Building Services Project 1 Final Report

Prepared by :
Chong Hao Foong 0322343
Foo Ji Sun 0323550
Tan Yan Jie 0323906
Tang Fu Hong 0323092
Teh Wei Hong 0323743
Thomas Ting Shii Kai 0323962
Tutor :
Ar. Sateerah Hassan
Building Services
( BLD 60903/ ARC 2423 )
BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS
For
DK Walk, Subang Jaya

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Literature Review
1.2 Type of Fire Protection:
1.2.1 Active Fire Protection (AFP)
1.2.1.1 Water Based Systems
1.2.1.1.1 External Fire Hydrant
1.2.1.1.2 Dry Riser System
1.2.1.1.3 Hose Reel System
1.2.1.1.3(a) Hose Reel
1.2.1.1.3(b) Hose Reel Water Tank
1.2.1.1.4 Wet Riser System
1.2.1.1.5 Fire Sprinkler System
1.2.1.1.6 Sprinkler Alarm Valve
1.2.1.2 Non-Water Based System
1.2.1.2.1 Fire Extinguishers
1.2.1.2.2 Alarm and Detection System
1.2.1.2.2.1 Smoke Detector
1.2.1.2.2.2 Fire Alarm Bell
1.2.1.2.2.3 Manual Fire Alarm Activation
1.2.1.2.2.3(a) Manual Call Point
1.2.1.2.2.3(b) Manual Pull Station
1.2.1.2.2.4 Fireman's Switch
1.2.1.2.2.5 Fireman Intercom System
1.2.1.2.2.6 Fire Alarm Control Panel
1.2.2 Passive Fire Protection (PFP)
1.2.2.1 Purpose Group and Compartmentation
1.2.2.1(a) Separation of Fire Risk Area
1
2

2

3 - 6

7 - 13

14 - 19

20 - 29

1.2.2.1(b) Fire Rated Door
1.2.2.1(c) Fire Rated Walls
1.2.2.2 Fire Appliance Access
1.2.2.3 Means of Escape
1.2.2.3(a) Fire Emergency Staircase
1.2.2.3(b) Emergency Exit Signs
1.2.2.3(c) Assembly Point
AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM
2.0 Introduction
2.1.1 Types Of Cycles
2.1.1.1 Refrigerant Cycle
2.1.1.2 Air Cycle
2.1.2 Types of Air-Conditioning Systems
2.1.2.1 Variable Refrigerant Volume
2.1.2.2 Split Unit Air-Conditioning System
2.2 Case Study
2.2.1 Variable Refrigerant Volume
2.2.1.1 Outdoor unit
2.2.1.2 Schematic Diagram
2.2.1.3 Indoor unit
2.2.1.4 Schematic Diagram
2.2.1.5 System Locations
2.2.2 Split Unit Air Conditioning System
2.2.2.1 Outdoor unit
2.2.2.2 Indoor unit
2.2.1.5 System Locations
2.3 Operating system
2.3.1 Split Unit Air Conditioning System
2.3.1.1 Components
2.3.2 Cooling Tower
2.3.2.1 Cooling Tower Components
2.4 Uniform Building By-Laws 1984
30 - 35

36

37 - 41

42 - 49

50 - 58

58

MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM
3.1.2 Functions of Mechanical Ventilation System
3.1.3 Comparison of Mechanical Ventilation System and Natural Ventilation
3.2 Types of Mechanical Ventilation System
3.2.1 Mechanical inlet & natural extract (Supply System)
3.2.2 Natural inlet and mechanical extract (Extract System)
3.2.3 Mechanical inlet & extract (Combined System)
3.2.4 Comparison of Extract System, Supply System and Combined System
3.3 Components of mechanical ventilation system
3.3.1 Case Study
3.4 Protection System
3.5 Uniform Building By-Laws 1984
MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
4.1 Elevator
4.1.1 Type of Elevators
4.1.2 Case Study
4.1.2.1 Components of System (not ﬁnish)
4.1.2.2 Safety Features
4.1.2.4 UBBL Requirements
4.2 Escalators
4.2.1 Type of Escalators
4.2.2 Case Study
4.2.2.1 Components of System
4.2.2.2 Operation System
4.2.2.3 Safety Features
4.2.2.4 Location of Escalators & Design Consideration
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES 
59 - 60

