This document analyzes the lighting conditions for two spaces - a reading area and meeting room - in a proposed community library project. For the reading area, the daylight factor is calculated to be 4.45%, above the recommended 3-6% range. Artificial lighting requirements are also analyzed using the lumen method. Gravity lamps powered by descending weights are proposed to minimize energy usage. For the meeting room, surface mounted downlights are selected to provide illumination.

1. BUILDING SCIENCE II
PROJECT 2 : INTEGRATION PROJECT
AARON CHONG YU HO
0320270
TUTOR : MR. AZIM SULAIMAN

2. 1.0 Introduction
1.1 Objective
1.2 Project Introduction
1.3 Floor Plans
2.0 Lighting Analysis
2.1 Daylight Factor analysis (Space A)
2.2 Artificial Lighting Analysis (Space A and Space B)
3.0 References

3. 1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 OBJECTIVE
This project aims to integrate our understanding of lighting design principles in the
context of our final design project submitted on 27 of June 2017. It encompasses
artificial lighting systems, daylighting systems and PSALI design strategies.
The site selected is an urban infill in Jalan Besar, Klang. Here we face the challenge
of tackling the daylighting issues for optimum lighting conditions and visual comfort
of users. Natural lighting is critical in reducing the carbon footprint by decreasing the
building’s dependence on artificial lighting. Ensuring sufficient luminance in reading
spaces.
1.2 PROJECT INTRODUCTION
The community library takes up three shop lot spaces, while sandwiched between
two buildings. My project addresses the issues of lack of softscape and intense heat
in Jalan Besar. Artificial lighting is utilized on gloomy days or night time.

4. 1.3 FLOOR PLANS (Scale 1 : 200)
GROUND FLOOR PLAN

5.
FIRST FLOOR PLAN

6.
SECOND FLOOR PLAN

7.
THIRD FLOOR PLAN

8. 2.0 LIGHTING ANALYSIS
2.1 DAYLIGHT LIGHTING FACTOR
Daylight factor is defined as the ratio of interior illuminance, ​E​i​ to available to
outdoor illuminance, E​o​ which is the unobstructed horizontal exterior illuminance :
DF = ​E​i​ (Indoor Illuminance) x 100%
E​o​ (Outdoor Illuminance)
Zone DF (%) Distribution
Very bright >6 Large (including thermal and glare problem)
Bright 3-6 Good
Average 1-3 Fair
Dark 0-1 Poor
The daylight factor concept is applicable only when the sky illuminance distribution
is known or can reasonably be estimated. In this case study, the average outdoor
illuminance is assumed according to the standard which is 20000 lux
Luminance Level Example
120,000 Brightest sunlight
110,000 Bright sunlight
20,000 Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky, midday
1000-2000 Typical Overcast day, midday
400 Sunrise / sunset on clear day (ambient illumination)
<200 Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday
40 Fully Overcast, sunrise / sunset
<1 Extreme of darkest storm cloud, sunrise / sunset

9. In side-lit rooms, the maximum daylight factor is near the windows, and it is mainly
due to the sky component. In the early stages of building design, the average
daylight factor may be used to assess the adequacy of daylight :
​W ​ ​Tθ
Average DF = A x (1-R)
W = The area of the windows (​m​2​
)
A = The total area of the internal surfaces (​m​2​
)
T = Glass transmittance corrected for dirt
Θ = Visible sky angle in degrees from the centre of the window
R = Average reflectance of area A

