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This document discusses various types of language variation including dialects, idiolects, and styles of language. It provides examples of regional dialects, social dialects, ethnic dialects, and how an individual's idiolect is unique. Dialects are influenced by both regional and social factors. The document also discusses standard versus nonstandard language varieties and gives examples of code-switching and borrowing between languages.
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This document discusses sociolinguistic concepts related to language variation, including:
- Varieties include languages, dialects, accents, registers, and styles of a language. Variation occurs at the lexical level through slang and levels of formality.
- Dialects are regional or social varieties of a language characterized by their own phonological, syntactic, and lexical properties. They can also be associated with ethnic groups or socioeconomic classes.
- Registers or styles are varieties of language used in particular social settings defined by levels of formality or social events like baby talk.
- An idiolect is the unique language use of an individual person influenced by various dialects, registers, and languages
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The document discusses language contact, which occurs when languages interact through written communication or direct social interaction between speakers. It provides examples of language contact through Latin and English, and Turkish and German. Language contact can result in borrowing of words, phrases, sounds, and grammatical structures from one language to another. The extent of borrowing depends on factors like the intensity of contact, prestige of languages, and relationship between speaker groups. Pidgins and creoles may emerge in situations requiring a common language for communication, like trade or plantation settings.
Regional and social dalects
Regional dialects are variations of a language that differ based on geographic region. They can vary in pronunciation, word choices, and grammatical rules. Examples include different pronunciations of words like "luxury" between American and British English. Regional dialects also vary lexically, with different words used to refer to the same objects in different places. Additionally, regional dialects exhibit syntactic differences, such as the use of double modals or objects in some areas. Social dialects arise from social factors and can be based on socioeconomic status, ethnicity, gender, and other social attributes.
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This document provides definitions and information about pidgins and creoles. It discusses how pidgins are contact languages with no native speakers, while creoles develop from pidgins and become the first language of a new generation. It describes the typical characteristics of pidgin and creole languages, including reduced phonology, morphology, and syntax compared to related standard languages. The document also discusses theories about the origins and development of pidgin and creole languages.
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Language,dialect and variation, sociolinguistic
This document discusses sociolinguistic concepts related to language variation, including:
- Varieties include languages, dialects, accents, registers, and styles of a language. Variation occurs at the lexical level through slang and levels of formality.
- Dialects are regional or social varieties of a language characterized by their own phonological, syntactic, and lexical properties. They can also be associated with ethnic groups or socioeconomic classes.
- Registers or styles are varieties of language used in particular social settings defined by levels of formality or social events like baby talk.
- An idiolect is the unique language use of an individual person influenced by various dialects, registers, and languages
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The document discusses language contact, which occurs when languages interact through written communication or direct social interaction between speakers. It provides examples of language contact through Latin and English, and Turkish and German. Language contact can result in borrowing of words, phrases, sounds, and grammatical structures from one language to another. The extent of borrowing depends on factors like the intensity of contact, prestige of languages, and relationship between speaker groups. Pidgins and creoles may emerge in situations requiring a common language for communication, like trade or plantation settings.
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Regional dialects are variations of a language that differ based on geographic region. They can vary in pronunciation, word choices, and grammatical rules. Examples include different pronunciations of words like "luxury" between American and British English. Regional dialects also vary lexically, with different words used to refer to the same objects in different places. Additionally, regional dialects exhibit syntactic differences, such as the use of double modals or objects in some areas. Social dialects arise from social factors and can be based on socioeconomic status, ethnicity, gender, and other social attributes.
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This document discusses language variation and dialects. It begins by explaining that language varies geographically from place to place, socially between groups, and contextually in different situations. It then defines the standard language or standard variety as the most accepted and prestigious form of a language, as defined by dictionaries and used in important domains like government and education.
