafetyWand products allow for easier and more comfortable injections with precision needle control and tactile feedback.
Anaesthesia /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
This document provides an introduction to local anesthesia. It discusses the anatomy and neurohistology of neurons, including the different types of neurons and their functions. It also describes the pathway of pain from the site of injury to the brain. Specifically, it outlines how pain signals travel from first order neurons at the injury site to second order neurons in the spinal cord to third order neurons in the thalamus and somatosensory cortex. Finally, it discusses theories of how local anesthetic agents work to block the propagation of pain impulses, such as by preventing the influx of sodium ions through neuronal gates.
Sterilization and disinfection in dental clinics /certified fixed orthodontic...Indian dental academy
This document discusses infection control in dentistry. It begins with definitions of key terms like sterilization, disinfection, antisepsis, and provides a brief history of the field. It describes the rationale for infection control and classifications of instruments based on contamination risk. Methods of sterilization and disinfection are covered, including moist heat sterilization using steam under pressure in an autoclave. The roles of personal protective equipment, dental office design, and patient screening in infection control are also summarized.
This document summarizes new trends in dental local anesthesia presented by Dr. Atef Fouda. Some key points discussed include using physical means like cold or vibration during injections to decrease pain, as well as pharmaceutical advances like topical anesthetics. New injection techniques are mentioned like computer-controlled local anesthetic delivery and needle-free injections. Various local anesthetic drugs and their properties are reviewed, as well as maxillary and mandibular nerve block techniques and their effectiveness. Ultrasound-guided nerve blocks are presented as an innovative method that allows real-time visualization of the needle and nerve.
Infection control in dental clinic and management of sterile and contaminated...Arun Mangalathu
Sterilization , Disinfection and management of Instruments in dental clinic, Lecture delivered by Dr Arun George for indian Dental Association ,Malanadu branch during dental Assistance training programme
Learning spark ch04 - Working with Key/Value Pairsphanleson
Learning spark ch04 - Working with Key/Value Pairs
Course : Introduction to Big Data with Apache Spark : http://ouo.io/Mqc8L5
Course : Spark Fundamentals I : http://ouo.io/eiuoV
Course : Functional Programming Principles in Scala : http://ouo.io/rh4vv
Dental implants are materials placed in the jawbone to support dental prosthetics like crowns and bridges. There are two main parts: the fixture embedded in bone, and the abutment that supports the crown. Implants can be one-piece or two-piece designs. Common materials include metals like titanium alloys, ceramics like hydroxyapatite, and polymers. Implants osseointegrate with bone through a process called biointegration, forming a direct connection without soft tissue. Zirconia implants are also used for their aesthetic and biocompatible properties. Dental implants can replace missing teeth and their advantages include immediate function and bone preservation.
This document discusses factors to consider when selecting a dental anesthetic technique. The main factors are the area to be anesthetized, extent of the surgical procedure, desired duration and depth of anesthesia, and the patient's age. Depending on these factors, techniques discussed include topical anesthesia, local infiltration, field block, and nerve block. Bone density and the need for hemostasis may influence whether infiltration or nerve block is preferred. The goal is to select the technique best suited to efficiently anesthetize the specific site for the planned procedure.
Case presentation on pemphigus vulgarisRumana Hameed
This document presents a case presentation on Pemphigus Vulgaris. The patient is an 85 year old female who presented with fluid filled lesions all over her body. On examination, multiple fluid filled blisters were seen over the limbs and trunk along with oral lesions. A skin biopsy showed features of Pemphigus Vulgaris. The patient was started on medications including antibiotics, corticosteroids, antacids and topical steroids. She was counselled about her disease, medications, lifestyle modifications and potential drug interactions.
The document discusses different types of local anesthesia used in dentistry, including local infiltration which anesthetizes a small area and nerve blocks which anesthetize larger areas. It provides detailed descriptions and illustrations of various nerve blocks used for maxillary and mandibular anesthesia, including the posterior superior alveolar, infraorbital, greater palatine, and inferior alveolar nerve blocks. The inferior alveolar nerve block is the most commonly used technique in dentistry for restorative procedures, extractions, and periodontal work on mandibular teeth.