10. Space A : Reading Area
SECOND FLOOR PLAN

11.
Floor area (​m​2​
) Red : 8.12 x 7.97 = 64.71
Orange : 5.46 x 2.45 = 13.38
Yellow : 7.97 x 3.55 = 28.29
Total : 106.38
Area of facade exposed to
light (​m​2​
)
Green (Double Glazing Window) :
1.77m x 3.5m = 6.21​m​2
3.85m x 3.5m = 13.47​m​2
7.9m x 3.5m = 27.65​m​2
Total
= 6.21​m​2​
+ 13.47​m​2 ​
+ 27.65​m​2
= 47.33​m​2
Area of skylight (​m​2​
) 0
Exposed of facade of light
and skylight area to Floor
area ratio (Daylight factor)
(47.33 + 0)/106.38
=0.4450 (44.5%)
=44.5 x 0.1
=4.45
Indoor Illuminance 4.45 = (E​i​/​20000) x 100%
E​i ​= 4.45 x 200
E​i ​= 890 lux
Average Daylight Factor Green ( Double Glazing Wall)
(47.33/106.38) x (0.6 x 73​° ​/1-0.5)
= 38.98%
The selected study room has a daylight factor of 4.45%, which falls under the
requirements of MS 1525 of not exceeding 3-6%. This justifies that the room is
brightly lit without artificial lighting during daytime. Based on recommended
illuminance categories, the standard illuminance required for reading for reading
spaces is 300-500 lux, which is much lower than the room’s indoor illuminance level
of 890 lux. The average day factor of 38.98% is way over high than optimum 3-5%
levels. Therefore, light shielding strategies such as rollable blinds and wooden
louvers are implemented. Rollable blinds enable users to customize the lighting level
of the space to their comfort according to weather and time of day.

12. Daylight Contour
From the daylight contour analysis, we can identify that light primarily enters the
room via the glass curtain wall. Thus, louvers and rollable blinds are installed at
places facing these areas.
Section Analysis Diagram

13. 2.2 ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING ANALYSIS
Lumen Method
Lumen method is used to calculate the light level in a room. It is a series of
calculation that uses horizontal luminance criteria to establish a uniform layout in a
space. It can be calculated by dividing the total number of lumen’s available in a
space by the area of the space.
E= ​n x N x UF x LLF
A
E = Average illuminance to cover the space
n = Number of lamps of each luminaire
N = Number of luminance
F = Lighting design lumens per lamp, i.e. initial bare lamp luminous
UF = Utilization factor for the horizontal working plane
LLF = Light loss factor
A = Area of the horizontal working plane
Lumen method can be also calculated and used to determine the number of lights
that should be installed on site. To determine the number of lamps, calculation of
total luminance of the space need to be done based on the number of fixtures and
examine the sufficiency of light fixtures on that particular space.
N = ​E x A
F x UF x MF
N = Number of lamps required
E = Illuminance level required (Lux)
A= Area at working plane height (​m​2​
)
F= Average luminous flux from each lamp (lm)
UF = Utilization factor, an allowance for reduced light distribution of the luminaire
and the room surfaces
MF = Maintenance factor, an allowance for reduced light output because of
deterioration and dirt

14. Room Index
Room Index. RI, is the ratio of room plan area to half wall area between the working
and luminaire planes, which can be calculated by :
RI = ​L x W
Hm x (L + W)
L = Length of room
W = Width of room
M= Mounting height, the vertical distance between the working plane and luminate
Light Loss Factor
Light loss factor allows forecasting of the performance of the system over given
lifetime to meet the minimum light standards. It is calculated by the following
formula :
LLF = LLD x LDD x ATF x HE x VE x BF x CD
LLD = Lamp lumen depreciation
LDD = Luminaire dirt depreciation
ATF = Ambient temperature effects
HE = Heat extraction
VE = Voltage effects
BF = Driver and lamps factors
CD = Components depreciation

15. Space A : Reading Area
SECOND FLOOR PLAN

16. Type of Fixture Gravity Light GL 02
Image of Fixture
Product Dimension (mm) 150 x 350
Type of luminous Warm White
Luminous Flux (lm) 1500
Power (W) 2
Color Temperature (K) 5000
Colour Rendering Index 70
Average Life Rate (hours) 20000
Dimension of room (m) L=14.12 W=7.97
Total floor area (​m​2​
) 112.53
Height of ceiling (m) 3.9
Types of Light fixture Gravity Light GL 02
Luminous flux of lighting, F (lm) 1500
Height of luminaires (m) 3.9
Height if working plane (m) 1
Mounting height (Hm) 3.9 - 1.0 = 2.9
Standard Illumination required according to
MS 1525
300-500 (Reading rooms)

