This document discusses lipids and fatty acids. It defines lipids as organic substances that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Lipids are classified into simple lipids, compound lipids, derived lipids, and miscellaneous lipids. Fatty acids are defined as carboxylic acids with a hydrocarbon side chain. Fatty acids are classified based on number of carbon atoms, length of side chain, and nature of side chain. Phospholipids are an important class of complex lipids that contain fatty acids, glycerol, phosphate, and nitrogenous bases. They play key roles in cell membranes and pulmonary surfactant.
This document provides information about lipids including their definition, biological importance, functions, fatty acids, and essential fatty acids. Some key points:
- Lipids are organic compounds insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They serve important structural and energy storage roles in the body.
- Fatty acids are the building blocks of lipids and can be classified by carbon chain length and saturation. Essential fatty acids like omega-3 and omega-6 must be obtained through diet.
- Lipids are important for energy storage, structural roles, vitamin absorption, hormone production, and more. Deficiencies can cause issues with growth, skin, wound healing and more. Eicosanoids derived from lipids play
Lipids are a heterogeneous group of compounds including fats, oils, steroids, waxes and related compounds. They are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents. Lipids serve many important functions such as energy storage, structural components of cell membranes, and transport of fat-soluble vitamins. Abnormal lipid chemistry or metabolism can lead to diseases like obesity, atherosclerosis and diabetes. Lipids are classified into simple lipids like fats and oils, complex lipids containing additional groups like phospholipids and glycolipids, and derived lipids including fatty acids, glycerol and steroids.
1. Lipids play major roles in cell structure and energy storage. Triacylglycerols are the main form of stored energy in mammals while phospholipids and cholesterol are components of cell membranes.
2. There are two main types of lipids - simple lipids like fats and oils which are esters of fatty acids and alcohols, and compound lipids which also contain phosphate, nitrogenous bases or other groups.
3. Triglycerides from the diet and from adipose tissue are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol. Fatty acids are transported to tissues via the bloodstream bound to albumin or within lipoproteins, then undergo beta-oxidation in the mitochondria to
The document discusses lipids, which are a diverse group of organic compounds that include fats, waxes, sterols, and phospholipids. Lipids serve important biological functions such as energy storage, structural components of cell membranes, and hormones. They are classified into simple lipids, compound/complex lipids, derived lipids, and miscellaneous lipids based on their chemical structure and composition. Key lipids discussed include fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols like cholesterol, and lipoproteins. The document also describes the process of beta-oxidation, where fatty acids undergo stepwise degradation within mitochondria to generate acetyl-CoA molecules for energy production.
This document provides an overview of lipids, including their classification and properties. It begins by defining lipids as organic substances that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. It then classifies lipids into simple lipids like triglycerides and waxes, and compound lipids like phospholipids and glycolipids. Key points include that triglycerides are the main form of lipid storage, phospholipids are the major components of cell membranes, and various tests can characterize lipids based on properties like iodine number and saponification number.
This document provides an overview of lipid chemistry. It begins by defining lipids as water-insoluble organic molecules that can be extracted by non-polar solvents. Lipids make up 18-25% of body mass and include fats, oils, steroids, waxes, and related compounds. The document then discusses the biomedical importance of lipids as an energy source, for protection, insulation, in lipoproteins, bile salts, prostaglandins, hormones, and vitamins. It provides classifications of lipids including simple lipids like triglycerides, complex lipids, derived lipids, and others. The document concludes with discussions of fatty acid chemistry including saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, essential fatty acids, and lipid degradation
Lipids are a group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, and fat-soluble vitamins. They serve important functions like energy storage, signaling, and as structural components of cell membranes. The main classes of lipids are neutral fats/triglycerides (consisting of glycerol and fatty acids), phospholipids, and sterols. Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids like omega-3 and omega-6 are essential nutrients. Lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents, and are an important energy source in animals and plants.
This document summarizes different types of lipids. It describes phospholipids as esters containing fatty acids, phosphate groups, and nitrogenous bases. Glycerophospholipids contain glycerol and include lecithin (phosphatidylcholine), cephalin (phosphatidylethanolamine), phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, cardiolipin, and plasmalogens. Sphingophospholipids contain sphingosine and include sphingomyelin. The document discusses the roles of specific phospholipids like their involvement in cell membranes, blood clotting, calcium release, and cellular respiration. It also briefly mentions glycolipids and lipopro
This document provides information about lipids including their definition, biological importance, functions, fatty acids, and essential fatty acids. Some key points:
- Lipids are organic compounds insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They serve important structural and energy storage roles in the body.
- Fatty acids are the building blocks of lipids and can be classified by carbon chain length and saturation. Essential fatty acids like omega-3 and omega-6 must be obtained through diet.
- Lipids are important for energy storage, structural roles, vitamin absorption, hormone production, and more. Deficiencies can cause issues with growth, skin, wound healing and more. Eicosanoids derived from lipids play
Lipids are a heterogeneous group of compounds including fats, oils, steroids, waxes and related compounds. They are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents. Lipids serve many important functions such as energy storage, structural components of cell membranes, and transport of fat-soluble vitamins. Abnormal lipid chemistry or metabolism can lead to diseases like obesity, atherosclerosis and diabetes. Lipids are classified into simple lipids like fats and oils, complex lipids containing additional groups like phospholipids and glycolipids, and derived lipids including fatty acids, glycerol and steroids.
1. Lipids play major roles in cell structure and energy storage. Triacylglycerols are the main form of stored energy in mammals while phospholipids and cholesterol are components of cell membranes.
2. There are two main types of lipids - simple lipids like fats and oils which are esters of fatty acids and alcohols, and compound lipids which also contain phosphate, nitrogenous bases or other groups.
3. Triglycerides from the diet and from adipose tissue are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol. Fatty acids are transported to tissues via the bloodstream bound to albumin or within lipoproteins, then undergo beta-oxidation in the mitochondria to
The document discusses lipids, which are a diverse group of organic compounds that include fats, waxes, sterols, and phospholipids. Lipids serve important biological functions such as energy storage, structural components of cell membranes, and hormones. They are classified into simple lipids, compound/complex lipids, derived lipids, and miscellaneous lipids based on their chemical structure and composition. Key lipids discussed include fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols like cholesterol, and lipoproteins. The document also describes the process of beta-oxidation, where fatty acids undergo stepwise degradation within mitochondria to generate acetyl-CoA molecules for energy production.
This document provides an overview of lipids, including their classification and properties. It begins by defining lipids as organic substances that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. It then classifies lipids into simple lipids like triglycerides and waxes, and compound lipids like phospholipids and glycolipids. Key points include that triglycerides are the main form of lipid storage, phospholipids are the major components of cell membranes, and various tests can characterize lipids based on properties like iodine number and saponification number.
This document provides an overview of lipid chemistry. It begins by defining lipids as water-insoluble organic molecules that can be extracted by non-polar solvents. Lipids make up 18-25% of body mass and include fats, oils, steroids, waxes, and related compounds. The document then discusses the biomedical importance of lipids as an energy source, for protection, insulation, in lipoproteins, bile salts, prostaglandins, hormones, and vitamins. It provides classifications of lipids including simple lipids like triglycerides, complex lipids, derived lipids, and others. The document concludes with discussions of fatty acid chemistry including saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, essential fatty acids, and lipid degradation
Lipids are a group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, and fat-soluble vitamins. They serve important functions like energy storage, signaling, and as structural components of cell membranes. The main classes of lipids are neutral fats/triglycerides (consisting of glycerol and fatty acids), phospholipids, and sterols. Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids like omega-3 and omega-6 are essential nutrients. Lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents, and are an important energy source in animals and plants.