The document discusses various types of dental injections including local infiltration, nerve blocks, and field blocks. It provides details on specific injections for the maxilla, such as the posterior superior alveolar nerve block, which is used to anesthetize the maxillary first, second, and third molars. The document describes injection techniques, target areas, and expected outcomes for different maxillary injections.
This document provides information on various nerve block techniques for maxillary anesthesia. It describes the landmarks, target areas, indications, and effects of infraorbital nerve block, middle superior alveolar nerve block, greater palatine block, and nasopalatine block. These techniques are used to anesthetize different regions of the maxilla for restorative and periodontal procedures by blocking specific branches of the maxillary nerve. Proper administration of local anesthesia is important for providing effective pulpal and soft tissue anesthesia with minimal patient discomfort.
Local Anesthesia in childs , dentistry for adoleclsencehanimortezaeee
injection is the dental procedure that produces the greatest negative response in children.
Topical anesthetics are available in gel, liquid, ointment, and pressurized spray forms. However, the pleasant-tasting and quick-acting liquid, gel, or ointment preparations seem to be preferred by most dentists.
Ethyl aminobenzoate (benzocaine) liquid, ointment, or gel preparations are probably best suited for topical anesthesia in dentistry.
The mucosa at the site of the intended needle insertion is dried with gauze, and a small amount of the topical anesthetic agent is applied to the tissue with a cotton swab. Topical anesthesia usually produces an effect within 30 seconds, although keeping it in place between 2 and 3 minutes may provide the best results
The jet injection instrument is based on the principle that small quantities of liquids forced through very small openings under high pressure can penetrate the mucous membrane or skin without causing excessive tissue trauma.
Jet injection produces surface anesthesia instantly and is used instead of topical anesthetics by some dentists.
The method is quick and essentially painless; however the abruptness of the injection may produce momentary anxiety in the patient. This technique is also useful for obtaining gingival anesthesia before a rubber dam clamp is placed for isolation procedures
INFERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE BLOCK (CONVENTIONAL MANDIBULAR BLOCK)
the mandibular foramen is situated at a level lower than the occlusal plane of the primary teeth of the pediatric patient. Therefore the injection must be made slightly lower and more posteriorly than for an adult patient.
An accepted technique is one in which the thumb is laid on the occlusal surface of the molar, with the tip of the thumb resting on the internal oblique ridge and the ball of the thumb resting in the retromolar fossa.
The barrel of the syringe should be directed on a plane between the two primary molars on the opposite side of the arch.
The depth of insertion averages about 15 mm but varies with the size of the mandible
Approximately 1 mL of the solution should be deposited around the inferior alveolar ne
Lingual nerve block
One can block the lingual nerve by bringing the syringe to the opposite side with the injection of a small quantity of the solution as the needle is withdrawn. If small amounts of anesthetic are injected during insertion and withdrawal of the needle for the inferior alveolar nerve block, the lingual nerve will invariably be anesthetized as well.
Long buccal nerve block
A small quantity of the solution may be deposited in the mucobuccal fold at a point distal and buccal to the last tooth
All facial mandibular gingival tissue on the side that has been injected will be anesthetized for operative procedures, with the possible exception of the tissue facial to the central and lateral incisors, which may receive innervation from ove
SUPRAPERIOSTEAL TECHNIQUE (LOCAL INFILTRATION) The injection sho
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Techniques for local anasthesia in dentistryMohammed Rhael
This document discusses various techniques for local anesthesia in dentistry. It describes topical, infiltration, and regional (block) techniques. For the maxilla, it outlines infiltration and block techniques for different tooth regions, including posterior superior alveolar nerve block and infraorbital block. For the mandible, it focuses on inferior alveolar nerve block and long buccal nerve block. It provides guidance on performing various block techniques and notes variations between patients.
The document discusses various techniques for mandibular nerve blocks, including the inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB), Gow-Gates technique, Vazirani-Akinosi technique, incisive nerve block, mental nerve block, long buccal nerve block, and lingual nerve block. It provides details on the objectives, landmarks, techniques, effectiveness, and complications of each block.
