Lipids are organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids. Lipids serve important biological functions like energy storage, signaling, and as structural components of cell membranes. Cholesterol is an important lipid that is a precursor for steroid hormones and bile acids. It is essential for membrane structure and fluidity. Different fatty acids have various health impacts depending on whether they are saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated. Polyunsaturated fatty acids like omega-3 and omega-6 are particularly important for eicosanoid production. Phospholipids are major components of biological membranes and are involved in processes like blood
The document discusses lipids, which are a diverse group of organic compounds that include fats, waxes, sterols, and phospholipids. Lipids serve important biological functions such as energy storage, structural components of cell membranes, and hormones. They are classified into simple lipids, compound/complex lipids, derived lipids, and miscellaneous lipids based on their chemical structure and composition. Key lipids discussed include fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols like cholesterol, and lipoproteins. The document also describes the process of beta-oxidation, where fatty acids undergo stepwise degradation within mitochondria to generate acetyl-CoA molecules for energy production.
This document provides an overview of lipids, including their biological roles, structures, and properties. It discusses the diversity of lipids and their functions, such as energy storage, insulation, buoyancy control, and roles in cell membranes and signaling. Specific lipid classes are examined, like fatty acids, triglycerides, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, sterols and their derivatives. Methods for determining lipid structure and analyzing lipid composition are also covered.
The document provides information about lipids including their definition, functions, classification, properties and metabolism. It defines lipids as compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents and on hydrolysis yield fatty acids. Lipids include simple lipids like fats and oils, compound lipids like phospholipids and glycolipids, and derived lipids like fatty acids. They serve important functions like energy storage, structure of cell membranes, and as signaling molecules.
Protein is made up of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds. There are 20 standard amino acids that make up proteins. Proteins have primary, secondary, tertiary, and sometimes quaternary structures that give them their shapes. The primary structure is the linear sequence of amino acids, secondary structures include alpha helices and beta sheets, tertiary structure is the 3D shape of the protein, and quaternary refers to multiple protein subunits.
This document provides an overview of lipid chemistry. It begins by defining lipids as water-insoluble organic molecules that can be extracted by non-polar solvents. Lipids make up 18-25% of body mass and include fats, oils, steroids, waxes, and related compounds. The document then discusses the biomedical importance of lipids as an energy source, for protection, insulation, in lipoproteins, bile salts, prostaglandins, hormones, and vitamins. It provides classifications of lipids including simple lipids like triglycerides, complex lipids, derived lipids, and others. The document concludes with discussions of fatty acid chemistry including saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, essential fatty acids, and lipid degradation
The document discusses lipids, which are a diverse group of organic compounds that include fats, waxes, sterols, and phospholipids. Lipids serve important biological functions such as energy storage, structural components of cell membranes, and hormones. They are classified into simple lipids, compound/complex lipids, derived lipids, and miscellaneous lipids based on their chemical structure and composition. Key lipids discussed include fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols like cholesterol, and lipoproteins. The document also describes the process of beta-oxidation, where fatty acids undergo stepwise degradation within mitochondria to generate acetyl-CoA molecules for energy production.
This document provides an overview of lipids, including their biological roles, structures, and properties. It discusses the diversity of lipids and their functions, such as energy storage, insulation, buoyancy control, and roles in cell membranes and signaling. Specific lipid classes are examined, like fatty acids, triglycerides, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, sterols and their derivatives. Methods for determining lipid structure and analyzing lipid composition are also covered.
The document provides information about lipids including their definition, functions, classification, properties and metabolism. It defines lipids as compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents and on hydrolysis yield fatty acids. Lipids include simple lipids like fats and oils, compound lipids like phospholipids and glycolipids, and derived lipids like fatty acids. They serve important functions like energy storage, structure of cell membranes, and as signaling molecules.
Protein is made up of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds. There are 20 standard amino acids that make up proteins. Proteins have primary, secondary, tertiary, and sometimes quaternary structures that give them their shapes. The primary structure is the linear sequence of amino acids, secondary structures include alpha helices and beta sheets, tertiary structure is the 3D shape of the protein, and quaternary refers to multiple protein subunits.
This document provides an overview of lipid chemistry. It begins by defining lipids as water-insoluble organic molecules that can be extracted by non-polar solvents. Lipids make up 18-25% of body mass and include fats, oils, steroids, waxes, and related compounds. The document then discusses the biomedical importance of lipids as an energy source, for protection, insulation, in lipoproteins, bile salts, prostaglandins, hormones, and vitamins. It provides classifications of lipids including simple lipids like triglycerides, complex lipids, derived lipids, and others. The document concludes with discussions of fatty acid chemistry including saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, essential fatty acids, and lipid degradation
Lipids are a heterogeneous group of organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They serve many important functions in the body including as structural components of cell membranes, storage of metabolic energy, transport of fat-soluble vitamins and hormones, and protection and insulation. Lipids are classified based on the presence or absence of glycerol and other components. Major classes of lipids include fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, sphingolipids, sterols such as cholesterol and vitamin D, and other compounds like prostaglandins.