This document summarizes different types of lipids. It describes phospholipids as esters containing fatty acids, phosphate groups, and nitrogenous bases. Glycerophospholipids contain glycerol and include lecithin (phosphatidylcholine), cephalin (phosphatidylethanolamine), phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, cardiolipin, and plasmalogens. Sphingophospholipids contain sphingosine and include sphingomyelin. The document discusses the roles of specific phospholipids like their involvement in cell membranes, blood clotting, calcium release, and cellular respiration. It also briefly mentions glycolipids and lipopro
Lipids are a heterogeneous group of compounds that are chemically esters of fatty acids. They function as fuels for the body, provide insulation and padding for organs, and are involved in cell membrane structures. The main types of lipids include fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids like cholesterol. Lipids play important roles in energy storage, as structural components of cell membranes, and in transporting fat-soluble vitamins. They undergo reactions like hydrolysis, hydrogenation, and oxidation. Diseases related to lipid metabolism include obesity, hyperlipidemia, and lipidosis.
This document provides information about lipids. It begins by defining lipids as compounds that are relatively insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Lipids are then classified into three main categories: simple lipids like fatty acids and triglycerides, compound lipids containing additional non-lipid components like phospholipids and glycolipids, and derived lipids which are hydrolysis products of other lipids. The document focuses on the structures, functions and examples of important lipids like fatty acids, triglycerides and phospholipids.
This document provides information about amino acids. It discusses their structure, properties, classification, sources, and importance. Some key points:
- Amino acids contain an amine group, a carboxyl group, and a side chain. They exist as zwitterions at physiological pH.
- There are 20 standard amino acids encoded by the genetic code. Two additional ones are incorporated by unique mechanisms.
- Amino acids are classified based on charge, essentiality, and metabolic fate. They can be glucogenic, ketogenic, or both.
- Peptide bonds form between amino acid residues, linking them into polypeptides and proteins. Important peptides include aspartame, glutathione, oxytoc
This document discusses cholesterol, including that it is a major sterol in animal tissues, is both obtained through diet and synthesized in the body, and serves various structural and metabolic functions. It describes cholesterol biosynthesis occurring primarily in the liver, intestine, and other tissues, requiring acetyl-CoA, ATP, and NADPH. The rate-limiting enzyme HMG-CoA reductase is regulated by feedback and hormones. Factors like genetics, diet, lifestyle, and drugs can affect serum cholesterol levels. Disorders like familial hypercholesterolemia involve inherited defects in lipid metabolism and LDL receptors, elevating LDL and total cholesterol and increasing atherosclerosis risk.
Lipids undergo a multi-step digestion and absorption process in the gastrointestinal tract. Dietary lipids are emulsified and broken down into smaller components like fatty acids and monoacylglycerols by lingual and gastric lipases in the stomach and pancreatic lipase in the small intestine. Bile salts produced by the liver play a key role in emulsification. The products of digestion are incorporated into micelles and absorbed by intestinal cells. Inside cells, fatty acids are reassembled into triglycerides and packaged into chylomicrons that enter the lymphatic system and bloodstream for transport to tissues. Defects in digestion, emulsification, or absorption can impair this process.
Fatty acids are an important component of lipids and contain a carboxyl group and an alkyl group. They are classified based on carbon chain length and saturation. Saturated fatty acids contain only single bonds while unsaturated contain one or more double bonds. Short chain fatty acids have 1-12 carbons, moderate 13-18 carbons, and long chain 19 or more carbons. Unsaturated fatty acids like linoleic and linolenic acids are essential as humans cannot synthesize them. Fatty acids are prepared by hydrolysis of esters with steam or alkali. Physical properties depend on chain length and saturation, with longer or more saturated fatty acids having higher melting points and less solubility.
This document discusses lipids, including their definition, classification, structure and functions. It covers different types of lipids such as fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, sphingolipids, sterols and lipoproteins. Key points include that lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents, and serve important structural and energy storage roles. Lipids form micelles to solubilize nonpolar molecules in aqueous environments.
This document summarizes lipoproteins and their classification and functions. Lipoproteins are complexes of lipids and proteins that transport lipids in the bloodstream. They are classified into five main types based on density: chylomicrons, very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), and high density lipoproteins (HDL). Chylomicrons transport dietary triglycerides from the intestine to tissues, VLDL transports endogenous triglycerides from the liver, and HDL transports cholesterol from tissues back to the liver in reverse cholesterol transport. Apolipoproteins associated with each lipoprotein particle facilitate their metabolism and functions.
1) Derived lipids are lipids obtained after hydrolysis of simple and complex lipids that possess characteristics of lipids, such as fatty acids and steroids.
2) Respiratory distress syndrome is caused by a deficiency of lecithin. The composition of lung surfactant includes dipalmitoyl lecithin, phosphatidyl glycerol, and surfactant proteins A, B, and C.
3) Fatty liver disease is characterized by too much fat in the liver and is caused by obesity, diabetes, and excessive alcohol consumption. Symptoms include fatigue, weight loss, and abdominal pain. Lipotropic factors like choline and methionine prevent fatty liver by reducing fat deposition
Lipids are a diverse group of compounds that include fats, oils, waxes, and other compounds. They are distinguished by their high solubility in nonpolar solvents and low solubility in water. Lipids serve several important functions in biological systems:
1) As major components of biological membranes that define cells and subcellular compartments.
2) As the major form of stored energy in organisms, where the complete oxidation of lipids generates a large amount of energy.
3) As hormones that allow signal transduction between cells.
Describes the different pathways involved in the synthesis of different eicosanoids like prostaglandins, leukotrienes, lipoxins etc along with different enzymes involved.
This document provides information about fatty acids and triglycerides. It discusses the structure, properties, and reactions of fatty acids, including their length, degree of saturation, and location of double bonds. Triglycerides are introduced as esters composed of glycerol and three fatty acid chains. Their physical properties depend on the fatty acid components, and they undergo hydrolysis, saponification, and hydrogenation reactions. The learning outcomes are to understand fatty acids and triglycerides, and distinguish between their physical and chemical properties.
Lipids are a diverse group of organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus. They are non-polar and hydrophobic, meaning they are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Lipids include triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes, steroids, and terpenoids. They serve important structural and energy storage functions in living organisms.
This document discusses cholesterol, including its structure, properties, sources, and importance. Cholesterol has the molecular formula C27H45OH and possesses a cyclopentano perhydro phenanthrene nucleus. It is synthesized endogenously in the body and obtained exogenously through diet. Cholesterol is an important component of cell membranes and is a precursor for bile acids, steroid hormones like estrogen and testosterone, and vitamin D3. It occurs both in free and esterified forms in the body and liver plays a key role in regulating cholesterol levels.
This document defines and classifies different types of lipoproteins. It discusses lipoproteins' roles in transporting lipids like triglycerides and cholesterol through the bloodstream. The main lipoproteins described are chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, and HDL. Chylomicrons and VLDL transport lipids from the intestine and liver to tissues. Their triglycerides are broken down by lipoprotein lipase, forming chylomicron/VLDL remnants taken up by the liver. LDL transports cholesterol to tissues, while HDL transports excess cholesterol from tissues back to the liver in reverse transport.
