This document outlines a lighting integration project for a community library in Klang, Malaysia. It discusses daylighting and artificial lighting strategies for two spaces - an open reading area (Space A) and a library office (Space B). For Space A, the document calculates the average daylight factor to be 8.223% and determines artificial lighting is needed in the morning. For Space B, the average daylight factor is a poor 0.702%, requiring artificial lighting all day. Layouts, calculations and conclusions are provided for the artificial lighting designs of both spaces to meet illumination standards.

1.
School of Architecture, Building & Design
Bachelor of Science (Honours) in Architecture
Building Science II (BLD61303)
Project 2: Lighting Integration Project
COMMUNITY LIBRARY @ JALAN BESAR
Foo Ji Sun
0323550
Ar Edwin Chan

2. Contents
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Objectives
1.2 Project Introduction
1.3 Climatic Studies
1.3.1 Sun Path
1.3.2 Shadow Casting
2.0 Drawings
3.0 Daylighting Strategies
3.1 Required Formula
3.2 Space A: Open Reading Area + IT Zone
3.2.1 Floor Plan
3.2.2 Perspectives
3.2.3 Daylight Contour
3.2.4 Average Daylight Factor Calculation
3.2.5 Conclusion
3.3 Space B: Library Office
3.3.1 Floor Plan
3.3.2 Perspectives
3.3.3 Daylight Contour
3.3.4 Average Daylight Factor Calculation
3.3.5 Conclusion
4.0 Artificial Lighting Strategies
4.1 Required Formula
4.2 Space A: Open Reading Area + IT Zone
4.2.1 Lighting Fixture Properties
4.2.2 Room Index Calculation
4.2.3 Lumen Method Calculation
4.2.4 Reflected Ceiling Plan
4.2.5 Artificial Lighting Contour Analysis
4.2.6 PSALI Integration
4.3 Space B: Library Office
4.3.1 Lighting Fixture Properties
4.3.2 Room Index Calculation
4.3.3 Lumen Method Calculation
4.3.4 Reflected Ceiling Plan
4.3.5 Artificial Lighting Contour Analysis
Building Science II Lighting Integration Project

3. 1.0​ Introduction
1.1​ Objectives
The project brief calls for an integration of lighting design in our proposed design
studio project, which is a community library on Jalan Besar, Klang. This project aims
to show our understanding of artificial and daylighting systems, as well as the
implementation of PSALI strategies for better lighting conditions and to produce
architectural quality spaces.
1.2​ Project Introduction
The community library is located at Jalan Besar Klang. The community library acts as
a space for the community of Klang to interact and communicate with each other,
while sharing their knowledge. The form of the building is split into two blocks by
puncturing a void through each level of the library to create a vertical connection
which ties the spaces together. The perforated metal sheet front facade creates a
visual connection between the users of the library and people from street level.
Figure 1.1: Site location on Jalan Besar, Klang.
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4. 1.3​ Climatic Studies
1.3.1​ Sun Path
Figure 1.2: Sun path diagram of the community library.
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5. 1.3.2​ Shadow Casting
Figure 1.3: Shadow simulation on site at 0900, 30.6.2018.
Sunlight is directly cast onto
the back of the site. The back
facade receives plenty of
morning sun. The back facade
is treated with perforated
metal screen facade system to
limit direct penetration of light
into spaces.
Figure 1.4: Shadow simulation on site at 1200, 30.6.2018.
Sunlight penetrates into the
building through the central
light well/atrium. Interior
spaces throughout the
building are well lit.
Figure 1.5: Shadow simulation on site at 1700, 30.6.2018.
Harsh evening sun shine
directly onto the front facade.
The front facade is treated with
perforated metal screen facade
system to limit direct
penetration of light into spaces.
Building Science II Lighting Integration Project