The document provides examples of linguistic variation between dialects, such as different words used or pronunciations. It explains that a dialect is a regional or social variety of a language that differs in minor aspects like vocabulary and grammar. It also discusses dialect continua and isoglosses, which are lines that show where linguistic features change between dialects.Language variation
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Here are the key points about pidgins and creoles:
- Pidgins develop as a means of communication between groups that don't share a common language. They are simplified linguistic systems.
- Creoles develop when pidgins are passed down to children and become their native language. Creoles are more fully developed systems compared to pidgins.
- Pidgins borrow features from the languages in contact, like vocabulary and word order. They simplify phonology and morphology.
- Creolization occurs when a pidgin becomes the native language of a community and takes on richer linguistic properties through natural language acquisition by children.
Gender and conversation analysis
The document discusses gender and conversation analysis. It explains that conversation analysis has contributed to discussions about language and gender by viewing language as constructing social reality rather than just reflecting it. Conversation analysis reveals how gender is constructed through social interaction and can account for gender as a relevant feature. The analysis of conversations can help uncover aspects of gendered interaction. Membership categorization analysis examines how people use social categories to classify individuals and make inferences about their typical activities.
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Dialect refers to variations in a language used by different speakers. A dialect has distinguishing characteristics in vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation compared to other variations of the same language. For example, dialects of English include Aboriginal English spoken by Indigenous Australians, Standard English spoken as a first language in countries like Australia, and Australian English which is a regional dialect spoken in Australia.
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This document discusses genre analysis and different types of genres. It defines genre as a way to group texts that share common communicative purposes. There are three main approaches to genre analysis in applied linguistics: English for Specific Purposes, New Rhetoric, and functional-systematic. The document also discusses public genres that are openly accessible versus occluded genres that are more closed. It provides examples of academic and professional genres and describes characteristics of professional genres like genre integrity and being products of established disciplinary procedures. The conclusion states that genre analysis enhances understanding of language use within important discourse communities.
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This document provides an overview of linguistic variation and key concepts related to dialects and registers. It discusses the differences between language and dialect, and notes that all speakers use some dialect. Dialects can be divided into regional dialects, which vary based on geography, and social dialects, which are influenced by factors like occupation, age, education, and gender. The document also examines concepts like standard vs. non-standard dialects, speech communities, linguistic styles and registers, which refer to context-specific variations in language use. Key terms discussed include idiolect, isogloss, diglossia, and the prestige often afforded to standard dialects over non-standard varieties.
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This document discusses the linguistic concepts of dialect, register, and style. It defines register as varieties of language defined by their social use, such as the registers of scientific or religious language. Dialect refers to varieties according to the user. The document explores the relationships and overlaps between these concepts. It examines factors that influence register, such as formality, topic, and social roles. Models of analyzing registers along dimensions like field, mode, and tenor are discussed. The principles of stylistic variation and how style relates to formality are also summarized.
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This presentation is about language and context prepared from "Sociolinguistics: An introduction to language and society" by Peter Trudgil.
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This document provides an overview of key concepts in sociolinguistics. It discusses how sociolinguistics studies language variation and change in relation to social factors. Some key points covered include:
- Sociolinguistics examines how social factors like region, age, and gender correlate with linguistic differences.
- Languages have standardized and non-standard varieties, and sociolinguists look at issues of prestige and stigmatization.
- Researchers describe language variation through concepts like idiolects, sociolects, and linguistic variables.
- Phonological, grammatical, and lexical variation are all studied using descriptive tools from the different levels of language.
Speech communities
The document discusses sociolinguistic concepts such as speech communities, dialects, and linguistic repertoires. It notes that language is both an individual and social possession, and that communities are defined by their relationships with other communities. Speech communities refer to groups that share linguistic forms and can differentiate themselves from other speakers based on social, cultural, or ethnic attributes. Individual language use depends on one's place of origin or speech community.
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The document discusses the relationship between language and culture in three main points:
1) Language is closely tied to the culture of its speech community, as a community's culture consists of what members have to know to operate acceptably.
2) While communities can share similar cultures but different languages, the close relationship between language and culture has long been studied. A language reflects the values of its speakers' culture.