K-prosthodontic-lec2-Impression for complete dentureYahya Almoussawy
The document discusses various types of dental impressions including primary impressions used for diagnosis, final impressions used to complete registration, and complete denture impressions. It describes requirements for making good impressions such as anatomy and technique knowledge. The objectives of impressions are outlined as retention, stability, support, and esthetics. Common errors in impressions are described. Techniques discussed include mucostatic, mucocompressive, selective pressure, open and closed tray methods. Stock and custom trays as well as diagnostic, primary, and final impressions are compared. A technique for impressions with flabby ridges using neutral zone concept is summarized.
This document discusses various maxillary anesthetic techniques for dental surgery. It describes topical anesthetics that can be applied as gels or sprays to ease needle insertion. Local infiltration anesthesia is used for minor procedures by depositing anesthetic solution near the incision site. Nerve blocks are also discussed, including the infraorbital nerve block to anesthetize the upper incisors, canines, and premolars, the posterior superior alveolar nerve block for the maxillary molars, the incisive nerve block for the anterior palate, and the greater palatine nerve block for the palatal aspect of the premolars and molars. The document provides details on locating and approaching each nerve as
This document summarizes the anterior middle superior alveolar nerve block and palatal approach anterior superior alveolar nerve block techniques. It describes the nerves anesthetized, areas anesthetized, indications, contraindications, advantages, disadvantages, techniques, and signs of successful anesthesia for each block. Both techniques anesthetize the anterior maxillary teeth using a single injection site in the palate and have advantages of minimizing anesthetic volume and needle punctures compared to individual injections.
This document summarizes several types of maxillary nerve blocks including the posterior superior alveolar nerve block, nasopalatine nerve block, anterior palatine nerve block, and anterior and middle superior alveolar nerve block. It describes the nerves anesthetized, anatomical landmarks, indications, techniques, and symptoms of anesthesia for each type of block. The techniques involve using anatomical landmarks to position the needle and carefully injecting small amounts of local anesthetic near the targeted nerves.
Local and regional anesthetic techniques provide important adjuncts to general anesthesia by reducing anesthetic requirements, improving cardiovascular function, and providing preemptive and postoperative analgesia. In addition to their physiological benefits, local blocks are cost-effective and easy to perform. Common local anesthetics used include lidocaine, bupivacaine, and mepivacaine, with onset times ranging from 5-30 minutes and durations of 1-6 hours. Proper technique and familiarity with anatomy are required to perform dental, infraorbital, maxillary, mental, and inferior alveolar nerve blocks safely and effectively in small animals.
This document provides an overview of local anesthesia techniques used in dentistry. It discusses the trigeminal nerve and its branches that provide sensation to the face and oral cavity. It then describes various nerve block techniques for the maxilla and mandible used to anesthetize different tooth groups, including the inferior alveolar nerve block, Gow-Gates technique, Akinosi technique, mental nerve block, infraorbital nerve block, anterior superior alveolar nerve block, and posterior superior alveolar nerve block. The document also reviews local anesthetic cartridges, needles, and syringes used to perform these nerve block techniques.
This document discusses various techniques for local anesthesia in the maxilla. It begins by defining local infiltration, field block, and nerve block injections. It then describes specific maxillary injections including supraperiosteal, intraligamentary, intrapulpal, intraosseous, intraseptal, and various nerve blocks of the anterior superior alveolar, middle superior alveolar, and greater palatine nerves. For each technique, it provides indications, contraindications, anatomy anesthetized, complications and failure causes. The anterior superior alveolar nerve block is described in detail as the most common and effective maxillary nerve block.
This document discusses various techniques for blocking nerves that innervate the oral cavity, including both intraoral and extraoral approaches. Intraoral techniques include local infiltration of nerve endings, blocking terminal branches through paraperiosteal or intraosseous injections, and blocking specific nerves like the anterior and middle superior alveolar nerves. Extraoral techniques allow blocking of nerves like the anterior and middle superior alveolar nerves from outside the mouth. Each technique aims to anesthetize specific nerves, areas, and teeth while avoiding pain and complications from the injections.
The document discusses the posterior palatal seal area of maxillary dentures. It defines the posterior palatal seal area as the soft tissue junction between the hard and soft palates that can withstand pressure from a denture to aid retention. It describes techniques for establishing the posterior palatal seal area during impression making and processing a denture to optimize denture fit and retention.