Lipids are organic compounds that include fats, oils, waxes, and steroids. They are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents. The main types of lipids are fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols, and prostaglandins. Fatty acids are the building blocks of lipids and contain long hydrocarbon chains that can be saturated or unsaturated. Triglycerides are composed of fatty acids bound to a glycerol molecule and are the main constituents of fats and oils. Phospholipids and sterols such as cholesterol are important components of cell membranes.
Lipids are classified into simple, complex, and derived lipids. Simple lipids include neutral fats/oils and waxes which are esters of fatty acids and various alcohols. Complex lipids contain additional components like phosphoric acid, nitrogen bases, or carbohydrates. They are further divided based on these components, such as phospholipids containing glycerol or sphingosine as the alcohol, and glycolipids containing fatty acids, sphingosine, and a carbohydrate without phosphate. Phospholipids and sphingophospholipids are subclasses of complex lipids.
A Comprehensive Introduction to Lipids and its chemistry, classification, qualitative tests and disorders related to its metabolism. This will give readers a overall insight to this topic. All types of queries and suggestions are most welcome
1) Enzymes are biological catalysts that regulate specific metabolic functions in the body. They are water soluble, colloidal proteins that speed up biochemical reactions without being consumed in the process.
2) Enzymes can be classified based on their chemistry. Pure protein enzymes are called apoenzymes, while conjugated protein enzymes contain both an apoenzyme portion and a non-protein cofactor or prosthetic group to form the active holoenzyme.
3) Enzyme activity is affected by substrate concentration, temperature, pH, and enzyme concentration according to Michaelis-Menten kinetics and induced fit or lock-and-key mechanisms of enzyme-substrate binding.
Lipids have a hydrophobic nature due to hydrocarbon chains. They are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents. Major lipids include fatty acids, triacylglycerols, phospholipids, cholesterol, and steroid hormones. Fatty acids are used for energy storage and membrane components. Triacylglycerols store fatty acids as an energy source. Phospholipids are major membrane components. Cholesterol is important for membrane structure and steroid hormone synthesis. Lipids are digested into fatty acids and monoacylglycerols then absorbed into intestinal cells to form chylomicrons which transport lipids through lymph and blood.
Proteins are complex biomolecules composed of amino acids. They have four levels of structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. The primary structure is the linear sequence of amino acids. Secondary structure involves folding into shapes like alpha helices and beta sheets. Tertiary structure is the overall 3D shape of a single protein chain. Quaternary structure refers to the shape of proteins with multiple chains. Proteins are classified based on shape (globular or fibrous) and function (enzymes, hormones, etc.). They have various properties including solubility, hydrolysis, and denaturation.
Proteins are the most abundant and functionally diverse molecules in living systems, composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. They can be classified in various ways, including by molecular structure (globular vs fibrous), solubility, presence of non-protein groups, function (enzymes, hormones, etc.), and nutritional quality. The 20 primary amino acids are the building blocks of all proteins in plants and animals, and each has a specific genetic codon in mRNA.
Hemoglobin is a metalloprotein found in red blood cells that transports oxygen throughout the body. It is composed of four subunits, including two alpha and two beta chains, as well as a heme group containing iron. Hemoglobin binds oxygen in the lungs and releases it throughout the tissues to support cellular respiration. Normal hemoglobin levels are 13.8-18.0 g/dL for men and 12.1-15.1 g/dL for women.
Lipids are a diverse group of organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus. They are non-polar and hydrophobic, meaning they are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Lipids include triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes, steroids, and terpenoids. They serve important structural and energy storage functions in living organisms.
1. The document discusses the physical and chemical properties of amino acids, including their solubility, taste, melting points, ability to absorb ultraviolet light, and chirality.
2. It also describes how amino acids can act as acids or bases depending on the pH, existing as zwitterions at physiological pH with both positive and negative charges.
3. Several biologically active oligopeptides are discussed, including hormones like oxytocin, vasopressin, angiotensin, and neuropeptides like methionine enkephalins. Other peptides mentioned include glutathione, bradykinin, carnosine, antibiotics, and the artificial sweetener aspartame.
Lipids are organic compounds that are relatively insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They can be classified as simple lipids, which include fats and oils, or complex lipids, which include phospholipids, glycolipids, and lipoproteins. Fats and oils are composed of fatty acids and glycerol and serve important functions such as energy storage, structural components of cell membranes, and as precursors to hormones and vitamins. Phospholipids and glycolipids are complex lipids that contain fatty acids bonded to a phosphate or carbohydrate group respectively. Lipoproteins transport lipids through the bloodstream.
The document discusses biochemistry and its applications. It covers 3 main points:
1. Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes in living organisms, including the structure and reactions of biomolecules. It is important for understanding biology at the chemical level.
2. Biochemistry has many societal applications, including in clinical diagnosis, treatment of diseases, nutrition, agriculture, and more. It is crucial for advances in medicine.
3. Thermodynamics provides a framework for understanding how energy flows and is transformed in biological systems and cells. The laws of thermodynamics govern energy changes that allow living things to grow and function.
The document discusses lipids and fatty acids. It defines lipids as a heterogeneous group of compounds related more by physical than chemical properties, that are relatively insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents. Fatty acids are aliphatic carboxylic acids that occur mainly as esters in natural fats and oils. They can be classified as saturated or unsaturated based on whether they contain double bonds. Common saturated fatty acids include palmitic acid and stearic acid, while monounsaturated fatty acids include oleic acid. Polyunsaturated fatty acids contain two or more double bonds and important examples are linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid.