Metabolism of Acidic Amino Acids (Glutamic Acid, Glutamine, Aspartic acid, As...Ashok Katta
Glutamic acid can be synthesized from α-ketoglutarate and ammonia. It is involved in synthesizing other amino acids like glutamine, proline, and arginine. Glutamic acid also plays a role in glutathione synthesis, blood clotting, and as a neurotransmitter when decarboxylated to GABA. Aspartic acid can be synthesized from oxaloacetate and broken down through transamination. It is important in urea, purine, and pyrimidine synthesis. Both glutamic acid and aspartic acid can be converted to their amide forms glutamine and asparagine through reactions with ammonia and ATP. Glutamine serves as a transport
bio chemistry
كيمياء حيوية جامعة الملك سعود
chemistry
كيمياء جامعية
0503964728
محمد منير كيمياء
ابو يوسف
all branched of chemistry bio chemistry - organic chemistry - inorganic chemistry - analytically - spectra - d-block
This document discusses several functions of lipids:
1. Lipids can be stored as an energy source, providing more potential for oxidation than glucose.
2. Lipids provide thermal insulation and mechanical protection for cells and tissues.
3. Lipids act as precursors for important signaling molecules like eicosanoids and platelet-activating factor (PAF) that regulate biological processes.
- Phospholipids are amphipathic lipids that contain fatty acids, glycerol, and a phosphate group. They form bilayer structures in cell membranes.
- Examples include phosphatidylcholine (lecithin), sphingomyelin, phosphatidylethanolamine. They play important structural and functional roles in membranes.
- Phospholipids can form micelles and liposomes in aqueous solutions due to their amphipathic nature. Liposomes are used as carriers for drug delivery.
- Lung surfactants contain lecithin and help reduce surface tension in the lungs. Deficiencies can cause respiratory distress in infants.
Lipids may be regarded as organic substances which is insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents (alcohol , ether etc.), Triacylglycerols (formerly triglycerides) are the esters of glycerol with fatty acids.
Lipids are a heterogeneous group of compounds that are chemically esters of fatty acids. They function as fuels for the body, provide insulation and padding for organs, and are involved in cell membrane structures. The main types of lipids include fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids like cholesterol. Lipids play important roles in energy storage, as structural components of cell membranes, and in transporting fat-soluble vitamins. They undergo reactions like hydrolysis, hydrogenation, and oxidation. Diseases related to lipid metabolism include obesity, hyperlipidemia, and lipidosis.
This document provides information about lipids. It begins by defining lipids as compounds that are relatively insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Lipids are then classified into three main categories: simple lipids like fatty acids and triglycerides, compound lipids containing additional non-lipid components like phospholipids and glycolipids, and derived lipids which are hydrolysis products of other lipids. The document focuses on the structures, functions and examples of important lipids like fatty acids, triglycerides and phospholipids.
This document provides information about amino acids. It discusses their structure, properties, classification, sources, and importance. Some key points:
- Amino acids contain an amine group, a carboxyl group, and a side chain. They exist as zwitterions at physiological pH.
- There are 20 standard amino acids encoded by the genetic code. Two additional ones are incorporated by unique mechanisms.
- Amino acids are classified based on charge, essentiality, and metabolic fate. They can be glucogenic, ketogenic, or both.
- Peptide bonds form between amino acid residues, linking them into polypeptides and proteins. Important peptides include aspartame, glutathione, oxytoc
This document discusses cholesterol, including that it is a major sterol in animal tissues, is both obtained through diet and synthesized in the body, and serves various structural and metabolic functions. It describes cholesterol biosynthesis occurring primarily in the liver, intestine, and other tissues, requiring acetyl-CoA, ATP, and NADPH. The rate-limiting enzyme HMG-CoA reductase is regulated by feedback and hormones. Factors like genetics, diet, lifestyle, and drugs can affect serum cholesterol levels. Disorders like familial hypercholesterolemia involve inherited defects in lipid metabolism and LDL receptors, elevating LDL and total cholesterol and increasing atherosclerosis risk.
Lipids undergo a multi-step digestion and absorption process in the gastrointestinal tract. Dietary lipids are emulsified and broken down into smaller components like fatty acids and monoacylglycerols by lingual and gastric lipases in the stomach and pancreatic lipase in the small intestine. Bile salts produced by the liver play a key role in emulsification. The products of digestion are incorporated into micelles and absorbed by intestinal cells. Inside cells, fatty acids are reassembled into triglycerides and packaged into chylomicrons that enter the lymphatic system and bloodstream for transport to tissues. Defects in digestion, emulsification, or absorption can impair this process.
Fatty acids are an important component of lipids and contain a carboxyl group and an alkyl group. They are classified based on carbon chain length and saturation. Saturated fatty acids contain only single bonds while unsaturated contain one or more double bonds. Short chain fatty acids have 1-12 carbons, moderate 13-18 carbons, and long chain 19 or more carbons. Unsaturated fatty acids like linoleic and linolenic acids are essential as humans cannot synthesize them. Fatty acids are prepared by hydrolysis of esters with steam or alkali. Physical properties depend on chain length and saturation, with longer or more saturated fatty acids having higher melting points and less solubility.
This document discusses lipids, including their definition, classification, structure and functions. It covers different types of lipids such as fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, sphingolipids, sterols and lipoproteins. Key points include that lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents, and serve important structural and energy storage roles. Lipids form micelles to solubilize nonpolar molecules in aqueous environments.
This document summarizes lipoproteins and their classification and functions. Lipoproteins are complexes of lipids and proteins that transport lipids in the bloodstream. They are classified into five main types based on density: chylomicrons, very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), and high density lipoproteins (HDL). Chylomicrons transport dietary triglycerides from the intestine to tissues, VLDL transports endogenous triglycerides from the liver, and HDL transports cholesterol from tissues back to the liver in reverse cholesterol transport. Apolipoproteins associated with each lipoprotein particle facilitate their metabolism and functions.
1) Derived lipids are lipids obtained after hydrolysis of simple and complex lipids that possess characteristics of lipids, such as fatty acids and steroids.
2) Respiratory distress syndrome is caused by a deficiency of lecithin. The composition of lung surfactant includes dipalmitoyl lecithin, phosphatidyl glycerol, and surfactant proteins A, B, and C.
3) Fatty liver disease is characterized by too much fat in the liver and is caused by obesity, diabetes, and excessive alcohol consumption. Symptoms include fatigue, weight loss, and abdominal pain. Lipotropic factors like choline and methionine prevent fatty liver by reducing fat deposition
Lipids are a diverse group of compounds that include fats, oils, waxes, and other compounds. They are distinguished by their high solubility in nonpolar solvents and low solubility in water. Lipids serve several important functions in biological systems:
1) As major components of biological membranes that define cells and subcellular compartments.
2) As the major form of stored energy in organisms, where the complete oxidation of lipids generates a large amount of energy.
3) As hormones that allow signal transduction between cells.
Describes the different pathways involved in the synthesis of different eicosanoids like prostaglandins, leukotrienes, lipoxins etc along with different enzymes involved.
This document provides information about fatty acids and triglycerides. It discusses the structure, properties, and reactions of fatty acids, including their length, degree of saturation, and location of double bonds. Triglycerides are introduced as esters composed of glycerol and three fatty acid chains. Their physical properties depend on the fatty acid components, and they undergo hydrolysis, saponification, and hydrogenation reactions. The learning outcomes are to understand fatty acids and triglycerides, and distinguish between their physical and chemical properties.