This document provides an overview of anesthesia considerations in dentistry. It defines local anesthesia and describes its role in decreasing pain during and after dental procedures. Various techniques for maxillary and mandibular anesthesia are outlined, including infiltration, nerve blocks, and specific block techniques for nerves like the posterior superior alveolar nerve. Advantages of local anesthesia are discussed along with precautions for safe injection and potential complications. Objectives of the seminar are to define anesthesia, understand its role in dentistry, identify different methods and limitations, and note advances in the field.
This document summarizes several types of maxillary nerve blocks:
- Posterior superior alveolar nerve block anesthetizes the maxillary molars and surrounding structures. The needle is inserted behind the zygomatic process.
- Nasopalatine nerve block anesthetizes the anterior hard palate. The needle is inserted into the incisive papilla after a preparatory injection between the central incisors.
- Anterior palatine nerve block anesthetizes the posterior hard palate. The needle is slowly inserted until contacting the palatal bone opposite the maxillary molars.
Techniques of mandibular anesthesia new /certified fixed orthodontic cours...Indian dental academy
This document discusses various techniques for mandibular anesthesia. It begins by outlining the main techniques, including the inferior alveolar nerve block, buccal nerve block, Gow Gates technique, Vazirani-Akinosi closed mouth technique, mental nerve block, and incisive nerve block. For each technique, it provides details on the areas anesthetized, indications, contraindications, landmarks, and administration methods. It finds that the Gow Gates technique has a higher success rate than the inferior alveolar nerve block and discusses factors that can contribute to inadequate anesthesia.
Similar to local anesthesia / /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy (20)
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
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3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
If you are interested Please contact us for more details.
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
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Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
I –Aligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
Dear Doctor,
Indian Dental Academy Now offers comprehensive online Orthodontics course.
Course includes:
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--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
This document discusses dental occlusion concepts and philosophies for complete dentures. It introduces key terms like physiologic occlusion and defines different occlusion schemes like balanced articulation and monoplane articulation. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of using anatomic versus non-anatomic teeth for complete dentures. It also outlines requirements for maintaining denture stability, such as balanced occlusal contacts and control of horizontal forces. The goal of occlusion for complete dentures is to re-establish the homeostasis of the masticatory system disrupted by edentulism.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses dental casting investment materials. It describes the three main types of investments - gypsum bonded, phosphate bonded, and ethyl silicate bonded investments. For gypsum bonded investments specifically, it details their classification, composition including the roles of gypsum, silica, and modifiers, setting time, normal and hygroscopic setting expansion, and thermal expansion. It provides information on how the properties of gypsum bonded investments are affected by their composition. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of dental casting investment materials.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
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Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
local anesthesia / /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy
1. Local Anesthesia
INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
2. Local Anesthesia
1. Local infiltration
-
type of injection that anesthetizes a small
area (one or two teeth and asscociated
areas)
anesthesia deposited at nerve terminals
1. Nerve block
-
type of injection that anesthetizes a larger
area
anesthesia deposited near larger nerve
trunks
www.indiandentalacademy.com
3. Types of Nerve
Anesthesia
•
Maxillary
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
•
posterior superior
alveolar block
middle superior alveolar
block
anterior superior
alveolar block
greater palatine block
infraorbital block
nasopalatine block
Mandibular
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
inferior alveolar block
buccal block
mental block
incisive block
Gow-Gates mandibular
www.indiandentalacademy.com
nerve block
4. Considerations
• dental procedures can usually commence after 3
– 5 minutes
• failure requires re-administration using another
method
• never re-administer using the same method
• keep in mind the total # of injections and the
dosages
• never inject into an area with an abcess, or other
type of abnormality
www.indiandentalacademy.com
5. Maxillary Nerve Anesthesia
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Chart 9-1
pulpal anesthesia: through anesthesia of each nerve’s dental
branches as they extend into the pulp tissue (via the apical foramen)
periodontal: through the interdental and interradicular branches
palatal: soft and hard tissues of the palatal periodontium (e.g.