3) Approaching foreign language teaching with an understanding of the target culture can help address issues of misunderstanding that may arise from cultural differences in word meanings.
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This document discusses language variation and dialects. It begins by explaining that language varies geographically from place to place, socially between groups, and contextually in different situations. It then defines the standard language or standard variety as the most accepted and prestigious form of a language, as defined by dictionaries and used in important domains like government and education.
The document provides examples of linguistic variation between dialects, such as different words used or pronunciations. It explains that a dialect is a regional or social variety of a language that differs in minor aspects like vocabulary and grammar. It also discusses dialect continua and isoglosses, which are lines that show where linguistic features change between dialects.Language variation
language variation
1.The identity and variability of language.
2.User-related variation: dialect, sociolect, pidgin, creole, child language, gender differences.
3.User-related variation: spoken and written varieties, styles, registers.
4.Idiolect, code switching, diglossia
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This document discusses the linguistic concepts of register and style. It defines register as the way language varies based on three factors: field (the topic), tenor (the relationship between speakers), and mode (the communication channel). Style refers to variations based on social factors like formality. There are different linguistic styles like formal, informal, and colloquial. The document also discusses the sociolinguistic concept of audience design, where speakers adapt their language based on the perceived characteristics of their audience. It provides an example of a travel agent varying her use of glottalization based on the social class of the client. In summary, this document analyzes the concepts of register and style in linguistics and how speakers adapt
Notional functional syllabus design
Notional functional syllabus aims to teach language based on conceptual and communicative purposes rather than grammatical structures. It focuses on developing learners' communicative competence through selecting linguistic content based on notions like time, direction, size and functions like requesting, suggesting, agreeing. While it has advantages like developing real-world language skills, critics argue that dividing language into discrete notions and functions misinterprets its nature as dynamic communication.
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The document discusses the scope and subject of theoretical grammar. It defines theoretical grammar as the analysis of a language's structures based on linguistic principles and approaches, as opposed to practical grammar which provides rules for usage. It outlines some key linguistic concepts including the difference between language and speech, and the system of relations within a language including paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations. It also describes the main levels of linguistic structure from phonology to text.
Language functions
This document discusses proper communication and language functions for interaction. It provides examples of common language functions like greetings, apologies, persuasion, complaints, gratitude, introductions, requests, forgiveness, giving opinions, reassurance, directions, congratulations, well-wishing, instructions, asking and answering questions, advice, requests for explanations, guessing, and recommendations. It also provides mini-dialogues as examples and asks the reader to identify the location, speakers and language function in each case.
Chapter 18 language and regional variation
This document discusses language variation and regional dialects. It begins by defining standard languages and noting examples like Standard American English. It describes how accents and dialects are used to analyze differences in grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation between regions. Key concepts discussed include dialectology, using linguistic features to define dialect boundaries and continua. The document also covers related topics like bilingualism, diglossia, language planning, and the development of pidgins and creoles.
Language functions and notions
This document discusses language functions and notions. It identifies several key characteristics of human language including that language can be used to talk about language itself (metalinguistic). It also outlines M.A.K. Halliday's model of language which describes three metafunctions: ideational, interpersonal, and contextual. Several common language functions are defined such as informative, interrogative, interpersonal, and recreational. Finally, it lists and describes several common language notions including existential, spatial, temporal, and relational notions.
Language variation
This document discusses language variations and varieties of language. It defines language variation as differences in pronunciation, word choice, or grammar patterns among speakers. Variations can occur at geographical, social, stylistic, or functional levels. There are also three main levels of variation: pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary. The document then defines and provides examples of several varieties of language, including standard languages, national/official languages, dialects, registers, pidgins, creoles, classical languages, lingua francas, and diglossia.
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Caribbean English refers to the dialects of English spoken in the Caribbean region and parts of Central America. These dialects developed from 17th century English and African languages and show influence from Creole varieties. They vary significantly between countries but share some common features like different pronoun forms and dropping or stopping of initial 'h' sounds in words. Accents range from non-rhotic to rhotic and can be influenced by Irish, Welsh or Spanish as well as indigenous languages.