Lipids are a diverse group of organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus. They are non-polar and hydrophobic, meaning they are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Lipids include triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes, steroids, and terpenoids. They serve important structural and energy storage functions in living organisms.
This document discusses cholesterol, including its structure, properties, sources, and importance. Cholesterol has the molecular formula C27H45OH and possesses a cyclopentano perhydro phenanthrene nucleus. It is synthesized endogenously in the body and obtained exogenously through diet. Cholesterol is an important component of cell membranes and is a precursor for bile acids, steroid hormones like estrogen and testosterone, and vitamin D3. It occurs both in free and esterified forms in the body and liver plays a key role in regulating cholesterol levels.
This document defines and classifies different types of lipoproteins. It discusses lipoproteins' roles in transporting lipids like triglycerides and cholesterol through the bloodstream. The main lipoproteins described are chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, and HDL. Chylomicrons and VLDL transport lipids from the intestine and liver to tissues. Their triglycerides are broken down by lipoprotein lipase, forming chylomicron/VLDL remnants taken up by the liver. LDL transports cholesterol to tissues, while HDL transports excess cholesterol from tissues back to the liver in reverse transport.
Metabolism of Acidic Amino Acids (Glutamic Acid, Glutamine, Aspartic acid, As...Ashok Katta
Glutamic acid can be synthesized from α-ketoglutarate and ammonia. It is involved in synthesizing other amino acids like glutamine, proline, and arginine. Glutamic acid also plays a role in glutathione synthesis, blood clotting, and as a neurotransmitter when decarboxylated to GABA. Aspartic acid can be synthesized from oxaloacetate and broken down through transamination. It is important in urea, purine, and pyrimidine synthesis. Both glutamic acid and aspartic acid can be converted to their amide forms glutamine and asparagine through reactions with ammonia and ATP. Glutamine serves as a transport
bio chemistry
كيمياء حيوية جامعة الملك سعود
chemistry
كيمياء جامعية
0503964728
محمد منير كيمياء
ابو يوسف
all branched of chemistry bio chemistry - organic chemistry - inorganic chemistry - analytically - spectra - d-block
This document discusses several functions of lipids:
1. Lipids can be stored as an energy source, providing more potential for oxidation than glucose.
2. Lipids provide thermal insulation and mechanical protection for cells and tissues.
3. Lipids act as precursors for important signaling molecules like eicosanoids and platelet-activating factor (PAF) that regulate biological processes.
- Phospholipids are amphipathic lipids that contain fatty acids, glycerol, and a phosphate group. They form bilayer structures in cell membranes.
- Examples include phosphatidylcholine (lecithin), sphingomyelin, phosphatidylethanolamine. They play important structural and functional roles in membranes.
- Phospholipids can form micelles and liposomes in aqueous solutions due to their amphipathic nature. Liposomes are used as carriers for drug delivery.
- Lung surfactants contain lecithin and help reduce surface tension in the lungs. Deficiencies can cause respiratory distress in infants.
Lipids may be regarded as organic substances which is insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents (alcohol , ether etc.), Triacylglycerols (formerly triglycerides) are the esters of glycerol with fatty acids.
This document provides an overview of various lipid types, including waxes, triglycerides, phospholipids, and glycolipids. It describes the structure and functions of these lipids. Waxes are esters of fatty acids with long chain alcohols that serve protective functions. Triglycerides are the main form of fat storage and consist of a glycerol backbone with three fatty acids. Phospholipids like phosphatidylcholine are structural components of cell membranes, while glycolipids contain a carbohydrate head group attached to a ceramide backbone.
Detailed chapter on Medical Lipid chemistry under different heading. The content is designed keeping the course in the view - MBBS, BDS, BPT, Nursing, BSc, MSc etc
Lipids are organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids. Lipids serve important biological functions like energy storage, signaling, and as structural components of cell membranes. Cholesterol is an important lipid that is a precursor for steroid hormones and bile acids. It is essential for membrane structure and fluidity. Different fatty acids have various health impacts depending on whether they are saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated. Polyunsaturated fatty acids like omega-3 and omega-6 are particularly important for eicosanoid production. Phospholipids are major components of biological membranes and are involved in processes like blood
This document discusses lipids, their digestion, absorption, and utilization. It defines lipids and their classifications. Key points include: lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents. Dietary lipids are emulsified and hydrolyzed by pancreatic lipases in the small intestine. Bile salts and hormones like cholecystokinin and secretin regulate digestion. Lipids are absorbed via micelle transport across the intestinal epithelium and enter the lymphatic system. Cholesterol is an important precursor for bile acids, steroid hormones, vitamin D, and structural membranes.
This document discusses lipids, their digestion, absorption, and utilization. It defines lipids and their classifications. Key points include: lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents. Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, sterols like cholesterol, and phospholipids. Dietary lipids are emulsified and hydrolyzed by bile salts and pancreatic lipases in the small intestine. The products (free fatty acids and monoacylglycerols) are absorbed via micelles into intestinal cells. Hormones like CCK and secretin regulate pancreatic and gallbladder functions to aid in lipid digestion.
The document discusses lipids, their digestion, absorption, and utilization. It defines lipids and their classifications. It describes how lipids are digested in the stomach, emulsified and degraded by pancreatic enzymes in the small intestine, and absorbed via micelles. The roles of bile salts and hormones like CCK and secretin in lipid digestion are explained. Absorbed lipids are resynthesized into triglycerides and cholesterol esters in enterocytes before being packaged into chylomicrons and secreted into lymphatic system. The fates of triglycerides and free fatty acids in tissues are also summarized.
LIPID CHEMISTRY Question Bank vnd.ms-powerpoint&rendition=1-4.pptLogesh Kannan
The document contains 15 questions related to lipid chemistry. It discusses essential fatty acids like linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid. It also discusses arachidonic acid and how it is a precursor for prostaglandins. The document discusses products of arachidonic acid metabolism, importance of prostaglandins, iodine number, saponification number, amphipathic lipids, phospholipid components and functions, pulmonary surfactant structure and importance, and biological actions of prostaglandins.
Structural Lipids - Phospholipids, Glycolipids. Phospholipids types - Glycerophospholipids, Sphingolipids, and their importance in plant and animal cells. Examples for phospholipids and their structure. Sphingomyelin, ceramide, lecithin, cephalin.
Lipids are organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include fats, oils, waxes, sterols and phospholipids. Lipids play important roles in energy storage, structure of biological membranes, and as precursors to important signaling molecules. The document defines different types of lipids like simple lipids, compound lipids, and derived lipids. It provides details on important lipids like cholesterol, fatty acids, phospholipids and eicosanoids. Cholesterol is a precursor for steroid hormones and vitamin D. Fatty acids are classified as saturated, unsaturated, cis and trans. Phospholipids are major components of biological membranes.
This document provides an overview of lipids, including their classification. It discusses simple lipids like triglycerides and waxes, as well as complex lipids including phospholipids, glycolipids, and derived lipids like steroids. Phospholipids are important structural components of cell membranes and are involved in many cellular processes. Glycolipids contain carbohydrates and function in cell interactions and as receptors. Cholesterol is a prevalent steroid that is a component of cell membranes and precursor to other important steroids. In summary, the document classifies and describes the structures and functions of the major classes of lipids in biological systems.