61 - 64

65 - 70

71 - 73

74 - 75

76

76 - 86

87 - 97

98

99 - 100

INTRODUCTION
The case study chosen was DK Walk which located at Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya. The mall is
associated with DK Senza Residence to provide the convenient for residents with convenience
stores and restaurants. It is 5 minutes walk from Taylor’s University and targeted to the university
students. DK Walk is a mixed development comprising of two levels of retail stores and one level of
basement vehicle parking.
This report performs a case study on building services systems applied and installed in DK Walk.
Students are required to identify and understand relevant information related to mechanical
ventilation, air-conditioning system, mechanical transportation system as well as ﬁre protection
systems. Understand the functions and purposes of building services systems. Understanding the
statutory requirements and regulations involved in building designs and its importance towards
practicality and public safety.
Building services play an important role and must be integrated in early stages of design of the
overall form of the building. It contributes not only to the overall design strategies and standards,
but also in terms of facade engineering, the weight, size and location of major plant and
equipment, vertical and horizontal services, drainage, energy sources and so on. 
Page 1

1FIRE PROTECTION
SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION
A fire protection system is a vital component of a building’s safety plan regardless of whatever
building it is. Without a fire protection system, the lives of occupants inside the building are placed
at a high risk in the event an emergency. DK Walk has sufficiently installed the fire protection
systems which are contributed by Active Fire Protection(AFP) and Passive Fire Protection(PFP).
These two systems have to be well maintained to ensure they can work during the emergency.
Active Fire Protection (AFP) is a group of systems that require some amount of action or motion in
order to work efficiently in the event of a fire. Actions may be manually operated or automatically.
Passive Fire Protection (PFP) is a group of systems that compartmentalise a building through the
use of fire-resistance rated walls/floors.
1.1 LITERATURE REVIEW
Fire protection system can be categorized into two types, passive and active fire protection
systems.
Active Fire Protection (AFP) is a life securing system which has to be installed in any type of
buildings. It helps to deliver message to the occupants inside the building by detecting the
occurrence of fire and eliminating the it before going severe. The basic AFP is made up of water
based system, non water based system, alarm & detection systems and smoke control
system. These systems have to be on duty at all times especially the alarm and detection
systems. It is the first signal to alert the occupants to escape from the building. But, over
dependable on the AFP system is a dangerous behaviour as it might not functioning well during
the emergency due to some factors like inappropriate installation, aging process and human error.
Passive Fire Protection (PFP) is a basic and fundamental system to resist fire in a building. It
acts as a barrier against fire which is always on duty. A proper installation and maintenance of
passive fire protection can save lives, assets and building itself. PFP assists to contain fires or slow
the spread, through use of fire-resistant walls, floors, door and etc. Hence, with the design of PFP
allows the occupants to escape from the building by using an appropriate route with a sufficient
time before collapsing.
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1.2 TYPE OF FIRE PROTECTION
1.2.1 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION (AFP)
The active fire protection system can divided into water based system, non water based system
and detection systems.
1.2.1.1 WATER BASED SYSTEMS
Water-based fire protection systems are the most common form of fire suppression for both the
industrial and the commercial sectors. Water is the most general element used to put out a fire.
Water is usually readily on duty and it can be stored at atmospheric pressure and normal
temperatures, takes the heat out of a fire, and is cheap.
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1.2.1.1.1 EXTERNAL FIRE HYDRANT
FIRE HYDRANT is also called as fireplug
which normally appears externally of a
building. It turns to be a connection point for
firefighters to tap into the water as a supply. A
system of pipe-works are connected to the
water supply in order to provide water to the
fire hydrants in every location.The location of
fire hydrants must consider accessibility,
obstructions and vicinity to the building for the
purpose of the firefighters. There are 6 fire
hydrants (two ways) installed around DK
Walk. Every fire hydrants are positioned in an
appropriate distance for the ease of
firefighters.
Page 4
Figure 1.1 Fire hydrant (two ways) at DK Walk
Requirements and regulations according to UBBL 1984 regarding external fire hydrants:
Clause #225
(2) Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5
meters from the nearest point of fire brigade.
(3) Depending on the size and location of the building and the provision of access for fire
appliances, additional fire hydrant shall be provided as may be required by the Fire Authority.

