Robot chooses a simpler non-branching path leads to reach goal very easily from a path or collection of paths, typically from an entrance to goal is known as " MAZE SOLVER ROBOT ".
Edgefxkits.com has a wide range of electronic projects ideas that are primarily helpful for ECE, EEE and EIE students and the ideas can be applied for real life purposes as well.
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Autonomous robots are robots that can perform tasks intelligently depending on themselves, without any human assistance. Maze Solving Robot is one of the most popular autonomous robots. It is a smallself-reliant robot that can solve a maze from a known starting position to the center area of the maze in the shortest possible time.
Traffic Monitoring and Control System Using IoTijtsrd
This research aims to monitor the traffic condition and to control the traffic light. This system can reduce not only traffic congestion but also waiting time. This system is designed to be implemented in places nearing the junctions. This research is based on the effective use of Internet of Things IoT . This system will display the traffic conditions in the website and the traffic light can be controlled from this website. This system has been implemented by using esp8266, ultrasonic sensor and arduino. Esp8266 nodemcu which is IoT device is used to transmit the traffic information to the website which is connected with this device. Ultrasonic sensors are placed on each road to sense the presence and absence of vehicles. Traffic information is received from these sensors. Traffic light prototype is built by using an arduino UNO. This traffic light can be controlled from the website. The system will display the traffic states in the website that can guide the drivers to select the right way and avoid traffic congestions. Ei Swe Zin | Kyaw Zin Latt ""Traffic Monitoring and Control System Using IoT"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25138.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/25138/traffic-monitoring-and-control-system-using-iot/ei-swe-zin
Robot chooses a simpler non-branching path leads to reach goal very easily from a path or collection of paths, typically from an entrance to goal is known as " MAZE SOLVER ROBOT ".
Edgefxkits.com has a wide range of electronic projects ideas that are primarily helpful for ECE, EEE and EIE students and the ideas can be applied for real life purposes as well.
http://www.edgefxkits.com/
Visit our page to get more ideas on popular electronic projects developed by professionals.
Edgefx provides free verified electronic projects kits around the world with abstracts, circuit diagrams, and free electronic software. We provide guidance manual for Do It Yourself Kits (DIY) with the modules at best price along with free shipping.
Autonomous robots are robots that can perform tasks intelligently depending on themselves, without any human assistance. Maze Solving Robot is one of the most popular autonomous robots. It is a smallself-reliant robot that can solve a maze from a known starting position to the center area of the maze in the shortest possible time.
Traffic Monitoring and Control System Using IoTijtsrd
This research aims to monitor the traffic condition and to control the traffic light. This system can reduce not only traffic congestion but also waiting time. This system is designed to be implemented in places nearing the junctions. This research is based on the effective use of Internet of Things IoT . This system will display the traffic conditions in the website and the traffic light can be controlled from this website. This system has been implemented by using esp8266, ultrasonic sensor and arduino. Esp8266 nodemcu which is IoT device is used to transmit the traffic information to the website which is connected with this device. Ultrasonic sensors are placed on each road to sense the presence and absence of vehicles. Traffic information is received from these sensors. Traffic light prototype is built by using an arduino UNO. This traffic light can be controlled from the website. The system will display the traffic states in the website that can guide the drivers to select the right way and avoid traffic congestions. Ei Swe Zin | Kyaw Zin Latt ""Traffic Monitoring and Control System Using IoT"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25138.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/25138/traffic-monitoring-and-control-system-using-iot/ei-swe-zin
Maze solving problem is a very old problem, but still now it is considered as an important field of robotics. This field is based on decision making algorithms. The main aim of this project is to make an Arduino based efficient autonomous maze solver robot. Two simple mazes solving algorithms “Wall following algorithm” and “Flood fill algorithm” are used to make this robot. In this project Hardware development, software development and maze construction had been done. For performance testing, the robot will implement to solve 4×4 maze. Capability of finding the shortest path is also verified.
-- Musfiqur Rahman; email: musfiqur.rahman.ete@ulab.edu.bd
HDL Implementation of Vending Machine Report with Verilog CodePratik Patil
A vending machine is a machine which dispenses items such as snacks, beverages, lottery tickets, consumer products to customers automatically, after the customer inserts currency or credit into the machine. Nowadays, Vending Machines are well known among Japan, Malaysia and Singapore. The quantity of machines in these countries is on the top worldwide. This is due to the modern lifestyles which require fast food processing with high quality. This paper describes the designing of Vending Machine with Auto-Billing Features. The objective here is to design Vending Machine Controller which accepts money inputs (i and j) in any sequence and delivers the products when the required amount has been deposited and gives back the change. Here an additional facility is provided to the user. It is possible to withdraw the deposited money in between if the customer wishes so by pressing a push button. The Verilog Code for the proposed Vending Machine model is developed and the Simulation results are successfully verified using Xilinx ISE 9.2i tool.