This document provides information on hemoglobin, including its structure, function, and role in oxygen transport. Key points include:
- Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues back to the lungs.
- It consists of a protein component called globin and a non-protein component called heme, which contains iron.
- Hemoglobin has a tetrameric structure composed of two alpha and two beta subunits, each containing a heme group that reversibly binds oxygen.
- The binding of oxygen to one subunit influences the binding of oxygen to other subunits, allowing hemoglobin to load and unload oxygen cooperatively in response to changes in oxygen
Lipids are organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include fats, oils, waxes, sterols and phospholipids. Lipids play important roles in energy storage, structure of biological membranes, and as precursors to important signaling molecules. The document defines different types of lipids like simple lipids, compound lipids, and derived lipids. It provides details on important lipids like cholesterol, fatty acids, phospholipids and eicosanoids. Cholesterol is a precursor for steroid hormones and vitamin D. Fatty acids are classified as saturated, unsaturated, cis and trans. Phospholipids are major components of biological membranes.
This document discusses phospholipids and their subclasses. Phospholipids contain fatty acids, phosphoric acid, and nitrogenous bases or alcohols. The two main classes are glycerophospholipids, containing glycerol, and sphingophospholipids, containing sphingosine. Lecithin and cephalin are important glycerophospholipids. Phospholipids form cell membranes and regulate permeability. They also participate in fat absorption and transport and removal of cholesterol from the body. The document also briefly discusses glycolipids, lipoproteins, steroids like cholesterol, and their structure and functions.
Lipids are a heterogeneous group of organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They serve many important functions in the body including as structural components of cell membranes, storage of metabolic energy, transport of fat-soluble vitamins and hormones, and protection and insulation. Lipids are classified based on the presence or absence of glycerol and other components. Major classes of lipids include fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, sphingolipids, sterols such as cholesterol and vitamin D, and other compounds like prostaglandins.
Lipids are organic compounds that include fats, oils, waxes, and steroids. They are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents. The main types of lipids are fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols, and prostaglandins. Fatty acids are the building blocks of lipids and contain long hydrocarbon chains that can be saturated or unsaturated. Triglycerides are composed of fatty acids bound to a glycerol molecule and are the main constituents of fats and oils. Phospholipids and sterols such as cholesterol are important components of cell membranes.
Lipids are classified into simple, complex, and derived lipids. Simple lipids include neutral fats/oils and waxes which are esters of fatty acids and various alcohols. Complex lipids contain additional components like phosphoric acid, nitrogen bases, or carbohydrates. They are further divided based on these components, such as phospholipids containing glycerol or sphingosine as the alcohol, and glycolipids containing fatty acids, sphingosine, and a carbohydrate without phosphate. Phospholipids and sphingophospholipids are subclasses of complex lipids.
A Comprehensive Introduction to Lipids and its chemistry, classification, qualitative tests and disorders related to its metabolism. This will give readers a overall insight to this topic. All types of queries and suggestions are most welcome
1) Enzymes are biological catalysts that regulate specific metabolic functions in the body. They are water soluble, colloidal proteins that speed up biochemical reactions without being consumed in the process.
2) Enzymes can be classified based on their chemistry. Pure protein enzymes are called apoenzymes, while conjugated protein enzymes contain both an apoenzyme portion and a non-protein cofactor or prosthetic group to form the active holoenzyme.
3) Enzyme activity is affected by substrate concentration, temperature, pH, and enzyme concentration according to Michaelis-Menten kinetics and induced fit or lock-and-key mechanisms of enzyme-substrate binding.
Lipids have a hydrophobic nature due to hydrocarbon chains. They are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents. Major lipids include fatty acids, triacylglycerols, phospholipids, cholesterol, and steroid hormones. Fatty acids are used for energy storage and membrane components. Triacylglycerols store fatty acids as an energy source. Phospholipids are major membrane components. Cholesterol is important for membrane structure and steroid hormone synthesis. Lipids are digested into fatty acids and monoacylglycerols then absorbed into intestinal cells to form chylomicrons which transport lipids through lymph and blood.
Proteins are complex biomolecules composed of amino acids. They have four levels of structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. The primary structure is the linear sequence of amino acids. Secondary structure involves folding into shapes like alpha helices and beta sheets. Tertiary structure is the overall 3D shape of a single protein chain. Quaternary structure refers to the shape of proteins with multiple chains. Proteins are classified based on shape (globular or fibrous) and function (enzymes, hormones, etc.). They have various properties including solubility, hydrolysis, and denaturation.
Proteins are the most abundant and functionally diverse molecules in living systems, composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. They can be classified in various ways, including by molecular structure (globular vs fibrous), solubility, presence of non-protein groups, function (enzymes, hormones, etc.), and nutritional quality. The 20 primary amino acids are the building blocks of all proteins in plants and animals, and each has a specific genetic codon in mRNA.
Hemoglobin is a metalloprotein found in red blood cells that transports oxygen throughout the body. It is composed of four subunits, including two alpha and two beta chains, as well as a heme group containing iron. Hemoglobin binds oxygen in the lungs and releases it throughout the tissues to support cellular respiration. Normal hemoglobin levels are 13.8-18.0 g/dL for men and 12.1-15.1 g/dL for women.