Compound lipids are composed of fatty acids, alcohols, and other substances like phosphorus or proteins. Phospholipids are the major type of compound lipid and are classified based on their alcohol component into glycerophospholipids and sphingophospholipids. Glycerophospholipids contain glycerol and include phosphatidic acid, lecithin, cephalins, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylserine. Sphingophospholipids contain sphingosine and include sphingomyelin. Phospholipids are essential components of cell membranes and play important roles in transport, blood clotting, and lung function. They
Lipids are a heterogeneous group of organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins, monoglycerides, and phospholipids. Lipids are an essential part of cell membranes and a stored form of energy. Cholesterol is an important lipid that helps form cell membranes and is a precursor for vitamin D and steroid hormones. Essential fatty acids must be obtained from dietary sources and are important for biological functions.
Compound lipids contain additional substances like phosphorus, carbohydrates or proteins in addition to fatty acids and alcohols. Phospholipids are important compound lipids that contain phosphoric acid and make up cell membranes. They are classified as glycerophospholipids containing glycerol or sphingophospholipids containing sphingosine. Glycolipids contain carbohydrate residues and sphingosine. Lipoproteins combine lipids and proteins and transport lipids in the bloodstream, classified by density.
1. Lipids are greasy substances found in both plants and animals that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and sterols.
2. Lipids serve as an energy store and structural component of cell membranes. Major sources include nuts, seeds, milk, eggs, liver, and fish oils.
3. Lipids can be categorized as simple lipids like fats and oils, or compound lipids that contain additional components like phospholipids, glycolipids, and lipoproteins.
LIPIDS OF A CELL IN OUR BODY GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 GRADE 11 STEM.pdfeedroseprintingshirt
This document defines lipids and discusses their types and functions. It begins by defining lipids as fatty compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. The document then discusses the main types of lipids - simple lipids like fats and oils, compound lipids like phospholipids and glycolipids, and derived lipids like steroids. It describes the key components and functions of different lipids such as fatty acid tails in phospholipids and cholesterol's role in membrane fluidity. The document concludes by outlining some positive impacts of lipids on energy storage, cell structure and hormone production, as well as some negative impacts like obesity and high cholesterol.
This document provides an overview of lipids and their classification. It begins by defining lipids and listing their main functions in the body, which include energy storage, structural components of cell membranes, and as insulating and protective layers. It then classifies lipids such as fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and sphingolipids. Specific lipid types like PUFAs and their health benefits are discussed. The roles of phospholipids and prostaglandins are also summarized.
This document discusses phospholipids and their subclasses. Phospholipids contain fatty acids, phosphoric acid, and nitrogenous bases or alcohols. The two main classes are glycerophospholipids, containing glycerol, and sphingophospholipids, containing sphingosine. Lecithin and cephalin are important glycerophospholipids. Phospholipids form cell membranes and regulate permeability. They also participate in fat absorption and transport and removal of cholesterol from the body. The document also briefly discusses glycolipids, lipoproteins, steroids like cholesterol, and their structure and functions.
“These are the naturally Organic compounds, insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents (alcohol, ether, etc.), which are potentially related to fatty acids & utilized by living cells."
Lipids are a heterogeneous group of compounds.
They are esters of fatty acids. Lipids occur widely in plants and animals. Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, and related compounds.
Lipids are a family of organic compounds, composed of fats and oils. These molecules yield high energy and are responsible for different functions within the human body.
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2. MEENAKSHI ACADEMY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND RESEARCH
DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY
Mr.SURESH MALCHI
MSC MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY, Ph.D. FULL-TIME SCHOLAR
3. LIPIDS
Lipid may be regarded as organic substance relatively
insoluble in water, but freely soluble in nonpolar organic
solvents like ether and alcohol.
eg: benzene, chloroform, ether, hot alcohol, acetone, etc..
4. CLASSIFICATION
Lipids are broadly classified into
1.simple lipids
2.complex lipids (compound lipids )
3.derived lipids
4.miscellaneous lipids
5.neutral lipids
5. Simple Lipids :
• Esters of fatty acids with alcohol
This are mainly 2 types
1.Fats and oils
2.Waxes
1.Fats and oils : These are ester of fatty acid with glycerol
Ex. Triacylglycerol
Fatty acid+ Alcohol
Fatty acid + Glycerol
6. 2.Waxes:
These are ester of fatty acid with Alcohol other than glycerol
• Skin and glands of certain vertebrates secret waxes to protect
their hair and skin.
• Certain biological waxes like beeswax and lanolin (from lamb’s
wool) are widely used in cosmetic industry In the manufacture
of creams , lotions and polishes.
Fatty acid + Alcohol other than glycerol
7. 2.Compound Lipids (Complex lipides):
They are esters of fatty acids with alcohol having additional
group such as phosphate and nitrogenous base, carbohydrate,
protein contain other groups.
They are further classified into
1.Phospholipids
2. Glycolipids
3.Lipoproteins
4.other complex lipids
Fatty acid + Alcohol + Phosphate + Nitrogen base + Carbohydrates + proteins
8. 1.Phospholipids :
Esters of fatty acid with alcohols ,nitrogen base ,phosphate and fatty acid
Phospholipids mainly classified into 2 groups
1.Glycerophospholipides
2.Sphingophospholipides
Glycerophospholipids :
These phospholipid contain glycerol as the alcohol
e.g. lecithin,cephal
Fatty acid + Alcohol + Nitrogen Base + Phosphate
Fatty acid + Nitrogen base + Phosphate +Glycerol
9. • B. Sphingo phospholipids : These phospholipid contain
Sphingosine as the alcohol
Ex: Sphingomyelin
2. Glycolipids : These lipids contain a fatty acid, carbohydrate
and nitrogenous base.
Glycolipids = FA + NB + Sphingosine+
Ex: Cerebrosides, Gangliosides
Fatty acid + Nitrogen Base + Phosphate + Sphingosine
Glycolipids = FA + NB + Sphingosine + Carbohydrates
10. 3.Lipoproteins: Macromolecular Complexes of lipids with
proteins.
Ex : LDL, VLDL, HDL
4. Other complex lipids:
Sulfolipids, amino lipids and lipopolysaccharides are among the
other complex lipids.
DERIEVED LIPIDS:
They are the hydrolytic products of the first two groups of
lipides.
eg: fatty acids, steroids, alcohols, steroids, keton bodies, lipide
soluble vitamins
11. MISCELLANEOUS LIPIDS:
These include a large number of compounds possessing the
characteristics of lipids.
€.g., carotenoids, squalene,hydrocarbons such as pentacosane(in
bees wax), terpenes etc.
NEUTRAL LIPIDS :
The lipids which are uncharged referred to as neutral lipids.
These are mono-, di-, and triacylglycerols, cholesterol and
cholesteryl ester
12. • FUNCTIONS:
• They are concentrated fuel reserve of the body (TGL)
• Structural component of bio membrane (Phospho lipides /
cholesterol)
• Surfactants, detergent and emulsifying agents.
• Electric insulator in neurons.
• Lipides are important as cellular metabolism regulator's ( Steroid
hormones )
• Absorption of fat soluble vitamins like A,D,E,K
• Lipides protect internal organs serve as it gives shape and smooth
• appearance of the body
17. Phosphatidic acid :
Glycerophospholipids contain they have esterified two fatty acids
on the first two carbons (usually SFA on C1 and UFA on C2) and
nitrogen base on carbon - 3
Fatty acid + glycerol + nitrogen base
18. 1.Cephalin (phosphatidyl ethanolamine)
α,β form are esterified with phosphoric acid , the phosphate group is
attached with Ethanolamine
Witch play an important role in blood coagulation.