Project Report on Hand gesture controlled robot part 2Pragya
A gesture is a form of non-verbal communication in which visible bodily actions
communicate particular messages, either in place of speech or together and in parallel
with words. Gestures include movement of the hands, face, or other parts of the body.
Gestures differ from physical non-verbal communication that does not communicate
specific messages, such as purely expressive displays, proxemics, or displays of joint
attention. Gestures allow individuals to communicate a variety of feelings and
thoughts, from contempt and hostility to approval and affection, often together with
body language in addition towards when they speak.
Gesture Controlled Robot is a robot which can be controlled by simple gestures. The
user just needs to wear a gesture device which includes a sensor. The sensor will
record the movement of hand in a specific direction which will result in the
movement of the robot in the respective direction. The robot and the Gesture device
are connected wirelessly via radio waves. The wireless communication enables the
user to interact with the robot in a more friendly way.
For more assistance, mail me at pragyakulshresth@gmail.com
This is a presentation of OBSTACLE AVOIDANCE ROBOT. which has the details on making an obstacle avoider using arduino uno, ultrasonic sensor. This presentation has the detailed description of all the components that are being used in making. And also circuit diagram and flow chart of the robot.
Maze solving problem is a very old problem, but still now it is considered as an important field of robotics. This field is based on decision making algorithms. The main aim of this project is to make an Arduino based efficient autonomous maze solver robot. Two simple mazes solving algorithms “Wall following algorithm” and “Flood fill algorithm” are used to make this robot. In this project Hardware development, software development and maze construction had been done. For performance testing, the robot will implement to solve 4×4 maze. Capability of finding the shortest path is also verified.
-- Musfiqur Rahman; email: musfiqur.rahman.ete@ulab.edu.bd
HDL Implementation of Vending Machine Report with Verilog CodePratik Patil
A vending machine is a machine which dispenses items such as snacks, beverages, lottery tickets, consumer products to customers automatically, after the customer inserts currency or credit into the machine. Nowadays, Vending Machines are well known among Japan, Malaysia and Singapore. The quantity of machines in these countries is on the top worldwide. This is due to the modern lifestyles which require fast food processing with high quality. This paper describes the designing of Vending Machine with Auto-Billing Features. The objective here is to design Vending Machine Controller which accepts money inputs (i and j) in any sequence and delivers the products when the required amount has been deposited and gives back the change. Here an additional facility is provided to the user. It is possible to withdraw the deposited money in between if the customer wishes so by pressing a push button. The Verilog Code for the proposed Vending Machine model is developed and the Simulation results are successfully verified using Xilinx ISE 9.2i tool.
Project Report on Hand gesture controlled robot part 2Pragya
A gesture is a form of non-verbal communication in which visible bodily actions
communicate particular messages, either in place of speech or together and in parallel
with words. Gestures include movement of the hands, face, or other parts of the body.
Gestures differ from physical non-verbal communication that does not communicate
specific messages, such as purely expressive displays, proxemics, or displays of joint
attention. Gestures allow individuals to communicate a variety of feelings and
thoughts, from contempt and hostility to approval and affection, often together with
body language in addition towards when they speak.
Gesture Controlled Robot is a robot which can be controlled by simple gestures. The
user just needs to wear a gesture device which includes a sensor. The sensor will
record the movement of hand in a specific direction which will result in the
movement of the robot in the respective direction. The robot and the Gesture device
are connected wirelessly via radio waves. The wireless communication enables the
user to interact with the robot in a more friendly way.
For more assistance, mail me at pragyakulshresth@gmail.com
This is a presentation of OBSTACLE AVOIDANCE ROBOT. which has the details on making an obstacle avoider using arduino uno, ultrasonic sensor. This presentation has the detailed description of all the components that are being used in making. And also circuit diagram and flow chart of the robot.