Lipids are a diverse group of organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus. They are non-polar and hydrophobic, meaning they are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Lipids include triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes, steroids, and terpenoids. They serve important structural and energy storage functions in living organisms.
1. The document discusses the physical and chemical properties of amino acids, including their solubility, taste, melting points, ability to absorb ultraviolet light, and chirality.
2. It also describes how amino acids can act as acids or bases depending on the pH, existing as zwitterions at physiological pH with both positive and negative charges.
3. Several biologically active oligopeptides are discussed, including hormones like oxytocin, vasopressin, angiotensin, and neuropeptides like methionine enkephalins. Other peptides mentioned include glutathione, bradykinin, carnosine, antibiotics, and the artificial sweetener aspartame.
Lipids are organic compounds that are relatively insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They can be classified as simple lipids, which include fats and oils, or complex lipids, which include phospholipids, glycolipids, and lipoproteins. Fats and oils are composed of fatty acids and glycerol and serve important functions such as energy storage, structural components of cell membranes, and as precursors to hormones and vitamins. Phospholipids and glycolipids are complex lipids that contain fatty acids bonded to a phosphate or carbohydrate group respectively. Lipoproteins transport lipids through the bloodstream.
The document discusses biochemistry and its applications. It covers 3 main points:
1. Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes in living organisms, including the structure and reactions of biomolecules. It is important for understanding biology at the chemical level.
2. Biochemistry has many societal applications, including in clinical diagnosis, treatment of diseases, nutrition, agriculture, and more. It is crucial for advances in medicine.
3. Thermodynamics provides a framework for understanding how energy flows and is transformed in biological systems and cells. The laws of thermodynamics govern energy changes that allow living things to grow and function.
The document discusses lipids and fatty acids. It defines lipids as a heterogeneous group of compounds related more by physical than chemical properties, that are relatively insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents. Fatty acids are aliphatic carboxylic acids that occur mainly as esters in natural fats and oils. They can be classified as saturated or unsaturated based on whether they contain double bonds. Common saturated fatty acids include palmitic acid and stearic acid, while monounsaturated fatty acids include oleic acid. Polyunsaturated fatty acids contain two or more double bonds and important examples are linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid.
This document provides information on hemoglobin, including its structure, function, and role in oxygen transport. Key points include:
- Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues back to the lungs.
- It consists of a protein component called globin and a non-protein component called heme, which contains iron.
- Hemoglobin has a tetrameric structure composed of two alpha and two beta subunits, each containing a heme group that reversibly binds oxygen.
- The binding of oxygen to one subunit influences the binding of oxygen to other subunits, allowing hemoglobin to load and unload oxygen cooperatively in response to changes in oxygen
Lipids are organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include fats, oils, waxes, sterols and phospholipids. Lipids play important roles in energy storage, structure of biological membranes, and as precursors to important signaling molecules. The document defines different types of lipids like simple lipids, compound lipids, and derived lipids. It provides details on important lipids like cholesterol, fatty acids, phospholipids and eicosanoids. Cholesterol is a precursor for steroid hormones and vitamin D. Fatty acids are classified as saturated, unsaturated, cis and trans. Phospholipids are major components of biological membranes.
This document discusses phospholipids and their subclasses. Phospholipids contain fatty acids, phosphoric acid, and nitrogenous bases or alcohols. The two main classes are glycerophospholipids, containing glycerol, and sphingophospholipids, containing sphingosine. Lecithin and cephalin are important glycerophospholipids. Phospholipids form cell membranes and regulate permeability. They also participate in fat absorption and transport and removal of cholesterol from the body. The document also briefly discusses glycolipids, lipoproteins, steroids like cholesterol, and their structure and functions.
This document provides an overview of lipids, including their classification. It discusses simple lipids like triglycerides and waxes, as well as complex lipids including phospholipids, glycolipids, and derived lipids like steroids. Phospholipids are important structural components of cell membranes and are involved in many cellular processes. Glycolipids contain carbohydrates and function in cell interactions and as receptors. Cholesterol is a prevalent steroid that is a component of cell membranes and precursor to other important steroids. In summary, the document classifies and describes the structures and functions of the major classes of lipids in biological systems.
This document summarizes lipids and phospholipids. It defines lipids as biological compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. It describes how phospholipids are the major components of biological membranes, consisting of a glycerol backbone, fatty acids, a phosphate group, and an alcohol group. The document also summarizes the classification of lipids into glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and glycolipids. It provides details on the synthesis, structure, and metabolism of phospholipids.
Lipids, classification, digestion and absorptionHu--da
Introduction of lipids
Sources of lipids
Classification of lipids
Trans fat
Alteration of dietary fats during food processing
Digestion, absorption of lipids
Absorption of cholesterol
Lipid transport
Lipid metabolism
Biosynthesis of fatty acids
Essential fatty acids
Oxidation of fatty acids
Impact of diet on fatty acids synthesis
Cholesterol synthesis and excretion
This document provides an overview of various lipid types, including waxes, triglycerides, phospholipids, and glycolipids. It describes the structure and functions of these lipids. Waxes are esters of fatty acids with long chain alcohols that serve protective functions. Triglycerides are the main form of fat storage and consist of a glycerol backbone with three fatty acids. Phospholipids like phosphatidylcholine are structural components of cell membranes, while glycolipids contain a carbohydrate head group attached to a ceramide backbone.