gingiva, periodontal ligaments, alveolar bone)
PSA block: recommended for maxillary molar teeth and associated
buccal tissues in ONE quadrant
MSA block: recommended for maxillary premolars and associated
buccal tissues
ASA block: recommended for maxillary canine and the incisors in
ONE quadrant
greater palatine block: recommended for palatal tissues distal to
the maxillary canine in ONE quadrant
nasopalatine block: recommended for palatal tissues between the
right and left maxillary canines
www.indiandentalacademy.com
6. PSA Nerve Block
• figures 9-2 through 9-7
• pulpal anesthesia of the
maxillary 3rd, 2nd and 1st molars
– required for procedures
involving two or more molars
– sometimes anesthesia of the 1st
molar also required block of the
MSA nerve
• associated buccal
periodonteum overlying
these molars
– including the associated buccal
gingiva, periodontal ligament
and alveolar bone
– useful for periodontal work on
this area
www.indiandentalacademy.com
7. PSA Nerve Block
•
target: PSA nerve
– as it enters the maxillar through the
PSA foramen on the maxilla’s
infratemporal service – Figure 9-2
& 9-3
– into the tissues of the mucobuccal
fold at the apex of the 2nd maxillary
molar (figures 9-4 and 9-5)
– mandible is extended toward the
side of the injection, pull the tissues
at the injection site until taut
– needle is inserted distal and medial
to the tooth and maxilla
– depth varies from 10 to 16 mm
depending on age of patient
•
•
no overt symptoms (e.g. no lip or
tongue involvement)
can damage the pterygoid plexus
and maxillary artery
www.indiandentalacademy.com
8. MSA Nerve Block
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
limited clinical usefulness
can be used to extend the infraorbital
block distal to the maxillary canine
can be indicated for work on maxillary
pre-molars and mesiobuccal root of 1st
molar (Figure 9-8)
if the MSA is absent – area is innervated
by the ASA
blocks the pulp tissue of the 1st and 2nd
maxillary premolars and possibly the 1st
molar + associated buccal tissues and
alveolar bone
useful for periodontal work in this area
to block the palatine tissues in this area –
may require a greater palatine block
www.indiandentalacademy.com
9. MSA Block
• target area: MSA nerve at the apex of the
maxillary 2nd premolar (figures 9-8 and 9-9)
–
–
–
–
mandible extended towards injection site
stretch the upper lip to tighten the injection site
needle is inserted into the mucobuccal fold
tip is located well above the apex of the 2nd premolar
• figure 9-11
• harmless tingling or numbness of the upper lip
• overinsertion is rare
www.indiandentalacademy.com
10. ASA Block
• figures 9-12 through 9-14
• can be considered a local infiltration
• used in conjunction with an MSA
block
• the ASA nerve can cross the
midline of the maxilla onto the
opposite side!
• used in procedures involving the
maxillary canines and incisors and
their associated facial tissues
– pulpal and facial tissues involved –
restorative and periodontal work
• blocks the pulp tissue + the gingiva,
periodontal ligaments and alveolar
bone in that area
www.indiandentalacademy.com
11. ASA Block
• target: ASA nerve at the apex of the
maxillary canine – figures 9-12 & 9-13
• at the mucobuccal fold at the apex of the
maxillary canine – figure 9-13
• harmless tingling or numbness of the
upper lip
• overinsertion is rare
www.indiandentalacademy.com
12. Infraorbital Nerve Block
• figures 9-15 through 9-17
• anesthetizes both the MSA and
ASA
• used for anesthesia of the maxillary
premolars, canine and incisors
• indicated when more than one
premolar or anterior teeth
– pulpal tissues – for restorative work
– facial tissues – for periodontal work
• also numbs the gingiva, periodontal
ligaments and alveolar bone in that
area
• the maxillary central incisor may
also be innervated by the
nasopalatine nerve branches
www.indiandentalacademy.com
13. IO Block
• target: union of the ASA and MSA with the IO nerve
after the IO enters the IO foramen – figure 9-15
• also anesthesizes the lower eyelid, side of nose and
upper lip
• IO foramen is gently palpated along the IO rim
– move slightly down about 10mm until you feel the depression of
the IO foramen – figure 9-16
– locate the tissues at the mucobuccal fold at the apex of the 1 st
premolar
• place one finger at the IO foramen and the other on the injection site
– figure 9-17
• locate the IO foramen, retract the upper lip and pull the tissues taut
• the needle is inserted parallel to the long axis of the tooth to avoid
hitting the bone
• harmless tingling or numbness of the upper lip, side of
nose and eyelid
www.indiandentalacademy.com
14. Greater Palatine Block
• figures 9-19 through 9-21
• used in restorative procedures that involve more than
two maxillary posterior teeth or palatal tissues distal to
the canine
• also used in periodontal work – since it blocks the
associated lingual tissues
• anesthetizes the posterior portion of the hard palate –
from the 1st premolar to the molars and medially to the
palate midline