Line following is one of the most important aspects of Robotics. A Line Follower Robot is an autonomous robot which is able to follow either a black or white line that is drawn on the surface consisting of a contrasting color. It is designed to move automatically and follow the made plot line. The path can be visible like a black line on a white surface or it can be invisible like a magnetic field. It will move in a particular direction Specified by the user and avoids the obstacle which is coming in the path. Autonomous Intelligent Robots are robot that can perform desired tasks in unstructured environments without continuous human guidance. It is an integrated design from the knowledge of Mechanical, Electrical, and Computer Engineering. LDR sensors based line follower robot design and Fabrication procedure which always direct along the black mark on the white surface. The robot uses several sensors to identify the line thus assisting the bot to stay on the track. The robot is driven by DC motors to control the movements of the wheels.
Obstacle Detection robot detects the obstacle to avoid collision using ultrasonic sensor. The motors are connected through motor driver IC to microcontroller , to control the speed PWM is used.
Design and Construction of Line Following Robot using Arduinoijtsrd
Line following robot is an autonomous vehicle which detect black line to move over the white surface or bright surface. In this paper, the line following robot is constructed by using Arduino nano microcontroller as a main component and consists of three infrared IR sensors, four simple DC motors, four wheels and a PCB frame of robot chassis. The infrared sensors are used to sense the black line on white surface. When the infrared signal falls on the white surface, it gets reflected and it falls on the black surface, it is not reflected. In this system, four simple DC motors attached with four wheels are used to move the robot cars direction that is left, right and forward. The Arduino nano is used as a controller to control the speed of DC motors from the L2953D driver circuit. Khin Khin Saw | Lae Yin Mon ""Design and Construction of Line Following Robot using Arduino"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23977.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/23977/design-and-construction-of-line-following-robot-using-arduino/khin-khin-saw
In the last couple of decades, communication technology has developed by leaps and bounds. It has already established its importance in sharing the information right from household matters to worldwide phenomena. Apart from sharing information, it is also used for remote control of machines and electronic appliances. In our day-to-day life, we use many such appliances at home, office and public places for our comfort and convenience. Every device requires one or the other kind of operation control for which it has a HMI (human-machine interface).
Communication technology not only helps us to exchange information with human beings but also allows us to carry out monitoring and controlling of machines from remote locations. This remote control of appliances is possible with wired or wireless communication interfaces embedded in the machines. The use of “Embedded System in Communication” has given rise to many interesting applications. One of such applications public addressing system (PAS). Many companies are manufacturing audio / video systems like public announcement system, CCTV, programmable sign boards etc. But all these systems are generally hard-wired, complex in nature and difficult to expand. So, by adding wireless communication interface such as GSM to these systems, we can overcome their limitations.
The Short Message Service (SMS) technology is one the most stable mobile technologies around. Most of our tertiary students carry mobile phones with SMS facilities and can be used for teaching and learning. There are many projects using SMS technologies in education as outlined in the literature survey, but many publications do not provide the possible underlying technologies to implement such as the teaching and learning systems. The system is capable of supporting administrative teaching and learning activities via the SMS technology.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
3. Background History
In the middle of the 20th century, Maze Solving problems became an important field of Robotics.
In the year of 1972, editors of IEEE Spectrum magazine came up with the concept of micro-mouse,
which is a small microprocessor controlled vehicle with self-intelligence and capability to navigate a critical
maze.
Then in May 1977, the fast US Micro-mouse contest, called “Amazing Micro-mouse Maze Contest”
was announced by IEEE Spectrum.
From then, this type of contest became more popular and many type of maze solving robots are developed every
year.
4. Introduction
Robots are expected to be intelligent and one of the way to test this intelligence is to check
whether they can solve a maze or not.
Maze solving is an important field of robotics and is based on one of the most important areas of robotics,
which is Decision Making Algorithm.
As this robot will be placed in an unknown place and it requires to have a good decision making capability.
A maze solver must navigate from the starting end of the maze to the end of the maze, but the path taken
by the robot to solve the maze may not be same every time.
The robot solves the maze made out of lines i.e. two dimensional maze.
The line is of black color and the background is of brighter shade.
5. Components
The hardware components which were used to build the maze solver robot are
1. Arduino Uno Microcontroller
2. Four Infrared Sensors (IR sensor)
3. L298N Motor Driver for driving the 2 DC motors which are connected to the wheels.
4. The power supply is provided with the help of four 9V batteries.
One for IR Sensors & one for Arduino & two in series for the Motor Driver.
This course sent me a kit which contained Arduino Uno, two IR Sensors, DC Motors, Wheels, Chassis and all the necessary components.