19. 2.Lecithin (phosphatidyl choline) :
Nitrogen base contain phospholipids
α,β form are esterified with phosphoric acid , the phosphate group is
attached with choline.
Glycerol + Fatty acid + Nitrogen Base + Choline
20. Actions of phospholipase :
Phospholipases are the enzymes hydrolyse phospholipids
Phospholipase A2
Lecithin Lysolecithin + fatty acid
Phospholipase A1
Lecithin Acyl glycerophosphoryl
choline + fatty acid
Phospholipase C
Lecithin 1,2 diacyl glycerol
+ Phosphoryl choline
Phospholipase D
Lecithin Phosphatidic acid +
choline
21. Actions of phospholipase :
• Phospholipase A2 acts on an intact lecithin molecule hydrolyzing the fatty
acid esterified to the beta (second) carbon atom. The products are
Lysolecithin and fatty acid
• Lysolecithin is a detergent and hemolytic agent. The enzyme is present in
the venom of viper snakes. The hemolysis and consequent renal failure
22. Pulmonary surfactants
• Surfactant : Surfactant is surface active agent it prevent collapse of
the lungs .
• Pulmonary surfactant is surface active lipoprotein (Phospho
lipoproteins ) formed by alveolar cells. It contain both hydrophilic and
hydrophobic regions. The molecules seen in air – water interface of
alveoli.
• The hydrophilic head dips in water hydrophobic tail face towards the
air so that surface tension is reduced
• The pulmonary surfactant reduces surface tension at the air liquid
interface of the alveolus. This preventing it collapse during end
exhalation.
23. • The Haigh surface pressure resists a decrease in alveolar surface area
, will low surface tension stabilizes the lung by decreasing Pressure
gradient across the alveolar lining layer
24.
25. Pulmonary surfactants
• Secreted by two types of cells
• Type II alveolar epithelial cells
• Clara cells.
Composition of surfactant :
it Lipoprotein complex it forms lipids & phospholipids , proteins ,
ions ..
DPPC: Dipalmitoylphosphotidyl choline – 40%
Other phospholipids – 40 %
Surfactant proteins - SP – A, SP-B, SP-C. SP-D – 5%
Other phospholipids – Phosphatidyl choline – 85%
Phosphatidyl glycerol – 10%
27. 1.Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
• It is due to a defect in the biosynthesis of dipalmitoyl lecithin (DPL), it is
main pulmonary surfactant. Premature infants have a higher incidence of
RDS because the immature lungs do not synthesize enough DPL.
• It is one of the most common causes of morbidity in preterm neonates.
The patient shortly after birth with apnea, cyanosis , nasal flaring , poor
feeding and tachypnea
28. 2.Acute Respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
• Acute lung injury and syndrome of acute pulmonary inflation , its
characterised by sudden on set, impaired gas exchanges , and
pulmonary enema , the infections is the most common cause of
development of ARDS in children's at the age of 1year
29. Neonatal hyaline membrane disease (or)
Infant respiratory distress syndrome
• Histological it is called hyaline membrane disease.
• Hyaline membrane are seen lining the alveoli of lung , hyaline
membrane are composed of fibrine, caller debris , red blood cells
,neutrophils and macrophages.
• They are appearance as eosinophilic amorphous material. Ling or
filling the air spaces and blocking gas exchanges.
• Blood passing through lungs is unable to pick up oxygen and unload
Co2 this condition is called as neonatal respiratory distress
syndrome / respiratory distress syndrome of new born.
• It sis surfactant deficiency disorder . It is seen in premature infants
and is caused by insufficiency of pulmonary surfactant production.
30. • It can also result from a genetic problem with associated with
production of surfactant associated proteins.
• IRDS – affect about 1% new born infants and is the leading cause of
death in preterm infants.
• the pregnancies of greater than 30 weeks , the fetal lung maturity
may be tested by sampling the amount of surfactant in the amniotic
fluid.
• This including the lecithin – sphingomyelin ratio (L /S) and
phosphatidyl glycerol (PG) .
• If the L/S ratio is less than 2:1 the fetal lung may be surfactant
deficiency
• The presence of PG usually indicates fetal lung maturity .
31. Functions:
1.Involved in formation of cell membrane formation.
2.It act as surfactant.
3.Choline takes part in transmethylation reaction.
4.Choline plays a role in nerve impulse transmission as acetylcholine.
5.Choline act as lipoatrophic factor.
6.It helps cholesterol dissolved in bile.
7.Lecithin also act as components of cytochrome p450 system.
32. Phosphatidyl serine : Amino group of serine is present in this group of
glycerophospholipids
Fatty acid + glycerol + nitrogen base + serine
34. • Phosphatidyl inositol:
Inositol attached to the phosphatidic acid to give phosphatidyl inositol
It is important compound from cellmembrane
It act as secondmessenger it mediate for hormonal action
Ex : Oxytocin , vasopressin.
Fatty acid + Glycerol+phosphate + inositol
36. Function :
1.Involved in formation of cell membrane and inner mitochondrial
membrane.
2.Essential for electron transport chain
3.Decreasing cardiolipins mitochondrial disfunction associated with
heart failure.
3.Hypothyroidism
37. Sphingo phospholipids
• Sphingomyelins
• Sphingomyelins are the only sphingolipid that contain phosphate and have no sugar moiety
• They are found in large quantities in nervous system. Different sphingomyelins may be formed
depending on the fatty acid attached.
• Common fatty acids found are—lignoceric (24 C), nervonic (24 C, one double bond) and cervonic
(22 C, 6 double bonds
• Because of its amphipathic nature sphingomyelin can act as an emulsifying agent and
detergent
• The relative proportion of lecithin and sphingomyelin is important in biological fluids like
bile, amniotic fluid,.
• Sphingomyelin combined with fatty acid is called ceramide, which is a component of
glycosphingolipids
38. • Non-phosphorylated lipids
• They are seen widely in nervous tissues. This group of lipids do not
contain phosphoric acid; instead they contain carbohydrates and
ceramide
1. Glycosphingolipids
2. Cerebrosides
3. Globo sides
4. Gangliosides
39. Glycosphingolipids or Glycolipids
1. Cerebrosides
Ceramide + Glucose - Glucocerebroside
Ceramide + Galactose – Galacto cerebroside
2.Globosides (Ceramide oligosaccharide)
They contain two or more hexoses or hexosamines, attached to
ceramide molecule
Ceramide + Galactose + Glucose – Lactosylceramide
3.Gangliosides :
They are formed when ceramide oligo-saccharides have at least one
molecule of NANA (N-acetyl neuraminic acid) (sialic acid) attached to them.
41. Function of phospholipids
• It Form the structural components of membranes and regulate
membrane permeability.
• Phospholipids (lecithin, cephalin and cardiolipin)i n the mitochondria,
maintaining the conformation of ETC component.
• Absorption of fat from the intestine.
• Phospholipids participate in the reverse cholesterol transport and
help in the removal of cholesterol from the body.
• Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine is an important Lung surfactant.
• Prevents Respiratory distress syndrome in infants.
42. • Cephline is an important group of phospholipids participante in Blood clotting.
• Phospholipids( phosphatidyl inositol ) are involved in signal transmission across
membranes.