17. Reflectance factor Wall (White painted wall = 0.5
Wooden floor = 0.3
Wooden exposed ceiling = 0.3
Room Index, RI (K) RI = 14.12 x 7.97/2.9 x (14.12 + 7.97)
= 1.756
Utilization Factor, UF 0.67
Maintenance Factor, MF 0.8 (Standard)
Number of fittings required, N N = ​E x A
F x UF x MF
300 x 112.53 / 1500 x 0.67 x 0.8
= 41.98
N = 42
Spacing to height ratio. SHR SHR = 1/Hm x square root of A/N
=1 /2.9 x square root of 112.53/42
= 0.56m
SHR = S/Hm
0.56= S/2.5
S = 1.4m
Fitting Layout Fitting required along 14.12 m wall,
14.12/1.4 = 10.08 ~ 10 rows
Number of lamps in each row,
42/10 = 4.2 ~ 4 lamps
Spacing required for 7.97 m wall,
7.97/4 = 1.99m
Spacing require for 14.12 m wall,
14.12/11 = 1.28m

18. Lighting Fittings Spacial Diagram
Gravity lamps are gravity-powered for most of its energy source. It uses a bag filled
with rocks attached to a cord, which slowly descends similar to the weigh driver of a
cuckoo clock. This action powers the light for 30 minutes.
Therefore, its implementation saves up a sum of energy, lowering the library’s
carbon footprint and energy consumption.

19. Lighting Contour
During daytime, mere daylight is sufficient in illuminating the room, albeit blinds are
required to reduce glare that jeopardizes user comfort.
Gravity lamps are a new technology advancement and thus, its luminous flux is still
relatively low with today’s technology. Thus, 38 lamps are installed instead of 40
recommended by calculations to ensure that light switches are within user reach
from various places without requiring much mobility.

20. Section Analysis Diagram
Users pull the switches whenever they feel that light is needed. In the diagram
above, the user switches on one row of lamps from left to right.

21. Space B : Meeting Room
GROUND FLOOR PLAN

22.
Type of Fixture Surface Mounted Downlight
Image of Fixture
Product Dimension (mm) 200 (diameter)
Type of luminous Warm White
Luminous Flux (lm) 2000
Power (W) 10
Color Temperature (K) 4000
Colour Rendering Index 80
Average Life Rate (hours) 20000
Dimension of room (m) L=3.95 W=2.82
Total floor area (​m​2​
) 11.14
Height of ceiling (m) 4.75
Types of Light fixture Surface Mounted Downlight
Luminous flux of lighting, F (lm) 2000
Height of luminaires (m) 4.0
Height if working plane (m) 1
Mounting height (Hm) 4.0 - 1.0 = 3.0
Standard Illumination required according to
MS 1525
750 (Conference rooms)
Reflectance factor Wall (White painted wall = 0.5

23. Wooden floor = 0.3
Wooden exposed ceiling = 0.3
Room Index, RI (K) RI = 3.95 x 2.82/3.0 x (3.95 + 2.82)
= 0.548
Utilization Factor, UF 0.51
Maintenance Factor, MF 0.8 (Standard)
Number of fittings required, N N = ​E x A
F x UF x MF
750 X 11.14 / 2000 X 0.51 X 0.8
= 10.24
N = 11
Spacing to height ratio. SHR SHR = 1/Hm x square root of A/N
=1 /3.0 x square root of 11.14/11
= 0.33M
SHR = S/Hm
0.33= S/3.0
S = 0.99M
Fitting Layout Fitting required along 3.95m wall,
3.95/0.99 = 3.98 ~ 4 rows
Number of lamps in each row,
11/4 = 2.75 ~ 3 lamps
Spacing required for 2.82m wall,
2.82/3 = 0.943m
Spacing require for 3.95m wall,
3.95/ 4 = 0.987

24. Lighting Contour
12 surface mounted downlights are installed. To ensure visual comfort and no sense
of bias during meetings, light is equally distributed on the whole floor area.
Lights are only switched on at night or when it is dark and are switched off if the
projector screen is used.

25. Section Analysis Diagram
Artificial light is used on when the meeting room is being used.

26. 3.0 REFERENCES
http://www.standardpro.com/3-basic-types-of-lighting/
https://gravitylight.org/how-it-works/
http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/indoor-luminaires/downlights
https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/light-level-rooms-d_708.html
https://www.archtoolbox.com/materials-systems/electrical/recommended-lighting-
levels-in-buildings.html