This document defines lipids and classifies them. It discusses their functions like energy storage, structural roles, and as precursors to hormones. Lipids are classified as simple, compound, or derived. Key lipids discussed include triglycerides, fatty acids, phospholipids, and prostaglandins. The document also covers lipid digestion and absorption.
1. The document discusses the classification, structure and functions of various lipids. It covers different types of fatty acids, phospholipids, prostaglandins and other lipids.
2. Key lipids discussed include triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, fatty acids like saturated, unsaturated and essential fatty acids, as well as derivatives like prostaglandins and leukotrienes.
3. Lipids serve important functions like energy storage, cell membrane structure, hormone precursors, and producing local effects as prostaglandins and leukotrienes. Abnormal lipid metabolism can lead to diseases.
This document provides an overview of lipids and their classification. It begins by defining lipids and listing their main functions in the body, which include energy storage, structural components of cell membranes, and as insulating and protective layers. It then classifies lipids such as fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and sphingolipids. Specific lipid types like PUFAs and their health benefits are discussed. The roles of phospholipids and prostaglandins are also summarized.
This document provides information about lipids. It defines lipids as compounds related more by physical properties than chemical properties that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sometimes phosphorus, nitrogen, or sulfur. The document discusses the classification of lipids into simple, complex, and derived lipids. It provides details on the structure and function of important lipids like fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, glycolipids, sterols, cholesterol, and eicosanoids. The document also outlines the biomedical importance of lipids in areas like energy storage, cell membrane structure, hormone production, and more.
This document discusses lipids and fatty acids. It defines lipids as organic substances that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Lipids are classified into simple lipids, compound lipids, derived lipids, and miscellaneous lipids. Fatty acids are defined as carboxylic acids with a hydrocarbon side chain. Fatty acids are classified based on number of carbon atoms, length of side chain, and nature of side chain. Phospholipids are an important class of complex lipids that contain fatty acids, glycerol, phosphate, and nitrogenous bases. They play key roles in cell membranes and pulmonary surfactant.
This document discusses lipids in fish nutrition. It defines lipids and their subclasses, and notes that they are the principal form of energy storage in animals. The document categorizes lipids and describes their composition, functions, and essential fatty acid requirements in fish. It also discusses negative aspects like the lability of polyunsaturated fatty acids to oxidation. In conclusion, lipids are an important source of energy and building blocks, but high levels can suppress growth and negatively impact product quality.
This document summarizes the metabolism and classification of dietary lipids. It defines lipids as compounds insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Lipids serve important functions like energy storage, structural components of cell membranes, and carriers of fat-soluble vitamins. The document classifies lipids into simple, compound, and derived lipids. It describes the structure and functions of fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and prostaglandins. The digestion and absorption of lipids in the gastrointestinal tract is summarized, involving emulsification by bile salts and hydrolysis by lingual, gastric, and pancreatic lipases.
Compound lipids include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins, monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, phospholipids and others. They serve important biological functions like energy storage, cell signaling, and as structural components of cell membranes. Phospholipids are a major component of cell membranes and can form lipid bilayers. They contain a phosphate group and molecules like choline or sphingosine. Phospholipids are used commercially in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products.
This document discusses lipids, including their structure, classification, functions and metabolism. It begins by outlining the learning objectives which are to understand the structure and composition of lipids, the pathways of fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis, and lipid synthesis, transport and metabolism. It then defines lipids and classifies them as simple (fats, waxes) or complex (phospholipids, glycolipids). Key aspects of fatty acid chemistry and essential fatty acids are explained. The roles of the major lipids like triacylglycerols and phospholipids are described. Finally, it outlines the digestion and absorption of lipids in the stomach, small intestine and role of enzymes.
LIPID CHEMISTRY Question Bank vnd.ms-powerpoint&rendition=1-4.pptLogesh Kannan
The document contains 15 questions related to lipid chemistry. It discusses essential fatty acids like linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid. It also discusses arachidonic acid and how it is a precursor for prostaglandins. The document discusses products of arachidonic acid metabolism, importance of prostaglandins, iodine number, saponification number, amphipathic lipids, phospholipid components and functions, pulmonary surfactant structure and importance, and biological actions of prostaglandins.
- Phospholipids are amphipathic lipids that contain fatty acids, glycerol, and a phosphate group. They form bilayer structures in cell membranes.
- Examples include phosphatidylcholine (lecithin), sphingomyelin, phosphatidylethanolamine. They play important structural and functional roles in membranes.
- Phospholipids can form micelles and liposomes in aqueous solutions due to their amphipathic nature. Liposomes are used as carriers for drug delivery.
- Lung surfactants contain lecithin and help reduce surface tension in the lungs. Deficiencies can cause respiratory distress in infants.
Lipids may be regarded as organic substances which is insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents (alcohol , ether etc.), Triacylglycerols (formerly triglycerides) are the esters of glycerol with fatty acids.
The structure of lipids and it's componentsmaloloyonjay15
Lipids are a heterogeneous group of compounds that include fats, oils, sterols, waxes, and related compounds. They share physical properties of being relatively insoluble in water and soluble in nonpolar solvents. There are four main groups of lipids: fatty acids, glycerides, nonglyceride lipids (such as sphingolipids and steroids), and complex lipids. Lipids serve important biological roles as an energy source, for energy storage, as structural components of cell membranes, and as hormones. They are also involved in vitamin transport and absorption, protection, insulation, and other processes.
1. Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, sterols and phospholipids and serve important functions like energy storage, structure of cell membranes, and hormone production.
2. Triglycerides are the main form of lipid storage and consist of a glycerol molecule bonded to three fatty acids.
3. Digestion of lipids requires bile salts to emulsify fat droplets and increases the action of pancreatic lipase which breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and monoacylglycerols in the small intestine.
DNA replication occurs during S phase of the cell cycle and involves semi-conservative replication where each daughter DNA molecule contains one original strand and one newly synthesized strand. It requires several enzymes including DNA helicase, primase, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase, and DNA topoisomerases. DNA helicase unwinds the double helix and primase forms an RNA primer. DNA polymerase then synthesizes DNA in the 5' to 3' direction along the template strand. DNA ligase joins the fragments and topoisomerases resolve supercoiling issues introduced during replication.
This document discusses nucleotide chemistry and nucleic acid chemistry. It covers the structures of nucleotides, nucleosides, and nucleic acids including DNA and RNA. Some key points include:
- Nucleotides are composed of a pentose sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides.
- DNA exists as a double helix with complementary base pairing between strands. It can undergo denaturation and renaturation.
- RNA includes tRNA, mRNA, rRNA and other non-coding RNA. tRNA forms a cloverleaf structure and carries amino acids. mRNA encodes proteins.
- Prokaryotes like bacteria have circular chromosomes without nuclei, while eukaryotes package
The document discusses enzymes and factors that affect their activity. It defines enzymes as biocatalysts that are mainly proteins and regulate the rate of biochemical reactions. Enzymes have several common features - they are produced by living cells, act outside cells, are needed in small amounts, accelerate reactions without affecting equilibrium, and are not chemically changed by reactions. The document also discusses enzyme specificity, inhibition, and factors that affect the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions such as substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, cofactor concentration, temperature, and pH.
introduction and carbohydrate chemistry.pdfAyman Hany
1. The document discusses various types of bonds including covalent bonds, polar covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and Van der Waals forces.
2. It also describes the structure of water, including that it is composed of one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms in a bent geometry, with the oxygen more electronegative leading to polar covalent bonds and partial charges.
3. Additionally, the document covers carbohydrate classification and types including monosaccharides, disaccharides like maltose and sucrose, and polysaccharides such as starch, glycogen, and cellulose.
1. The document discusses various types of bonds including covalent bonds, polar covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and Van der Waals forces.
2. It also describes the structure of water and how water molecules are able to form hydrogen bonds with one another due to the polar nature of the water molecule.
3. Additionally, it covers carbohydrate classification and types including monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Common examples are discussed for each type.
Amino acids of biological importance 2021Ayman Hany
This document discusses amino acids and proteins of biological importance. It defines amino acids as organic acids that contain one or more amino groups. Proteins are formed from chains of 50 or more amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The document classifies amino acids and discusses the structures of proteins including primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure. It also addresses the denaturation and conformational classification of proteins.
1) Solutions can be classified as neutral, acidic, or alkaline based on their pH, with neutral solutions having a pH of 7 and acidic and alkaline solutions having pH values below or above 7 respectively.
2) The most important physiological buffer system is the carbonic/bicarbonate system, which helps maintain blood and tissue pH around 7.4. It involves the equilibrium between carbonic acid, carbon dioxide, and bicarbonate.
3) Acidosis is a condition where the ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate is increased above 1:20, and can be caused by respiratory or metabolic factors. Alkalosis is where the ratio is decreased below 1:20, and also
Hormones act as chemical messengers that bind to receptors and elicit responses in target cells. There are three main types of chemical messengers based on their method of travel: endocrine (travel via bloodstream), paracrine (travel between nearby cells), and autocrine (act on the producing cell). Hormone receptors contain sites for ligand binding and signal transmission. When a hormone binds its receptor, it triggers intracellular responses such as changes in gene expression that produce physiological effects. Termination of signaling is important to regulate responses and prevent improper cell growth.
Glycogen is a highly branched polymer of glucose that is stored in the liver and muscles. Glycogen metabolism involves both glycogenesis, the synthesis of glycogen from glucose, and glycogenolysis, the breakdown of glycogen into glucose. Glycogenesis is regulated by enzymes like glycogen synthase and branching enzyme and occurs primarily in response to insulin. Glycogenolysis provides glucose during periods without food intake and is regulated by hormones like glucagon. Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors in the liver, and allows glucose levels to be maintained during fasting or low carbohydrate intake.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
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For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
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Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
4. Definition:
Lipids are organic compounds, which have the
following common properties:
1. They are esters of fatty acids or substances
associated with them in nature.
2. Most of them are insoluble in water but soluble in fat
solvents (nonpolar solvents) e.g. benzene,
chloroform, acetone and ether.
5. Biomedical Importance:
1. Their high energy value (9 kcal /gm).
2. The fat-soluble vitamins and the essential fatty
acids contained in the fat of natural foods.
3. Lipids are found primarily in three compartments in
the body:
a) plasma
b) adipose tissue
c) biological membranes.