• does NOT provide pulpal anesthesia – may also need to
use ASA, PSA, MSA or IO blocks
• may also need to be combined with nasopalatine block
www.indiandentalacademy.com
15. Greater Palatine Block
•
target: GP nerve as it enters the GP
foramen
– located at the junction of the maxillary
alveolar process and the hard palate – at
the maxillary 2nd or 3rd molar – figure 919
•
•
palpate the GP foramen – midway
between the median palatine raphe and
lingual gingival margin of the molar tooth
– figure 9-21
can reduce discomfort by applying
pressure to the site before and during the
injection
– produces a dull ache to block pain
impulses
– also slow deposition of anesthesia will
also help
•
needle is inserted at a 90 degree angle
to the palate – figure 9-22
www.indiandentalacademy.com
16. Nasopalatine Block
• figure 9-23 through 9-26
• useful for anesthesia of the bilateral portion of the hard
palate
– from the mesial of the right maxillary 1st premolar to the mesial of
the left 1st premolar
• for palatal soft tissue anesthesia
– periodontal treatment
• required for two or more anterior maxillary teeth
• for restorative procedures or extraction of the anterior
maxillary teeth – may need an ASA or MSA block also
• blocks both right and left nerves
www.indiandentalacademy.com
17. Nasopalatine Block
•
target: both right and left nerves as they enter the incisive foramen
from the mucosa of the anterior hard palate – figure 9-23 & 9-25
– posterior to the incisive papilla
•
•
•
•
injection site is lateral to the incisive papilla – figure 9-26
head turned to the left or right
inserted at a 45 degree angle about 6-10 mm – gently contact the
maxillary bone and withdraw about 1mm before administering
can reduce discomfort by applying pressure to the site before and
during the injection
– produces a dull ache to block pain impulses
– also slow deposition of anesthesia will also help
•
can anesthetize the labial tissues between the central incisors prior
to palatal block
– can block some branches of the nasopalatine prior to injection
www.indiandentalacademy.com
18. Mandibular Blocks
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Chart 9-2
infiltration is not as successful as maxillary anesthesia
substantial variability in the anatomy of landmarks when compared
to the maxilla
pulpal anesthesia: block of each nerve’s dental branches
periodontal: through the interdental and interradicular branches
Inferior Alveolar block: for mandibular teeth + associated lingual
tissues and for the facial tissues anterior to the mandibular 1 st molar
Buccal block: tissues buccal to the mandibular molars
Mental block: facial tissues anterior to the mental foramen
(mandibular premolars and anterior teeth)
Incisive block: for teeth and facial tissue anterior to the mental
foramen
Gow-Gates: most of the mandibular nerve
– for quadrant dentistry
www.indiandentalacademy.com
19. Inferior Alveolar Block
•
•
•
also called the mandibular block
most commonly used in dentistry
for restorative, extraction and periodontal
work
– pulpal anesthesia for extractions and
restorative
– lingual periodonteal anesthesia
– facial periodonteal anesthesia of anterior
mandibular teeth and premolars
•
•
•
•
•
may be combined with the buccal block
can overlap with the incisive block
local infiltrations in the anterior area are
more successful than posterior injections
variability in the location of the mandibular
foramen on the ramus can lessen the
success of this injection
usually avoid bi-lateral injections since they
will completely anesthetize the entire tongue
and can affect swallowing and speech
www.indiandentalacademy.com
20. •
IA Block
target: slightly superior to the mandibular
foramen – figure 9-27
– the medial border of the ramus
•
•
will also anesthetize the adjacent anterior
lingual nerve – figure 9-30
injection site is found using hard landmarks
– palpate the coronoid notch – above the 3rd
molar
– imagine a horizontal line from the coronoid
notch to the pterygomandibular fold which
covers the pterygomandibular raphe – figure
9-32
– this fold becomes more prominent as the
patient opens their mouth wider
– refer to video notes
– figure 9-33
•
•
•
needle is inserted into the pterygomandibular
space until the mandible is felt – retract
about 1 mm
average depth: 20-25mm
diffusion of anesthesia will affect the lingual
nerve
www.indiandentalacademy.com
21. IA block
• symptoms: harmless tingling and numbness of the lower
lip due to block of the mental nerve
• tingling and numbness of the body of the tongue and
floor of mouth – lingual nerve involvement
• complications:
– failure to penetrate enough can numb the tongue but not block
sufficiently
– lingual shock – involuntary movement as the needle passes the
lingual nerve
– transient facial paralysis – facial nerve involvement if inserted
into the deeper parotid gland – figure 9-34
• inability to close the eye and drooping of the lips on the affected
side
• hematoma can occur
– some muscle soreness
– patient-inflicted trauma – lip biting etc...