1.2.1.1.2 DRY RISER SYSTEM
Figure 1.2 Dry riser system of a building
Figure 1.3 Inlet breeching installed on the external wall of DK Walk
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A dry riser is a main vertical pipe that runs through every level of the building. It serves to
distribute water that is supplied into the system by fire-fighters via the inlet breeching during fires.
On normal days, it is maintained empty of water. Common in high rise buildings, it is usually found
in a fire resistant shaft located near the building fire escape staircase enclosure.
An inlet breeching, located within a steel cabinet with glazed doors can be found on ground levels
outside a building. In the case of a fire, fire rescue services will supply pressurised water here,
allowing it to travel from the exterior to the interiors of a building and up through all floors which
terminates at the top floor.
A dry riser air release valve is found at the top of the vertical pipework, it allows automatic
bleeding of air of pipework when pressurised water is introduced.
The dry riser branches out into landing valves found on every floor in which is accessible for
internal connection.In conclusion, a dry riser is a normally empty pipe that can be externally
connected to a pressurized water source by firefighters. Water supply is connected from the fire
hydrant to the fire engine then to the inlet of dry riser. 
Page 6
Requirements and regulations according to UBBL 1984 concerning dry riser systems:
230. Installation and testing of dry rising system.
1. Dry rising systems shall be provided in every building in which the topmost floor is
more than 18.3 metres but less than 30.5 metres above fire appliance access level.
2. A hose connection shall be provided in each fire fighting access lobby.
3. Dry risers shall be of minimum "Class C" pipes with fittings and connections of
sufficient strength to withstand 21 bars water pressure.
4. Dry risers shall be tested hydrostatically to withstand not less than 14 bars of pressure
for two hours in the presence of the Fire Authority before acceptance.
5. All horizontal runs of the dry rising systems shall be pitched at the rate of 6.35
millimetres in 3.05 metres.
6. The dry riser shall be not less than 102 millimetres in diameter in buildings in which the
highest outlet is 22.875 metres or less above the fire brigade pumping inlet and not
less than 152.4 millimetres diameter where the highest outlet is higher than 22.875
metres above the pumping inlet.
7. 102 millimetres diameter dry risers shall be equipped with a two-way pumping inlet
and 152.4 millimetres dry risers shall equipped with a four-way pumping inlet.

1.2.1.1.3 HOSE REEL SYSTEM
Figure 1.4 The overall hose reel system of DK Walk
Hose reel system is planned for the occupants to use during the starting stages of fire and
comprises hose reel pumps ,fire water tank, hose reels, pipe work and valves. The hose reel
system normally serves as an initial fire fighting aid.
1.2.1.1.3 (A) HOSE REEL
Figure 1.5 Installation of hose reel against the wall of DK Walk
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Figure 1.6 Placement of hose reels on the 1st floor of DK Walk
Fire Hose Reels are the equipment for the experts and are normally located to cover large areas
with a high risk. Fire hose reels should only be used when a fire risk assessment specifically
recommends it. From DK Walk, it is well facilitated with hose reels in the building. There are 7 hose
reels provided in the 1st floor of DK Walk.
1.2.1.1.3(B) HOSE REEL WATER TANK
Figure 1.7 Water tank in DK Walk
This water tank is placed together in a cooling tower at the level 2 which provides the water supply
to every outlets of the external fire hydrant.
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1.2.1.1.4 WET RISER SYSTEM
Figure 1.8 Example of wet riser system in a building
Figure 1.9 Wet riser in DK Walk
Page 9