6. Arduino
Arduino is the heart of this project. All program of this project is
stored in its microprocessor. It is an open source hardware
development board based on the ATmega328.
It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM
outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB
connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button.
Arduino is coded in Arduino IDE installed on PC & the code is
uploaded to Arduino via USB cable.
The codes always contain two functions,
1: Setup – to assign the pins to input/outputs etc.
2: Loop – a function which executed repeatedly.
The codes can have infinite functions created by users and called
them in the loop function.
7. IR Sensors
IR Sensors or Infrared Sensors are electronic components which
senses black on brighter surface.
IR sensor calculates the reflectance of the surface beneath it. The
basic idea is that black has a lesser value of reflectance
(as black absorbs light) as compared to other lighter shades.
This low value of reflectance is a parameter for detection of path.
In this project, I’ve used four IR Sensors to send signals to
Arduino & based on them, the Arduino controls the DC Motors to
control the movement of the Robot Car.
I’ve used two types of IR Sensors in this project,
two I was given in the kit, two I bought from Amazon.
8. L298N Motor Driver Module
L298 is a 46V, 2A Stepper Motor/Dual DC Motor Driver module which
can drive bipolar stepper motor, and in our case, two DC motors at the
same time.
Each L298 has two H-Bridges. Each H-Bridge can supply 2A current.
It has a heat sink for better heat dissipation and fly back diodes for
protection from back EMF.
10. The Maze
This maze is designed by me.
The robot will solve it by passing through it
from start to stop.
And then, it will follow the shortest path.
The maze has straight line, T junctions, Cross
Junctions & Dead Ends
11. Building Procedure
First we connected the DC Motors with the wheels and attached them to the chassis. Then attached the
Cluster to the Chassis. Then took a breadboard and attached it to the chassis using double ended tape.
Attached the Arduino and L298 Module to it. Then we connected the 4 IR Sensors in front of the chassis.
Attached a battery in the chassis & powered all the IR Sensors with the battery. Connected motors to the
outputs of L298 Module. Take two batteries connected in series and placed them on chassis. Connected
the 12V pin of L298 with the battery positive. Placed a switch between Battery negative & L298 Ground.
Connected IR ground to the Arduino ground Placed a Battery in the chassis with Arduino battery cable
attached to it & connected it to Arduino to power that.
Connected the outputs of IR Sensors from left to right to Arduino pins – 2, 3, 4 & 5.
Connected the Input pins of Motors in the following way-
Input 1 to Arduino pin 10
Input 2 to Arduino pin 9
Input 3 to Arduino pin 8 &
Input 4 to Arduino pin 7
12. Algorithm
The algorithm used is Left Hand Rule.
What it means is that we will turn left whenever it is possible
and turn right only when we are at an intersection and
there is no other path to follow.
So, it will turn left over straight & turn straight over right
if no left path is there.
If there is no junction, the robot will simply follow the line.
During the path, 8 possibilities can be encountered by the
Robot.
13. Algorithm
IR sensors are connected in line. They will have many combinations
Firstly, the left & right end sensors output “1” if there is brighter
surface & output “0” if on black surface. The sensors on center do
the opposite (as my sensors are different). So to make the balance
we make the side sensors opposite using “NOT” operation.
So, now the Sensors sequence can be in the following way-
0 0 0 0: All the sensors are on brighter surface, so Dead End.
0 1 1 0: The side sensors are on brighter and middle are on black, so On Line.
0 1 1 1: The left most sensor is on bright & others are on black, this can happen
in two situations- 1. Only Right Turn & 2.Straight & Right Junction.
1 1 1 0: The right most sensor is on bright & others are on black, this can happen
in two situations- 1. Only Left Turn & 2.Straight & Left Junction.
1 1 1 1: All the sensors are on black. There may be 3 possibilities –
1. The End reached,
2. T junction (means both left & right junction) or
3. Cross / 4-way Junction (means all left, right & forward junction).
14. Behaviours
The robot will make its move considering the sensor inputs
with the help of Arduino.
1. “0 0 0 0”: The Robot will always take U- turn until it finds “0 1 1 0” sequence.
2. “0 1 1 0”: The Robot will always move forward till the sequence changes.
3. “0 1 1 1”: The Robot will move forward just one inch & then check the
sequence of the sensors again.
If it’s “0 0 0 0”, then Turn Right till it finds “0 1 1 0” sequence.