6. 2.0​ Drawings
Figure 2.1: Ground floor plan.
Figure 2.2: First floor plan.
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7.
Figure 2.3: Second floor plan.
Figure 2.4: Third floor plan.
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8.
Figure 2.5: Section A-A’.
Figure 2.6: Section B-B’.
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9. 3.0​ Daylighting Strategies
3.1​ Required Formula
Daylight factor is a ratio that represents the amount of illumination available indoors
relative to the illuminance present outdoors at the same time under overcast skies.
Daylight Factor, DF =
Indoor Illuminance, E​i
x 100%
Outdoor Illuminance, E​o
Where,
Ei = Illuminance due to daylight at a point on the indoor working plane
Eo = Simultaneous outdoor illuminance on a horizontal plane from an unobstructed
hemisphere of overcast sky
Average daylight factor may be used to assess the adequacy of daylight through the
following formula:
Average DF =
W
x
TØ
A ( 1 - R )
Where,
W = Area of window (m²)
A = Total area of internal surfaces (m²)
T = Glass transmittance corrected for dirt
Ø = Visible sky angle in degrees from the centre of the window
R = average reflectance of area A
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10. 3.2​ Space A: Open Reading Area + IT Zone
3.2.1​ Floor Plan
Figure 3.1: Location of space A on the second floor.
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11. 3.2.2​ Perspectives
Figure 3.2: Space A doesn’t receive any light at 0900.
Figure 3.3: Space A receives light from the central atrium at 1200.
Figure 3.4: Space A receives direct sunlight from west at 1700.
Space A is an open reading area and computer area which overlooks the bottom
levels. Glass walls allow daylight to enter in the noon and evening, but not in the
morning, thus a lighting system needs to be developed to provide lighting in the
morning.
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12. 3.2.3​ Daylight contour
Figure 3.5: Space A daylight contour.
3.2.4​ Average Daylight Factor Calculation
Area of windows (W, m²) L = 26.4m
H = 3.4m
W = 26.4 x 3.4 = 89.76m²
Total area of internal surfaces (A, m²) (Perimeter x Height) + (Total floor area x 2)
= [(14.05 + 6.2 + 23.7 + 3.8 + 9.65 + 2.4) x 3.8] + (123.78 x 2)
= 474.8m²
Glass transmittance corrected for dirt (T) 0.6 (for double glazed window in clean environment)
Visible sky angle in degrees from the
centre of the window (Ø)
43.5°
average reflectance of area A (R) 0.4 (not all light is reflected back into space)
Average DF =
W
x
TØ
A ( 1 - R )
=
89.76
x
0.6 (43.5)
474.8 (1 - 0.4)
= 8.223%
Building Science II Lighting Integration Project

13. 3.2.5​ Conclusion
Space A has a distribution of daylight factor of 8.223%, which is way higher than the
standard room illumination standard recommended by MS1525. Glare and solar heat
gain may cause problems during the afternoon and dusk, thus shading devices
should be installed. But artificial lighting is still needed during the dawn as the space
doesn’t receive sunlight during that time.
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14. 3.3​ Space B: Library Office
3.3.1​ Floor Plan
Figure 3.6: Location of space B on the ground floor.
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15. 3.3.2​ Perspectives
Figure 3.7: Space B doesn’t receive any light at any time of the day
Space B is a closed office area hidden underneath the staircase on the ground floor.
3 windows allow a little bit of light into the space but generally very little daylight
reaches the office, thus a lighting system needs to be developed to provide lighting
throughout the day.
3.3.3​ Daylight contour
Figure 3.8: Space B daylight contour.
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16. 3.3.4​ Average Daylight Factor Calculation
Area of windows (W, m²) L = 3.6m
H = 3.48m
W = 3.6 x 3.48 = 12.52m²
Total area of internal surfaces (A, m²) (Walls) + (Total floor area x 2)
= [(45.405 x 2) + (6.45 x 2.2) + (6.45 X 4.2)] + (71.9 x 2)
= 132.09 + 143.8
= 275.89m²
Glass transmittance corrected for dirt (T) 0.6 (for double glazed window in clean environment)
Visible sky angle in degrees from the
centre of the window (Ø)
15.47°
average reflectance of area A (R) 0.4 (not all light is reflected back into space)
Average DF =
W
x
TØ
A ( 1 - R )
=
12.52
x
0.6 (15.47)
275.89 (1 - 0.4)
= 0.702%
3.3.5​ Conclusion
Space B has a distribution of daylight factor of 0.702%, which is very poor compared
to the the standard room illumination standard recommended by MS1525. Artificial
lighting is needed throughout the day as very little daylight reaches the space.
Building Science II Lighting Integration Project

