This document presents a case presentation on Pemphigus Vulgaris. The patient is an 85 year old female who presented with fluid filled lesions all over her body. On examination, multiple fluid filled blisters were seen over the limbs and trunk along with oral lesions. A skin biopsy showed features of Pemphigus Vulgaris. The patient was started on medications including antibiotics, corticosteroids, antacids and topical steroids. She was counselled about her disease, medications, lifestyle modifications and potential drug interactions.
Case presentation on pemphigus vulgarisSATYAM PANDEY
DEFINATION: The word Pemphigus is derived from Greek word “pemphix” meaning blister or bubble.
''Pemphigus vulgaris is a rare autoimmune disease that causes painful blistering on the skin and mucous membranes. If you have an autoimmune disease, your immune system mistakenly attacks your healthy tissues.''
Pemphigus vulgaris is the most common type of a group of autoimmune disorders called pemphigus. Each type of pemphigus is characterized by the location where the blisters form.
Pemphigus vulgaris affects the mucous membranes, which are found in areas including the:
mouth throat
nose eyes
genitals lungs
This disease usually starts with blisters in the mouth and then on the skin.
DEFINITION:
A crater(ulcer) in the lining of the beginning of the small intestine (duodenum).
CAUSES OF DUODENAL ULCER
Infection with helicobacter pylori
Anti-inflammatory medicines
Other factors such as smoking, stress and drinking
Case presentation on pemphigus vulgarisSATYAM PANDEY
DEFINATION: The word Pemphigus is derived from Greek word “pemphix” meaning blister or bubble.
''Pemphigus vulgaris is a rare autoimmune disease that causes painful blistering on the skin and mucous membranes. If you have an autoimmune disease, your immune system mistakenly attacks your healthy tissues.''
Pemphigus vulgaris is the most common type of a group of autoimmune disorders called pemphigus. Each type of pemphigus is characterized by the location where the blisters form.
Pemphigus vulgaris affects the mucous membranes, which are found in areas including the:
mouth throat
nose eyes
genitals lungs
This disease usually starts with blisters in the mouth and then on the skin.
DEFINITION:
A crater(ulcer) in the lining of the beginning of the small intestine (duodenum).
CAUSES OF DUODENAL ULCER
Infection with helicobacter pylori
Anti-inflammatory medicines
Other factors such as smoking, stress and drinking
Discoid lupus is an unpredictable and highly variable disorder. While the condition is benign, it can cause devastating complications, often leading to high morbidity and a poor quality of life. The disorder frequently waxes and wanes. The outcome is much improved for patients with only skin and musculoskeletal involvement.
DLE is more common in skin of colour. For example, in New Zealand, Māori, and Pacific people have a significantly higher relative risk of discoid lupus erythematosus compared to the European population. This ethnic disparity has also been observed in the USA with those with skin of colour having an increased incidence of DLE.
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis TEN is a rare but serious dermatological emergency characterized by diffuse exfoliation of the skin and mucous membranes due to immune mediated destruction of the epidermis which can lead to sepsis and respiratory distress. Early diagnosis and aggressive medical care is essential for the reduction of high morbidity and mortality associated with this disease. Toxic epidermal necrolysis TEN is a rare, acute, severe mucocutaneous reaction commonly presenting following medication use antiepileptic drugs, Corticosteroids, Antiretroviral drugs abacavir and nevirapine, Antibiotics, Allopurinol, NSAIDs non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs . A 20 year old girl presented with altered sensorium, fever, generalized erythematous skin rashes and facial puffiness she is under ant tubercular therapy, corticosteroids and phenytoin, characteristics of Toxic Epidural Necrolysis. Dr. Mary Minolin T | Padmavathi M "Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis: A Case Report" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd53869.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/53869/toxic-epidermal-necrolysis-a-case-report/dr-mary-minolin-t
The skin is not only the largest organ of the body, but it also forms a living biological barrier with several functions.
Pyodermas are any pyogenic skin disease (has pus). Skin infections can be caused by bacteria (often Staphylococcal or Streptococcal) either invading normal skin, or affecting a compromised skin barrier
Some bacterial skin infections resolve without serious morbidity. However, skin infections can be severe and result in sepsis or death, particularly in vulnerable patient groups.
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
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This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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2. SUBJECTIVE
Name of patient: CH.Sheshirekha
Age:85yrs
Sex: Female
DOA:24/3/15 Dept:DVL
Complaints : H/o of fliud filled lesions all over the body.
History of present illness:
Patient was apparently asymptomatic 20 days back then she developed
swelling over the face with erythema which gradually spread to lower limbs
oral mucosa.
Some of blisters ruptures with minimal trauma and developed erosions.
3. Patient history: patient had taken treatment from outside after which
instead lesions subside and then she stopped for 4days later which
developed lesions all over the body 4days back.
Drug History: she had taken homeopathic medications for 4 days.
Past History: No h/o of similar complaints in the past.
c/o :hypertension since 20yrs, on regular medication.
c/o : chronic utricaria on symptomatic treatment.
Personal History: Mixed diet
sleep, appetite :normal
6. CUTANEOUS EXAMINATION: Multiple fluid filled blisters
present over both lower limbs and trunk intermixed with multiple
round to oral plaques with central hyperpigmentation and
surrounding erythema.
Large blisters present over the right hand,left forearm.
Palms and soles :blisters present.
Oral mucosa :hyperpigmented healed lesions.
Nilsolsky Sign:negative.
7. SKIN BIOPSY :
Nature of Specimen SKIN BIOPSY.
RESULT: Microscopic Examination of the sections revealed SKIN showing
Accantholysis causing separation of epidermal layers causing BULLAE
FORMATION.