Else if it’s “0 1 1 0”, Go Straight (as it follows left hand rule).
4. “1 1 1 0”: The Robot will always Turn Left till it finds “0 1 1 0” sequence.
5. “1 1 1 1”: The Robot will move forward just one inch & then check the
sequence of the sensors again.
If it’s “1 1 1 1”, then Stop. Else Turn Left.
In this way, the Robot can found the way out of the
maze if no loops are there.
But there may be shorter paths to the end if the robot
takes U-turns. For this, we will traverse the maze two
times.
In the first try, the Robot will record the paths taken by
the Robot in Junctions & and replace bad paths with
suitable turns.
It will record L for Left, S for Straight & U for U- Turn.
The next time, the Robot will simply follow the stored
path. That time it will take the short path to the End.
If there is only Right Turn or only Left Turn, we don’t
store the paths. It will only happen at Junctions.
15. Path Replacement
If the Robot takes Left Turn from a junction and then
found a Dead End, so it’ll make U- Turn & come back
to the same junction & again will take Left Turn, that
actually means it will Go Straight from that junction.
So that extra distance covered is of no use. So simply
we have to replace the Left – U – Left with Straight.
If the Robot takes Straight from a junction and then
found a Dead End, so it’ll make U- Turn & come back
to the same junction & will take Left Turn, that actually
means it will Turn Right from that junction.
So that extra distance covered is of no use.
So simply we have to replace the Straight – U – Left
with Right.
To find the shortest path, there are two path replacement cases
So, whenever we find S-U-L in the path array (a
structure where the paths are stored), we replace it
with R, & if we find L-U-L, then replace with S.
If the robot finds the End, then it will store D & when
replaying, it will stop at D.
In the Program of Arduino, First we traverse the maze
in the above algorithm & store & replace the paths
taken by it.
If the End arrives, then we stop the robot & call the
replay function (a function created by me to follow the
paths stored) repeatedly.
So, following this Algorithm, the Robot can solve a
Line Maze with no loops.
16. Issue Faced & Solutions
I was provided with 2 IR sensors, but with only two, I
couldn’t give the conditions. So, I brought another two.
The IR sensors weren’t balanced at first, they were giving
faulty readings for that distance. I have adjusted the
potentiometers on each of the IR Sensors & balanced.
Still after completing the circuit, the motors didn’t run.
I checked the input wires & they were giving the +5V
voltages, also the Motor was powered. To overcome it, I
connected the L298N Ground to the Arduino Ground and
it worked!
The speed was too slow. I added two batteries in series &
the speed increases certainly.
The batteries were draining fast as the motor driver
module was connected for long. I placed a switch for this.
As there are 4 sensors, so the sequence conditions are
very big. For this, I used an array and store the inputs &
took a variable to identify the sequences.
The reading process is very big & lengthy. So we used a
read function and called it when needed.
The IR sensors are of two different types. So I used NOT
functions in two input;
The T junction & Crossway made a very big frustration.
I solved it by forwarding the robot by just some length &
checking the sequence there.
The Short Path finding was also a nightmare.
For this, I stored the paths taken in an character array &
then a replay function & in that I followed the array.
During Assembling During Programming
17. Extra Items needed
I was provided Chassis, Cluster, Wheels, DC Motors, Motor Driver
Module, 2 IR Sensors, Arduino, Bread board & Jumper Wires.
The Motor Driver Module get faulty after some using,
so I get a L298N Motor Driver Module from Amazon.
To maintain the conditions, I brought another two IR Sensors.
To make all the connections, I brought extra Jumper Wires.
To Power all the items, I brought 4 9V batteries.
18. Conclusions
The maze-solver robot performs perfectly and solves any open loop line maze without any error.
This shows that the algorithm has been implemented perfectly and there are no errors in the program as well.
But the robot cannot solve any closed loop maze. Several tests were done on the robot to come to these conclusions.
The knowledge gained from this project will have a significant impact on future work.
For future we are looking forward to make the maze-solver may complete any type of maze. May it be an open loop type
or closed loop type.
19. References
Line Maze Works by Richard T. Vanoy II (pololu.com)
Maze Solver Archives – cyberneticzoo.com
https://www.arduino.cc
https://create.arduino.cc/projecthub/mjrobot/maze-solver-robot-using-artificialintelligence-4318cf
https://maker.pro/projects/arduino/make-line-follower-robot
Special thanks to Eckovation Robotics Online Certification Course