Wet riser system is a system of valves and network of pipe-works which are charged permanently
with water. It is completely different from dry riser as it is permanently charged with water from
pressurized supply. It generally pumped from a storage tank, with landing valves at specified
locations on each floor. According to Figure 1.20, there are only 3 wet riser installed on the 1st floor
plan (DK Walk). But, there are enough of dry riser equipped among the floor.
Figure 1.20 Placement of wet riser in Dk Walk
Requirements and regulations according to UBBL 1984 concerning wet riser systems:
231. Installation and testing of wet rising system.
1. Wet rising systems shall be provided in every building in which the topmost floor is more
than 30.5 metres above fire appliance access level.
2. A hose connection shall be provided in each fire fighting access lobby.
3. Wet risers shall be of minimum 152.4 millimetres diameter and shall be hydrostatically
tested at a pressure 50% above the working pressure required and not less than 14 bars
for at least twenty-four hours.
4. Each wet riser outlet shall comprise standard 63.5 millimetres instantaneous coupling fitted
with a hose of not less than 38.1 millimetres diameter equipped with an approved typed
cradle and a variable fog nozzle.
5. A wet riser shall be provided in every staircase which extends from the ground floor level to
the roof and shall be equipped with a three-way 63.5 millimetres outlet above the roof line.
6. Each stage of the wet riser shall not exceed 61 metres, unless expressly permitted by
D.G.F.S. but in no case exceeding 70.15 meters.
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1.2.1.1.5 FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM
Figure 1.21 Upward fire sprinkler in the basement of DK Walk
A fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection method, consisting of a water supply
system, providing adequate pressure and flow-rate to a water distribution piping system,
onto which fire sprinklers are connected. The fire sprinklers in the basement of DK Walk
are installed upward. They are designed to prevent crashing with the loading cars which
are tall.
Figure 1.22 Component of fire sprinkler
When the deflector is being heated constantly, the glass bulb will break due to thermal expansion
of the liquid inside the bulb. Once the glass bulb broken, the water will spill out.
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1.2.1.1.6 SPRINKLER ALARM VALVE
Figure 1.23 Sprinkler alarm valve in DK Walk
This installation is placed beside the pump room (externally) with a little distance away from DK
Walk. A sprinkler alarm valve helps to prevent a reverse flow of water from the installation into
the fire-pump room, but in case a fire sprinkler is activated (opened) due to fire, the alarm valve will
open and permit water flow into the system.
UBBL 1984 SECTION 226:
Where hazardous process, storage or occupancy are of such character as to require automatic
sprinklers or other automatic extinguishing system, it shall be of a type and standard appropriate to
extinguish fires in the hazardous materials stored or handles or for the safety of the occupants.
1. Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the exterior wall and
shall be readily accessible to the fire authority.
2. All sprinkler system shall be electricity connected to the nearest fire station to provide
immediate and automatic relay of the alarm when activated.
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1.2.1.2 NON-WATER BASED SYSTEM
Non-water based system is a system that uses other elements instead of water to put out fire.
1.2.1.2.1 FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
Portable fire extinguishers are commonly used to fight fire in the initial stages only as its limited
agent makes it unsuitable for big fires. It is a tool in which is easily operable by common folk (if one
follows the instructions written on it) in the scene of an emergency. ABC Dry Powder extinguisher
is the type of fire extinguisher found on site, it is a multi-purpose extinguisher suitable for use on
Class A, B and C fires involving combustible solids, flammable liquids and gases and electrical
equipment. As required by UBBL, all fire extinguishers must be located in obvious places to be
easily spotted at times of emergency.
The portable extinguishers should not be placed on
the ground unless there has a stand for them. This is
because the stand protects the base of the extinguisher
from condensation from a cold floor which can
eventually cause corrosion. From the Figure 1.24, the
portable extinguisher in DK Walk is mounted 1 m high
on the wall which is noticeable for people.
Figure 1.24 Portable extinguisher is mounted on the
wall of DK Walk
UBBL 1984 requirement
Portable extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with the relevant codes of practice and shall
be sited in prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from all directions and similar
extinguishers in a building shall be of same method of operation.
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1.2.1.2.2 ALARM AND DETECTION SYSTEM
An alarm system consists of a multiple of devices working together to detect and alert people
through either visual or audio information during the occurrence of smoke, fire, carbon monoxide or
other emergencies. These alarms will be activated through automatic means such as smoke, heat
or flame detectors. Alarms can also be activated manually through fire alarm activation devices
such as manual call points or pull stations.
1.2.1.2.2.1 SMOKE DETECTOR
Smoke detector is a sensor or a device which able to detect the smoke. Whenever smokes are
getting severe, it can be sensed and send audio signal to the occupants. It can also be called
smoke alarm.
Figure 1.25 Smoke detector in DK Walk
Smokes detectors which are set up on the ceiling of Dk Walk in the lift lobby. Whenever there is a
fire, smoke will be detected by smoke detector and it will trigger alarm systems to start a loud noise
in order to warn the occupants in the building to seek safety.
UBBL 1984 - Section 153:
1) All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.
2) Lift not opening into a smoke lobby shall not use door reopening devices controlled by light
beam or photo-detectors unless incorporated with a force close feature which after thirty-
seconds of any interruption of the beam causes the door to close within a preset time.
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1.2.1.2.2.2 FIRE ALARM BELL
Fire alarm is an important device to send signals to the occupants in the building by producing a
high pressure of siren when there has a fire. It alerts the people to escape from the building before
the fire burns tragically.
Figure 1.26 Fire alarm bell in DK Walk
Figure 1.27 Fire alarm bell in DK Walk (1st Floor)
There are five fire alarm bells can be found in 1st floor of DK Walk. With the sufficient amount fire