www.indiandentalacademy.com
22. Buccal Block
• figures 9-36 and 9-37
• for buccal periodonteum of mandibular
molars, gingiva, periodontal ligament and
alveolar bone
• for restorative and periodontal work
• buccal nerve is readily located on the
surface of the tissue and not within bone
www.indiandentalacademy.com
23. Buccal block
• target: buccal nerve as it passes
over the anterior border of the
ramus through the buccinator –
figure 9-36
• injection site is the buccal
tissues distal and buccal to the
most distal molar – on the
anterior border of the ramus as
it meets the body – figure 9-37
• pull the buccal tissue tight and
advance the needle until you
feel bone – only about 1 to 2mm
figure 9-38
– patient-inflicted trauma – lip biting
etc...
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24. Mental Block
• figures 9-39 through
9-41
• for facial periodonteum
of mandibular
premolars and anterior
teeth on one side
• for restorative work –
incisive block should
be considered instead
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25. Mental Block
•
•
target site: mental nerve before it enters
the mental foramen where it joins with the
incisive nerve to form the IA nerve –
figure 9-39
palpate the foramen between the apices
of the 1st and 2nd premolars
– palpate it intraorally – find the mucobuccal
fold between the apices of the 1st and 2nd
premolars – figure 9-42
– in adults, the foramen faces
posterosuperiorly
– may be anterior or posterior
– can be found using radiographs
•
•
•
•
insertion site is the mucobuccal fold tissue
directly over or slight anterior to the
foramen site
avoid contact with the mandible with the
needle
depth is 5 to 6mm
no need to enter the foramen
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26. Incisive Block
• for pulp and facial tissues of the teeth
anterior to the mental foramen
– same as the mental block except pulpal
anesthesia is provided also
• restorative and periodontal work
• IA block indicated for extractions – no
lingual anesthesia with an incisive block
• target: mental foramen – figure 9-43
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27. Incisive Block
• injection site: figure 9-44
– same as for the mental block
– directly over or anterior to the
mental foramen
– in the mucobuccal fold at the apices
of the 1st and 2nd premolars
– pull the buccal tissues laterally
– more anesthesia is used for this
block when compared to the mental
block
– pressure is applied during the
injection – forces for anesthetic
solution into the foramen and block
the deeper incisive nerve
– the increased injection solution may
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balloon the facial tissues
28. Gow-Gates
• figures 9-45 through 950
• blocks the IA, mental,
incisive, lingual,
mylohyoid,
auriculotemporal and
buccal nerves – figure 928 and 9-45
• used for quadrant
dentistry
• buccal and lingual soft
tissue from most distal
molar to the midline
• greater success than an
IA block
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29. Gow-Gates
•
•
•
•
target site: anteromedial border of the
mandibular condylar neck – figure 9-46
just inferior to the insertion of the lateral
pterygoid muscle
injection site is intraoral
locate the intertragic notch and labial
commisure extraorally
– draw a line from the tragus/intertragic
notch to the labial commisure – figure 947
– place your thumb on the condyle (just in
front of the tragus when the mouth is
open)
– pull buccal tissue away
– place the needle inferior to the
mesiolingual cusp of the MAXILLARY 2nd
molar
– the needle penetrates distal to the
maxillary 2nd molar
– see the video
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