17. 4.0​ Artificial Lighting Strategies
4.1​ Required Formula
Room Index, RI is the ratio of room plan area to half wall area between the working
and luminaire planes
RI =
L x W
(L + W) (H​m​
)
Where,
RI = Room index
L = Length of space (m²)
W = Width of space (m²)
H​m​
= Mounted height of fitting above the working plane (m)
The lumen method, also known as zonal cavity method, is the simplified method to
calculate the light level in a room. According to this method, the light fittings
(luminaires) are to be mounted overhead in a regular pattern. The luminous flux
output (lumens) of each lamp needs to be known as well as details of the luminaires
and the room surfaces.
N =
E x A
F x MF x UF
Where,
N = Number of lamps required or illuminance level
E = Required lux (lx)
A = Area of working plane height (m²)
F = Initial luminous flux from each lamp (lm)
UF = Utilization factor, an allowance for light distribution of the luminaire and the
room surfaces
MF - maintenance factor, an allowance for reduced light output because of
deterioration and dirt
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18. 4.2​ Space A: Open Reading Area + IT Zone
4.2.1​ Lighting Fixture Properties
Type of lighting LED pendant light
Manufacturer IKEA
Fixture name NYMÅNE Pendant lamp
Fixture material Powder coated steel, black
Lighting distribution Direct distribution
Fixture bulb IKEA LED bulb E27 600
Nominal life (hours) Approx. 25,000
Wattage range (W) 15
Luminous flux (lm) 1500
Color temperature 2700k, warm white
4.2.2​ Room Index Calculation
Room Dimension (m²) L = 24, W = 6.4
Height of ceiling (m) 3.6
Height of working plane (m) 0.75
Luminous flux of lighting (F/m) 1500
Height of luminaires (m) 3.6
Mounting height (H​m​
, m) 3.2 - 0.75 = 2.45
IES standard illumination level for reading area (E, lux) 300, library
RI =
24 x 6.4
(24 + 6.4) (2.45)
RI = 2.06
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19. 4.2.3​ Lumen Method Calculation
Reflectance factor Concrete ceiling, new = 0.7
Brick wall, light brown = 0.5
Timber flooring, dark = 0.1
Utilization factor (UF) 0.59 (based on UF table)
Maintenance factor (MF) 0.8 (standard)
Number of fittings required, N =
300 x 123.78
1500 x 0.8 x 0.59
= 52 luminaires
Fitting layout where S​max​
is maximum spacing
between lighting fixtures
S​max​
= 1.0 x 2.45 = 2.45m
Distance between luminaires must not be
greater than 2.45m
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20. 4.2.4​ Reflected Ceiling Plan
Figure 4.1: Space A reflected ceiling plan based on lumen method calculation.
Each luminaire is installed 1.5m apart from each other. 48 light fixtures are controlled
by 3 sets of one way switches to illuminate 123.78m​2​
of open reading space and IT
zone to achieve 300 lux of standard illumination according to MS 1525 for library.
4.2.5​ Artificial Lighting Contour Analysis
Figure 4.2: Space A artificial lighting contour.
Space A is well illuminated throughout. Areas next to the window remain brightest
while corners furthest from windows and areas behind the perforated metal screen
is slightly darker.
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21. 4.2.6​ PSALI Integration
Referring to figure 4.1, the colors represent the different set of switches, green, blue
and yellow.
Figure 4.3: All switches are turned on at 0900 as space A doesn’t receive enough sunlight.
Figure 4.4: Only the yellow switch is turned off at 1200 as sunlight enters space A through the library’s
central atrium.
Figure 4.5: Only the green switch is turned on at 1700 as western sunlight penetrate through the
facade enough the illuminate the space.
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22. 4.3 ​Space B: Library Office
4.3.1​ Lighting Fixture Properties
Type of lighting Tubular fluorescent light
Manufacturer Lithonia Lighting
Fixture name Fluorescent High Bay
Fixture material Metal housing
Lighting distribution Direct distribution
Nominal life (hours) Approx. 25,000
Wattage range (W) 36
Luminous flux (lm) 2600
Color temperature 2900k, warm white
4.3.2​ Room Index Calculation
Room Dimension (m²) L = 11.15, W = 6.4
Height of ceiling (m) 4.4
Height of working plane (m) 0.8
Luminous flux of lighting (F/m) 2600
Height of luminaires (m) 4.4
Mounting height (H​m​
, m) 3.3 - 0.85 = 2.45
IES standard illumination level for reading area (E, lux) 300, general office
RI =
11.15 x 6.4
(11.15 + 6.4) (2.45)
RI = 1.66
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23. 4.3.3​ Lumen Method Calculation
Reflectance factor Concrete ceiling, new = 0.7
Brick wall, light brown = 0.5
Timber flooring, dark = 0.1
Utilization factor (UF) 0.54 (based on UF table)
Maintenance factor (MF) 0.8 (standard)
Number of fittings required, N =
300 x 71.36
2600 x 0.8 x 0.54
= 19 luminaires
Fitting layout where S​max​
is maximum spacing
between lighting fixtures
S​max​
= 1.5 x 2.45 = 3.675m
Distance between luminaires must not be
greater than 3.675m
Building Science II Lighting Integration Project

24. 4.3.4​ Reflected Ceiling Plan
Figure 4.6: Space A reflected ceiling plan based on lumen method calculation.
Luminaires are arranged in sets of 3 and installed 1.8m apart from each other. 18 light
fixtures illuminate 71.36m​2​
of library office to achieve 300 lux of standard illumination
according to MS 1525 for general office.
4.3.5​ Artificial Lighting Contour Analysis
Figure 4.7: Space A artificial lighting contour.
Space B is well illuminated throughout. The entire room is well lit but corners
furthest from light sources are slightly darker.
Building Science II Lighting Integration Project