• Arachidonic acid, an unsaturated fatty acid liberated from phospholipids, serves
as a precursor for the synthesis of eicosanoids (prostaglandins, prostacyclin’s.)
43. FATTY ACIDS
FATTY ACIDS CAN BE DEFINED AS CARBOXILIC ACID WITH
HYDROCARBON SIDE CHAIN. THIS IS THE SIMPLEST FORM OF
LIPUIDS
R – COOH
COOH – Carboxylic group
R – Hydrocarbon chain
Classification
1.number of carbon atoms
2.length of hydrocarbon side chain
3.nature of hydrocarbon side chain
4.Nomenclature of fatty acid
44. 1.Number of carbon atoms mainly two types
A. Even chain carbon atoms
B. Odd chain carbon atoms
1.Even chain carbon atoms
They contain 2.4.6 carbon atoms sequential addition of
2 carbons
Ex: Acetic acid – CH3COOH
Butyric acid – CH3(CH2)2COOH
2. odd chain carbon atoms
It contain carbon atoms 3.5.9 add numbers
Ex: Propionic acid – CH3 CH2 COOH
Velluric acid - CH3(CH2)3 COOH
45. 2.Depending up on length of carbon chain
1. According to chain length:
A. Short 2 - 6 carbons EX : Acetic acid CH3COOH
B. Medium 8 - 10 carbons EX : cupric acid CH3 (CH2)6 COOH
C .Long 16 - 24 carbons EX :Arachidonic acid
CH3 (CH2)4CH = CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)3COOH
3.Nature of hydrocarbon side chain
A .Saturate fatty acids
B. Unsaturated fatty acids
A .Saturate fatty acids
saturated fatty acids do not contain double bonds
Ex : Acetic acid – CH3COOH
B.UnSaturate fatty acids
Unsaturated fatty acids it contain double bonds
46. Mainly two types
1MUFA - Monounsaturated fatty acids
2.PUFA - Polyunsaturated fatty acids
1MUFA : it contain single double bound
Ex : Palmitoic acid – CH3 (CH2)CH = CH (CH2)7COOH
2.PUFA
It contain more than one double bound
Liolenic acid : CH3(CH2)CH = CHCH2CH = CH(CH2)7COOH
48. 4.Nomenclature of fatty acid
The saturated fatty acids end with a suffix – anoic
Ex Common name Systemic name
Acetic acid Ethanoic acid
Butyric acid n-Butanoic acid
The Unsaturated fatty acids end with a suffix - enoic:
Ex : Common name Systemic name
Palmitoleic acid cis-9-Hexadecenoic acid
Oleic acid cis-9-Octadecenoic acid
49. Numbering of carbon atoms :
The carbon atoms of fatty acids are numbered as C1, C2 etc starting
from the COOH group.
Adjacent to the carboxyl group 2.3.4. starts from α,β,γ,δ.
starting from the methyl end, the carbon atoms may be numbered as
omega ()-1,2,3, etc
6 5 4 3 2 1
CH3 — CH2 — CH2 — CH2— CH2 — COOH
1 2 3 4 5
6 5 4 3 2 1
CH3 — CH2 — CH2 — CH2— CH2 — COOH
1 2 3 4 5
50. • Omega (ω) Classification of fatty acids:
Omega classification of fatty acid is used frequently in nutritional and
clinical practise.
The terminal carbon with the methyl group is counted as the first
carbon according to (ω) classification , the unsaturated fatty acid are
broadly divided into 3 groups
ω3 series - Linolenic acid
Timnodonic acid
ω6 series - Linoleic acid
Arachidonic acid
ω9 series - Oleic acid
54. 1. Example, Linoleic and Linolenic acids
2. They are called essential fatty acids, because they cannot
be synthesized by the body and have to be supplied in the diet.
3. Unsaturated fatty acids are also designated as
4. ω3 (omega 3) family—
5. Linolenic acid ω6 family—
6. Linoleic and Arachidonic acids ω9
7. family—Oleic acid
8. Arachidonic acid is the precursor of prostaglandins. Arachidonic
acid can be synthesized in the body
Clinical Significance of PUFA
55. 1.Arachidonic acid is the precursor of prostaglandins. Arachidonic acid can be
synthesized in the body.
2.The pentanoic acid present in fish oils is of great nutritional importance (ω3 unsaturated
fatty acid).
3.Eicosanoids (eicosa = twenty) are derived from 20 C arachidonic acid. They are polyenoic
fatty acids. They are precursors of prostaglandins.
• Positive roles for ω3 fatty acids
1.Infent development
2 .Prevent cancers
3.Prevent cardiovascular disease
4.Hypertention
5.Hyperlipidemia
56. • TFA are present in dairy products and in hydrogenated
edible oils.
• They are generally considered to be injurious to health.
• However, TFA are used in food industry as they increase the shelf
life of the fried food.
• Oils containing PUFA also have high content of TFA.
• Fast food preparations have a high TFA content.
• Trans fatty acids adversely affect composition of blood lipids
and lipoproteins, systemic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction,
insulin resistance, diabetes and adiposity.
Trans Fatty Acids (TFA)
62. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids form salts with alkali.
CH3—COOH + NaOH CH3—COONa
+ H2O
Sodium and potassium salts of long chain fatty acids are called
soaps. Which are of great importance of daily life.
To make sodium soaps usable as toilet soap.
Small amount of Sodium carbonate or silicate are added, this makes
soaps lather even in hard water.
Detergents of long chain fatty acids with quaternary ammonium or
salts of lauryl sulphuric acid , sulphate lauryl monoacylglycerol.
They are good wetting agents and emulsifiers and can lather equally
well in heard watter.
Salt Formation
66. Essential fatty acid
• The fatty acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and, there fore,
should be supplied in the diet are known as essential fatty acids (EFA
• polyunsaturated fatty acids, namely
linoleic acid (18 : 2; 9, 12)
Iinolenic acid (18 : 3; 9, 12, 15).
Arachidonic acid
Biochemical functions of EFA
a. Essential fatty acids are required for the membrane structure
b. transport of cholesterol
c. formation of lipoproteins, prevention of fatty liver etc.
d. Another important group of compounds, namely eicosanoids
67. Deficiency of EFA:
The deficiency of EFA
results in phrynoderma or
toad skin,
on the posterior and lateral
parts of limbs, on the back
and buttocks, loss of hair
and poor wound healing
68. STERIODS
• Steroids are the compounds containing a cyclic steroid nucleus (or ring) namely
cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene (CPPP).
• It consists of a phenanthrene nucleus (rings A, B and C) to which a cyclopentane ring
(D) is attached
• The steroid nucleus represents saturated carbons, unless specifically shown as double
bonds.
• 19,18 Carbons are attached to the methyl side chain.
• Carbon 10,13 contains single bonds.
• Carbon 17 contain side cha are present
69. • There are several steroids in the biological system. These include cholesterol, bile
acids, vitamin D, sex hormones, adrenocortical hormones, sitosterol, cardiac
glycosides and alkaloids.
70. Structure of cholesterol
• Cholesterol Is Greek word (chole-bile)it first isolated from bile.
• Cholesterol exclusively found in animals, it most abundant animal
steroid.it weal distributed in cell membrane and lipoproteins.
• STRUCTURE OF CHOLESTEROL :
• Structure of cholesterol (C27 H46 O)
• It has only one hydroxyl group at C3. the double bound present
between C5 and C6
• The 8 carbon aliphatic side chain attached to the C17.methyl side
chain will present in 19-18
• Presence of –OH group cholesterol is weekly amphipathic in nature
• Cholesterol is found in association with fatty acid to form cholesterol
esters occur at the OH group of C3
71.