THE SUPRANASAL BLISTER contains Accantholytic Cellls,
Neutrophils And EOSINOPHILS.THE DERMAL PAPPILAE are lined by
SINGLE LAYER of BASAL KERATINOCYTES SO called VILLI.
THERE are DENSE collection of LYMPHOCYTES ,MONONUCLEUS
and EOSINOPHILS FORMING GROUPS IN the SUPERFICIAL
LAYERS OF DERMIS.
ANDEXA APPEARS NORMAL .
SUGGESTIVE OF PEMPHIGUS VULGARIS.
8. ASSESMENT
Based on the Above Investigations it is confirmed to be as
PEMPHIGUS VULGARIS.
9. PLAN
Drug
brand
name
Generic
name
Indication Dose Route of
administrati
on
Frequency
Inj
monocef
Ceftriaxone Antibiotic 1gm IV BD
Inj
Decadron
Dexametha
sone
Corticoterio
d
2cc IV BD
Inj Rantac Ranitidine Antacid 50mg IV BD
T.calcium Calcium
supplement
Oral OD
T.PCM paracetam
ol
Analgesic 500mg OD
T.BC B.complex Vitamin
supplement
Oral OD
Liquid
paraffin
White soft
paraffin
Cream Topical OD
10. Drug
brand
name
Generic
name
Indication Dose Route of
administrati
on
Frequency
Betadine
mouth
gargle
Providone
iodine
Oral
antiseptic
100ml Topical BD
TESS
ointment
Triamcinolo
ne
Topical
steriod
0.1 Topical BD
1/GV
paint
Gentian
violet
Antifungal Topical BD
T.predinis
olone
deltasone Corticosteri
od
10mg Oral OD
Cap.tetr
acyline
sumaycin Antibiotic 500mg Oral BD
11. Patient Counselling
Regarding Disease state
PEMPHIGUS VULGARIS: Pemphigus vulgaris is a rare
autoimmune disease that causes painful blistering on the skin and the
mucous membranes. In an autoimmune disease, a person’s own
immune system mistakenly attacks his or her own healthy body.
Pemphigus vulgaris is the most common type of a group of
autoimmune disorders collectively called pemphigus. Each type of
pemphigus is characterized by the location where the blisters form.
Pemphigus vulgaris affects the mucous membranes, which are found
in the mouth, throat, nose, eyes, genitals, and lungs. This disease
usually starts with blisters in the mouth and then on the skin. The
blisters sometimes affect the membranes of the genitals.
12. Patient counselling regarding
medication
Monocef: Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic.
Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum
activity against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. In most
cases, it is considered to be equivalent to cefotaxime in terms of
safety and efficacy.
Adverse effects: Eosinophilia,thrombocytosis,diarrhea,rash.
Decadron: Dexamethasone is a type of steroid medication. It has
anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant effects. It is 25 times
more potent than cortisol in its glucocorticoid effect, while having
minimal mineralocorticoid effect.
Adverse effects: acne, adrenal suppression,arrhythmia,depression.
13. Ranitidine: Is a histamine H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits
stomach acid production. It is commonly used in treatment of
peptic ulcer disease and gastroesophageal reflux disease.
Ranitidine is also used alongside fexofenadine and other
antihistamines for the treatment of skin conditions such as hives.
Adverse effects: Abdominalpain,agitation, alopecia,confusion.
14. Patient counselling regarding life style modification:
The primary aim of treatment is to decrease blister formation,
prevent infections and promote healing of blisters and erosions.
Taking good care of your wounds can help prevent infection and
scarring.
Generously sprinkling talcum powder on your sheets may help keep
oozing skin from sticking.
Avoid situations in which your skin could be touched or bumped,
such as contact sports.
To ease discomfort, treat sores and blisters with soothing or drying
lotions or wet dressings. But, check with your doctor before using
lotions or wet dressings for the first time.
15. Avoid spicy or acidic foods, as well as those containing garlic,
onions or leeks.
These foods can irritate or even trigger blisters.
Minimize sun exposure. Ultraviolet light may trigger new blisters.
Talk with your dentist about maintaining good oral health. If you
have blisters in your mouth, it may be difficult to brush your teeth
properly. Ask your dentist what you can do to protect your oral
health.
Ask your doctor if you need calcium and vitamin D supplements.
Corticosteroids can affect your calcium and vitamin D needs, so ask
your doctor if you need a calcium supplement or any other
additional nutrients.
16. DRUG INFORMATION QUERY
What is Nikolsy sign?
Nikolsky sign is a skin finding in which the top layers of the skin slip away
from the lower layers when slightly rubbed.
Nikolsky's sign is a clinical dermatological sign, named after Pyotr
Nikolsky (1858–1940), a Russian physician who trained and worked in
Ukraine, which was part of the Russian Empire at that time. The sign is
present when slight rubbing of the skin results in exfoliation of the
outermost layer.
Nikolsky's sign is almost always present in toxic epidermal necrolysis and
is associated with pemphigus vulgaris. It is useful in differentiating
between pemphigus vulgaris or mucous membrane pemphigoid
(where it is present) and bullous pemphigoid (where it is absent). The
Nikolsky sign is dislodgement of intact superficial epidermis by a
shearing force, indicating a plane of cleavage in the skin. Also present
in Scalded Skin Syndrome caused by the exfoliative toxin of S. aureus.
17. Drug interactions
Dexamethasone+prednisolone:
Dexamethasone will decrease the level or effect of prednisolone by
affecting hepatic/ intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Significant
interaction possible,monitor closely.
Tetracyline +Ceftiaxone:
Tetracyline decreases effects of ceftriaxone by pharmacodynamics
antagonism . Significant interaction possible,monitor
closely.bacteriostatic agents may inhibit the effects of bactericidal
agents.