alarm bells in just a floor, occupants should be able to get noticed when the bells activate and
escaped from the building before the fire engulfs them.
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1.2.1.2.2.3 MANUAL FIRE ALARM ACTIVATION
Manual fire alarm activation is categorized into two types:
i) Manual Call Point
ii) Manual Pull Station
1.2.1.2.2.3(A) MANUAL CALL POINT
Manual call point is connected to the main fire alarm control panel which is used to activate an
alarm. It can be activated by breaking the glass then the signal will be transferred to the monitor to
show where the location is.
Figure 1.28 Manual Call Point in DK Walk
1.2.1.2.2.3(B) MANUAL PULL STATION
A manual pull station can be activated by pulling down the handle to ring the alarm. It can be
stopped or reset by opening the key ignition panel with the specific key.
Figure 1.29 Manual Pull Station in DK Walk
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Figure 1.30 Manual Fire Alarm Activation in DK Walk(1st floor)
From the 1st floor of DK Walk, it can tell that it has a minimal amount of manual fire alarm
activation. They are normally placed and installed near the fire escape stairs or exits.
1.2.1.2.2.4 FIREMAN'S SWITCH
During the emergency, priority for the firemen are immediately disconnect the high power voltage
of electric. Switching off the fireman’s switch is very vital as it can prevent the electrical appliances
from explosion during the overheating.
The standards must to follow which are:
i) The device has to be labelled with “Fireman’s Switch” and painted in red.
ii) It has to be isolated from other live conductors.
Figure 1.31 Fireman’s Switch in DK Walk
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1.2.1.2.2.5 FIREMAN INTERCOM SYSTEM
Fireman intercom system is an important device for firefighters to communicate in a burning
building. When buildings are installed with fireman intercom systems, it helps the firefighters to
instantly change their plans to fight a fire. This can be a life-saving component of a fire response.
From DK Walk, fireman intercom system has been found and they do consider about the safety
measures.
Figure 1.32 Fireman Intercom System in DK Walk
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1.2.1.2.2.6 FIRE ALARM CONTROL PANEL
Fire alarm panel is a device which controls the components of fire alarm system. The panel
receives information from devices designed to detect and report fires, monitors their
operational integrity and provides for automatic control of equipment, and transmission of
information necessary to prepare the facility for fire based on a predetermined sequence. It can
easily be found in DK Walk as it checks whether the components of fire alarm system are in a good
condition.
Figure 1.33 Fireman Intercom System in DK Walk
Every large premises or building exceeding 30.5 meters height shall be provided with a command
and control located on the designated floor and shall contain a panel to monitor them. Public
address, fire brigade communication, sprinkler, water flow detectors, ; fire detection and alarm
systems and with a direct telephone connection to the appropriate fire station by-passing by-the
switchboard.
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1.2.2 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION (PFP)
The passive fire protection system is done to decelerate the spread of fire to other areas or part
of the building efficiently, this is to increase escaping time. These systems are built-in fire system
design features through resistance to fire and reaction to fire improvement provisions, such as
rated constructions that provide fire safety and do not require any activation. Consideration of
this system are made during the planning design stage in the building design of any construction.
The main components are:
1.2.2.1 PURPOSE GROUP AND COMPARTMENTATION
1.2.2.1(A) SEPARATION OF FIRE RISK AREA
Separation of fire risk area is where a corridor forms part of a means of escape in one direction
only, separated from all adjoining areas, with the exception for restrooms, by fire-resisting
construction. Rooms of high fire risk must be separated from adjoining areas, especially corridors
forming means of escape, by fire-resisting construction.
Protected shafts are spaces that connect fire compartments. These include space such as
stairways and service shafts as they must be protected to restrict fire spread between the
compartment. The condition and operation of fire separation materials and devices must be
checked regularly to ensure optimum performance.
Figure 1.33 Separation of fire risk area on the ground floor of DK Walk
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Figure 1.34 Separation of fire risk area on the ground floor of DK Walk
In DK Walk, the storage such as LP gas store is potential high fire risk areas, due to the
flammable liquids and items being stored in the area. Compartmenting the space from other areas
such as corridors and staircases can confine the fire and minimize the risk of loss by segregating
the fire risk area.
Regulations found under UBBL 1984 - Section 139 ;
The following area uses shall be separated from the other areas of the occupancy in which they
are located by fire resisting construction of elements of structure of a FRP to be determined by
local authority based on the degree of hazard:
● Boiler rooms and associated duels storage area
● Laundries
● Repairs shops involving hazardous processes and materials
● Storage are of materials in quantities deemed hazardous
● Liquefied petroleum gas storage areas
● Linen rooms
● Flammable liquid stores
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1.2.2.1(B) FIRE RATED DOOR
Fire rated doors and windows are installed in an opening of a fire barrier to maintain its fire
resistance. It is thicker than normal doors and used in a building to contain the spread of fire or
smoke between compartments to prevent fire from spreading and restricting the flow of
oxygen, and give occupants enough time to enable safe escape from a building. It should be fitted
with intumescent fire and smoke seals, either around the edges of the door leaf or the frame.
These seal are an integral part of a fire door structure and ensure that, not only is the spread of
fire prevented, but also ingress of cold smoke in the early stages of a fire. The door
ironmongery should withstand high temperature so that it does not cause failure where the fire
causes jam on the door and block the escape route. It is usually used for emergency exits or
staircases. By using fire rated door, this can improve the flow of evacuation of occupants and also
the safety of the fire fighters.
Page 22
Figure 1.36 The unlock buttons beside the fire rated doors
Figure 1.37 Door closeFigure 1.35 Locked fire door
leading to escape staircase, with
unlock button beside it