72. Degradation of cholesterol
Functions of cholesterol:
1.Formation of cell membrane
2.synthesis of bile salts.
3.synthesis of steroid hormones
(mineralocorticoids , glucocorticoid, sex hormones )
4.synthesis of vitamin – D
5.Estrification
6.Nerve conduction
77. • 6.Nerve conduction : cholesterol is main precursor for
formation of nerve fibres
• Cholesterol paly an important role transmission of electrical
impulse to the nerves tissues
• 7. Esterification (Energy)
• Cholesterol gives energy from β oxidation formation of
acetyl coA
• Conditions like During starvation, Diabetes mellitus ketone
bodies are major fuel source for Brain ,CNS
78. AMPHIPATHIC LIPIDS
(Amphi – Both) (Pathos – passion)
Amphipathic lipids can be defined as molecules witch contain both hydrophobic
(Non polar ) and hydrophilic ( Polar ) groups are known as amphipathic lipids.
EX :
Phospholipids
Glycolipids
Free fatty acids
Free cholesterol
Bile salts
79. • Fatty acids contain a hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl (COO-) group at
physiological pH. The carboxyl group is polar in nature with affinity to water
(hydrophilic) while hydrocarbon chain of fatty acid is hydrophobic
6 5 4 3 2 1
CH3 — CH2 — CH2 — CH2— CH2 — COOH
1 2 3 4 5
80. • Phospholipids have hydrophilic head (phosphate group attached to choline,
ethanolamine, inositol ) and long polar hydrophobic tail
81. Amphipathic lipids their biological significance
When amphipathic lipides are
made soluble in water the
hydrophilic groups orient
themselves towards the
aqueous phase (water) , the
hydrophobic group stay away
from the aqueous phase.
leads to the formation of
micelles
Micelle formation, facilitated
by bile salts is very important
for lipid digestion and
absorption
Formation of membrane bilayer
82. TRIACYLGLYCEROL
• Triacylglycerols are the esters of glycerol with fatty acids.
• They are insoluble in water and non-polar in character and
commonly known as neutral fats.
FATS AS STORED FUEL :
• Primarily function as fuel reserves of animals.
• The fat reserve of normal humans (men 2O% and women 25%
by weight).
• sufficient to meet the body's caloric requirements for 2-3
months
FATS PRIMARILY OCCUR IN ADIPOSE TISSUE :
• Adipocytes of adipose tissue-
• Predominantly found in the subcutaneous layer and in the
abdominal cavity.
83. Why has fat been chosen as the energy reserve of the body
• The body stores in the form of triacylglycerol (TAG).
• (TAG) are highly concentrated store of energy because they are
reduced and anhydrous.
• TAG – produced energy 9 cal / g . Carbohydrates and proteins are
produced in 4cal / g
• TAG are non – polar and so they are stored in anhydrous form (free
form in water ) where as carbohydrates and proteins poler they are
highly hydrated)
84. STRUCTURES OF ACYLGLYCEROLS :
Mono , di and triacylglycerols, respectively consisting of one, two and
three Molecules of fatty acids esterified to a molecule of glycerol. Is
known as triglycerol
85.
86. SIMPLE TRIACYLGLYCEROL
• all the three hydroxyl groups of the glycerol are esterified to
the same fatty acid
• e.g. Tripalmitin, Triolein, etc.
MIXED TRIACYLGLYCEROL
• Different fatty acids are esterified to the hydroxyl groups of
glycerol.
• e.g. 1, 3-dipalmitoyl-2-olein; 1-palmitoyl-2, 3-distearin, etc…
88. STORAGE OF FAT
• Stored in adipose tissue.
• When stored as triacylglycerol , water molecules are repelled
and space requirement is minimal.
HYDROLYSIS OF TRIACYLGLYCEROL
89. 2.SAPONIFICATION
• Triglycerides are hydrolysed by alkali, the process is known as
saponification. products are glycerol and soaps.
TGL + 3 NaOH Glycerol + 3 R – COONa (soap)
3.RANCIDITY
Rancidity is the term used to represent the deterioration of fats
and oils resulting in the unpleasant taste.
Rancidity occurs when fat and oils are exposed to air, moisture,
light, bacteria
90. • It mainly two types
1.Hydrolytic rancidity
2.oxidative rancidity
1.Hydrolytic rancidity
Occurs due to partial hydrolysis of TGL by bacterial enzymes
2.oxidative rancidity
Is due to oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids this resulting formation of unpleasant
products such as dicarboxylic acid, aldehydes, ketons
91. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant
Peroxidation of lipides occurs in when they are exposed to the air ,
moisture or bacteria , resulting in the deterioration of their nutritional
quality (rancidity) , rancidity fats are not suitable for consumption.
Peroxidation of lipids generate free radicals which are potentially
dangerous to the tissues.
The deterious effects of free radicals are controlled and they are
eliminated from biological system by some naturally occurring
substances in the body known as antioxidant , they include
Vitamin E, vitamin C , β carotene.
92. Tests to check purity and nutritional quality of foods
Reichert – Meissl number (RM number)
iodine number
acid number :
93. Reichert – Meissl number (RM number)
Rm number is defined as the amount of 0.1 N KOH required to
neutralise the volatile fatty acids distilled from 5 gr of fat.it is employed
to assess the purity of fats having more volatile fatty acid (C4.C6.C8)
Ex: butter the RM number of butter is between 25 and 30
94. IODINE NUMBER
• Number of grams of iodine taken up by 100 grams of fat. Iodine
number is used to asses the degree of unsaturation of fat. It is used
to check the purity and nutritive value of fat and oils.
the iodine number of a few common fats and oils
95. Acid number :
it is the number of KOH required to neutralise free fatty acids occurring
in 1gr of fat or oil. refined edible oils , when decomposed due to
(bacterial or chemical contamination ) release free fatty acids, so oils
with increased acid number are considered unsafe and non – edible.
97. • Lipoproteins are molecules complex that consisting of Lipid
and proteins
• The function is transportation of vehicle for lipid in blood
plasma, lipids delivery to the various tissues for utilization.
Classification of lipoproteins
1.Chylomicrons
2.VLDL (Very low-density lipoproteins )
3.LDL – (low-density lipoproteins )
4.HDL –(High density lipoproteins)
5.Albumin – Free fatty acids
98. 1.Chylomicrons :
Chylomicrons are synthesized by intestine and trans port
exogenous TGL
It consisting of 99% of lipids and 1% in concentrated proteins
2.VLDL (Very low-density lipoproteins )
VLDL are synthesized by intestine and transport Endogenous TGL
3.LDL – (low-density lipoproteins )
It is also called as bad cholesterol
LDL is formed from the VLDL it transport the cholesterol from
liver to tissues
4.HDL –(High density lipoproteins)
It is also called as good cholesterol
HDL is synthesized In liver transportation of cholesterol from
tissue to liver
99.
100. 5.Albumin – Free fatty acids :
Fatty acids bound with albumin witch can trans port the 20 – 30% of free fatty acids
LIPD PROFILE
Test names Normal values
1.Cholesterol - 160 – 200 mg/dl
2.Tryglyceriods - up to 160 mg/dl
3.HDL - 30 – 60 mg/dl
4.LDL - 80 – 150 mg/dl
5.VLDL - 20 – 40 mg/dl