Caribbean
Caribbean English refers to the dialects of English spoken in the Caribbean region and parts of Central America. These dialects developed from 17th century English and African languages and show influence from Creole varieties. They vary significantly between countries but share some common features like different pronoun forms and dropping or stopping of initial 'h' sounds in words. Accents range from non-rhotic to rhotic and can be influenced by Irish, Welsh or Spanish as well as indigenous languages.
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African American Vernacular English is a systematic dialect of English that originated from the Southern United States and spread north with the Great Migration of African Americans in the early 20th century. It developed from English spoken by slaves and includes unique grammatical patterns and vocabulary compared to Standard English. Examples of features include using "be" without subject-verb agreement, double negatives like "I ain't got no money", and use of "ain't" as a general negative indicator.
African american vernacular english
African American Vernacular English is a systematic dialect of English that originated from the Southern United States and spread north with the Great Migration of African Americans in the early 20th century. It developed from English spoken by slaves and includes unique grammatical patterns and vocabulary compared to Standard English. Examples of features include using "be" without subject-verb agreement, double negatives like "I ain't got no money", and use of "ain't" as a general negative indicator. It is an established language variety, not a defect, that is rule-governed like all languages.
African american vernacular english
African American Vernacular English is a systematic dialect of English that originated from the Southern United States and spread north with the Great Migration of African Americans in the early 20th century. It developed from English spoken by slaves and includes unique grammatical patterns and vocabulary compared to Standard English. Examples of features include using "be" without subject-verb agreement, double negatives like "ain't got no money", and zero copula as in "she the first one started us off".
African american vernacular english
African American Vernacular English is a systematic dialect of English that originated from the Southern United States and spread north with the Great Migration of African Americans in the early 20th century. It developed from English spoken by slaves and includes unique grammatical patterns and vocabulary compared to Standard English. Examples of features include using "be" without subject-verb agreement, double negatives like "ain't got no money", and zero copula as in "she the first one started us off".
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Caribbean English refers to the dialects of English spoken in the Caribbean region and parts of Central America. These dialects developed from 17th century English and African languages and show influence from Creole varieties. They vary significantly between countries but share some common features like different pronoun forms and dropping or stopping of initial 'h' sounds in words. Accents range from non-rhotic to rhotic and can be influenced by Irish, Welsh or Spanish as well as indigenous languages.
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Chicano English is a dialect of American English influenced by Spanish. It is used by Mexican Americans and has some phonological, morphological, and syntactic features that differ from other English varieties, such as devoicing of consonants, stress on prefixes, use of Spanish vocabulary, omission of verbs like "to be", and multiple negation. It developed as children acquired English in ethnic social settings while their first language was being acquired.
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Texas is the second largest state in the U.S. with an area of almost 270,000 square miles and a population of 24.7 million residents. The passage describes several linguistic features of Southern American English dialects, including vowel changes, dropping or changing consonants, use of past participles instead of past simple verbs, double modals, and distinctive greetings and words. It provides an example script of an interview with a woman from Amarillo, Texas who discusses her family and background.
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The Scouse accent originated from Liverpool's position as a major port city with influences from Irish and Welsh immigrants. Key features include pronouncing "h" as "haych", using "youse" for the second person plural, and pronouncing "k" and "t" sounds differently than in Received Pronunciation. The Scouse accent also merged the "NURSE" and "SQUARE" vowel sounds.
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Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Lingüística
- 1. Language Variation Camila Navarro Universidad de Santiago de Chile Facultad de Humanidades Departamento de Lingüística y Literatura Paradigmas Lingüísticos
- 2. Language Styles and Dialects.
- 12. Examples They not caught They’re not caught We on tape We’re on tape She the first one started us off She’s the first one started us off Black English Standard
- 15. Some rules of the grammar of informal style in english.