8. Cholesterol
Sources: Exogenous (Dietary): The richest sources are eggyolk, red
meat, liver, kidney, butter and brain.
Endogenous: Every cell can synthesize its own cholesterol (from acetyl
Co A). Plasma cholesterol is synthesized by the liver and intestine.
Forms: It is present either free (nonesterified) or esterified with fatty acid
to form cholesteryl-ester. Free cholesterol contains 27 carbon atoms.
Distribution of cholesterol: It is widely distributed in all tissues but
higher concentrations are present in the nervous tissue, liver, adrenals,
gonads, skin and adipose tissue.
9. Plasma level of cholesterol:
Normally it ranges from 120 to
200 mg/dL (30% as free cholesterol and 70% as cholesteryl-esters).
10. Importance and derivatives of
cholesterol:
1- It is converted into bile acids and bile salts in the liver.
2- It is the precursor of all steroid hormones.
3- It can be oxidized in the liver into 7-dehydrocholesterol which can be
converted into vitamin D3 under the skin by ultraviolet rays.
4- It is an important constituent of cell membranes. Cholesterol moderates
fluidity of cell membranes:
At warm temperatures, cholesterol makes the membrane less fluid by limiting
the movement of the fatty acid tails of phospholipids (it cannot move to the same
extent as FA).
At low temperature cholesterol decreases the close packing of phospholipids,
increasing fluidity and decreasing gel formation.
12. Carotenoids:
1. They are fat soluble pigments yellow to red in color.
2. They are widely distributed in plants and responsible for many colors of fruits
and vegetables e.g. orange, apricot, apple, tomato and carrots. They are also
found in human and animal fats, milk, butter and egg yolk.
3. They are precursors of vitamin A that have an important role in vision and
normal development.
4. They are powerful antioxidants that can help in the prevention of certain human
diseases, such as atherosclerosis or cancer.
5. They enhance immune response against infections.
13. Simple lipids
Neutral fats
(glycerol)
Waxes
(higher molecular weight
monohydric alcohols e.g
mericyl alcohol (C30))
Compound
lipids
Phospholipids
(phosphate in
addition to fatty acids
and alcohol)
Glycero-
phospholipids
Sphingomyelin
Glycolipids
(fatty acid,
sphingosine, and
carbohydrate)
14. Simple Lipids
1. Neutral fats or triacylglycerol (TAG)
2. Waxes
a- True wax (bee’s wax): It is ester of palmitic acid (C16) with mericyl alcohol (C30).
b- Cholesteryl esters.
c- Vitamin A (retinol) esters.
d- Vitamin D (calciferol) esters.
15. Triacylglycerol (Triglyceride):
They contain glycerol alcohol,
which is colorless, odorless and
has a sweet taste. It is liquid
and soluble in water.
The fatty acids present in TAG
are usually of different types
(mixed TAG).
17. Neutral fats are classified into two sub-
groups:
a) Oils: They are liquid at room temperature
due to their high content of USFA.
b) Solid fats: They are solid at room
temperature due to their high content of long
chains SFA.
18. Compound lipids
Phospholipids
(phosphate in addition to
fatty acids and alcohol)
Glycerophospholipids
Sphingomyelin
Glycolipids
(fatty acid, sphingosine,
and carbohydrate)
Cerebrosides
Sulpholipids
Gangliosides:
22. Cardiolipins (Diphosphatidylglycerol):
4 Fas
3 glycerol
2 phosphates.
Plasmalogens:
composed of : fatty alcohol in ether linkage at the
position-1, a fatty acid at the position-2 and an R group at
the position-3. The R-group is in the form of ethanolamine
or choline.
importance: Alzheimer Disease.
23. Hydrolysis of glycerophospholipids
-Phospholipase D is not present in
humans, but present only in plants.
Snake venom toxins contain
lecithinase enzyme with PLA2 activity,
when injected into blood, it converts
phospholipids present in cell membranes
of RBCs into lysophospholipids.
Therefore, snake venom toxins produce
hemolysis of RBCs, which causes death
if not treated by antitoxins.
24. B- Sphingomyelin:
This type is present in cell
membranes specially of the
lungs and brain mainly in the
myelin sheath. It contains
sphingosine (sphingol) which
is an 18 carbon amino alcohol.
Fatty acids are linked to
sphingosine by an amide bond
to form ceramide, which is
connected to phoshocholine
to form sphingomyelin.
25. Importance and Functions of
Phospholipids:
1. Phospholipids are amphipathic
molecules that contain non-polar groups
of fatty acid side chains and polar groups
of glycerol, phosphate, serine,
ethanolamine, choline and inositol. They
form micelles in water.
2. They are good emulsifying factors, important for
digestion and absorption of dietary fats.
3. They are good hydrotropic substances; they
prevent deposition of cholesterol as cholesterol
stones (biliary calculi).
4. They are important constituents of plasma
lipoproteins.
26. Importance and Functions of
Phospholipids:
5. They provide arachidonic acid for synthesis of
eicosanoids.
6. They are essential for blood clotting, as they
provide the platelet activating factor (PAF), which
is a plasmalogen that contains choline, palmityl
alcohol at position 1 and acetic acid at position 2.
27. Importance and Functions of
Phospholipids:
7.Lung surfactant is formed mainly of dipalmitoyl-lecithin, the lack of which is responsible for
respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants.