In DK Walk, recessed single leaf rated doors are used all around in the lift lobby, from underground
parking lot to the topmost. They are found mainly in all the lift tower . All the doors are locked for
security and safety reasons, with only the residence has the access card to come in the lift tower
while the exit button attached beside the door in the event of fire escape to get out the lift tower.
Automatic door closers for the door are installed to allow self-closing, thus further prevention of fire
and smoke from spreading to the other areas.
UBBL 1984 - Section 162: Fire doors in compartments walls and separating walls.
1. Fire doors of the appropriate FRP shall be provided.
2. Openings in compartment walls and separating walls shall be protected by a fire for having
a FRP in accordance with the requirements for that wall specified in the Ninth Schedule to
these By-Laws.
UBBL 1984 - Section 164 (1): Door closers for fire doors.
All fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closers of the hydraulically spring operated type
in the case of swing doors and wire rope and weight type in the case of sliding door.
UBBL 1984 - Section 173 (1): Exit Doors
1. All exit doors shall be openable from the inside without the use of a key or any special
knowledge or effort.
2. Exit doors shall close automatically when released and all door devices including magnetic
door holders, shall release the doors upon power failure or actuation of the fire alarm.
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LOCATION OF FIRE DOORS ON FLOOR PLANS:
Figure 1.38 Basement Floor Plan
Figure 1.39 Ground Floor Plan
Figure 1.40 First Floor Plan
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1.2.2.1(C) FIRE RATED WALLS
A non-bearing wall which is capable to provide up to 240 minutes fire resistance and acts as a
barrier between two spaces to prevent the spread of fire in a period of time. This can prolong the
time of occupants to escape from building. It can be used to subdivide a building into separate fire
areas and are constructed in accordance with the Uniform Building Laws 1984.
Figure 1.41 Compartment wall
Firewalls are used as a partition that acts as a barrier between two spaces to prevent the spread
of fire. The material used for the building’s walls are fire rated brick wall and gypsum board
plasterboard. Gypsum board is a good fire-resistant material. bOther materials in the building
include non-combustible materials such as concrete, which provides a division between floors. The
brick wall and gypsum board plasterboard act as compartment for the restaurant while the concrete
floors act as compartment between each floor. They are all sufficient to withstand and prolong the
escape time for occupants to evacuate out of the building.
Page 25