-Lecithin/Sphingomyelin ratio (L/S ratio) is a marker of fetal lung maturity. The pulmonary
secretions from the fetal lungs into amniotic fluid maintains the level of lecithin and sphingomyelin
equally until 32-33 weeks gestation, afterward the lecithin concentration begins to increase
significantly while sphingomyelin remains nearly the same.
-L/S ratio of 2 or more indicates fetal lung maturity and L/S ratio of less than 1.5 is associated
with a high risk of infant respiratory distress syndrome.
-If preterm delivery is necessary and L/S ratio is low the mother may need to receive steroids to
increase the fetus surfactant production in the lungs.
29. 2ry Messengers
DAG &IP3
1. activation of G proteins
2. activation of phospholipase C.
3. PIP2
phospholipase C
DAG+IP3
4. IP3 Calcium
5. DAG and Caicium activates protein
kinase C (PKC)
6. phosphorylation of certain proteins.
• Examples
1. chemical transmitters acetylcholine,
histamine and serotonin),
2. hormones vasopressin and α-1 receptors
3. growth factors
cAMP
1. activation of G proteins
2. activation of adenylyl cyclase cAMP
3. activates the protein kinase A
4. phosphorylation of proteins
5. It can be reversed by
a) Phosphatase (dephosphorelation)
b) Phophodiesterase( cAMP )
6. Examples insulin&glucagon
30. Importance and Functions of
Phospholipids:
9.They are important constituents of lipid bilayer in cell membranes: membrane
lipids are amphipathic; having both hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region.
Because of their structure, when phospholipids are added to water, they form
phospholipid bilayer, so that the phosphate and other polar groups form heads and
make contact with water (outer layer) and the hydrophobic hydrocarbon tails are
restricted to water–free areas (inner layer).
Increased unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) content (at C2 of phospholipids) will
increase membrane fluidity because, the kinks of the cis-double bonds prevent the
packing of phospholipids closely together, keeping them away from each other, and
allow greater mobility. Straight hydrocarbon tails of saturated fatty acids interact
strongly with each other decreasing membrane fluidity.
35. Fatty acids
Trans Fatty acids:
Trans fatty acids are formed mainly during the hydrogenation of liquid vegetable oils (during the manufacture of margarine).
Sources:
Very small amounts of trans-unsaturated fatty acids are found in butter but the main source in the human diet is from partially
hydrogenated vegetable oils (eg, margarine).
They are present in many commercial baked foods as cakes and cookies, frozen pizza and most fried foods.
Biomedical importance:
Trans fatty acids compete with essential fatty acids and may exacerbate essential fatty acid deficiency. Moreover, they are
structurally similar to saturated fatty acids and have comparable effects in the promotion of hypercholesterolemia and
atherosclerosis.
36. Fatty Acids
Cis Fatty acids:
They are classified according to the number of double
bonds in their chains into two main groups:
1- Monoenoic acids: contain one double bond.
2- Polyenoic acids: they have more than one double bond
in their structure, termed polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA).
They include two important families which are ω3 & ω6
PUFA.
38. Fatty Acids
Importance of PUFA
1- They are important for synthesis of phospholipids.
2- Formation of eicosanoids such as prostaglandins,
prostacyclins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes and
lipoxins.
39. Monoenoic acids Polyenoic acids
ω6PUFAs ω3 PUFAs
Sources are present in all animal and
vegetable oils.
Olive oil is a particular rich
source.
are present in nuts, olives,
various oils as sunflower,
cottonseed and corn oil.
are present in plant oils as flaxseed
and canola and in fish oil.
Linoleic acid (18:2) is the
precursor of ω6 family
α-Linolenic acid (18:3) is the
precursor of ω3 family
Biomedical
importance
Intake has beneficial health
effects as:
-Decreased plasma
cholesterol
Intake of ω6 PUFAs may lead
to:
-decreased plasma
cholesterol
Intake of ω3 PUFAs may reduce the
incidence of cardiovascular disease
as they:
-lower the blood pressure,
-lower plasma triacylglycerol levels
-decrease the tendency to
thrombosis
40. Fatty acids
Nutritional Classification of Fatty Acids:
a)- Essential Fatty Acids: They are not synthesized in our body, so it is
essential to take them in diet. They include α linolenic and linoleic acids.
Arachidonic acid is synthesized in our bodies from linoleic but in its absence,
arachidonic acid might be considered as an essential fatty acid.
Deficiency of essential fatty acids produces: Dermatitis in infants, fatty liver,
growth retardation as well as defective sperms, brain and retina.
b)- Non Essential Fatty Acids: They include all other fatty acids because they
are formed in our body in good amounts mainly from carbohydrates. It is not
essential to take them in diet.
41. Eicosanoids
They are characterized by the following
common properties:
1. They are synthesized from PUFA with 20 carbon atoms mainly
arachidonic acid.
2. They have 20 carbon atoms.
3. They are produced by most mammalian tissues.
4. They have physiological and pharmacological actions.
5. They are hormone- like molecules. They are autocrine and paracrine
regulators.
6. The subscript number in an eicosanoid name indicates the number of
double bonds in the molecule e.g. PGE1, PGE2 and PGE3 contain one,
two and three double bonds respectively.