UBBL 1984 - Section 138 (c) : Other walls and floors to be constructed as compartment walls or
compartment floors.
Any wall or floor separating part of a building form any other part of the same building, which is
used or intended to be used mainly for a purpose failing within a different purpose group as, set out
in the Fifth Schedule to these by laws.
UBBL 1984 - Section 174: Arrangement of storey exits.
1. Where two or more storey exits are required they shall be spaced at not less than 5
metres apart measured between the nearest edges of the openings.
2. Each exit shall give direct access to-
- a final exit;
- a protected staircase leading to a final exit; or
- an external route leading to a final exit
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1.2.2.1 (D) FIRE SHUTTERS
Similar to fire walls, the building uses fire shutters as it is not permanently visible and is fixed at
one location. The fire shutters are wired into the building’s fire detection system, working in hand
with active fire protection and automatically shuts once the signals from the fire alarm is received. It
deploys a predetermined safe height that allows occupants to escape from the building while
acting as a smoke barrier, before fully closing and acts as a fire resistant barrier.
Figure 1.42 Fire Shutters all around DK Walk
Figure 1.43 Location of fire shutters on Ground Floor
Page 27

1.2.2.2 FIRE APPLIANCE ACCESS
Considerations of Fire Appliance Access is crucial for fire trucks to get in place without hassle
during the fire event. Fire hydrants must be situated nearby for firefighting to be carried out
smoothly. The fire brigade access must be clear from any blockage to allow high reach appliances
such as turntables ladders and hydraulic platforms to be used.
Figure 1.44 Fire Hydrant and Hose Reel Accessible on Ground Floor
A set of fire hydrant and hose reels is located all around the building, providing water supply and
for the easy access of firefighting to be carried out smoothly. It is critical for the fire trucks to be
able to access the area without much of a hassle in the event of a fire breaking out. The open
space is large enough and clear from any obstruction to prevent a delay when accessing
appliances such as turntable ladders and hydraulic platforms.
Page 28

UBBL Section 140 - Fire Appliance Access
All buildings in excess of 7000 cubic metre shall open about a street or road or an open space of
not less than 12 m width and accessible to fire brigade appliances.
UBBL 1984 - Section 225: Detecting and extinguishing fire
1. Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and with fire
alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as
specified in the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.
2. Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5
meters from the nearest point of fire brigade access.
3. Depending on the size and location of the building and the provision of access for fire
appliances, additional fire hydrant shall be provided as may be required by the Fire
Authority.
UBBL 1984 - Section 247 (2): Water storage
Main water storage tanks within the building, other than for hose reel systems, shall be located at
ground, first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping inlet connections accessible to
the fire appliances.
Figure 1.45 Location of Fire Appliances Access
Page 29

1.2.2.3 MEANS OF ESCAPE
1.2.2.3(A) FIRE EMERGENCY STAIRCASE
Fire emergency staircases are crucial as it is an escape route for users to evacuate out of the
building safely.
DK Walk consists of fire escape staircases at every level of the building, as well as in the
basement parking.
The fire escape staircases in DK Walk is at the lift tower which are at the sides and middle which
are easily accessible for the occupants. The staircase is U-shaped with a landing with a width of
1300 mm with a riser height of 1800 mm and thread of 190 mm. The material of the stairs is
cement concrete. It is required to provide a landing on each flight of staircases to ensure that the
occupants have enough circulation space with the avoidance of any accidents during emergencies.
The fire escape staircases are also well lit from mechanical lighting to increase the safety of
occupants when escaping the building.
Furthermore, according to the UBBL 1984, there should be no obstructions in any staircases
between the topmost landing and the exit on the ground floor.
Page 30
Figure 1.46 Landing of the Fire
Escape Staircase
Figure 1.47 Lighting of the Fire
Escape Staircase

LOCATION OF FIRE ESCAPE STAIRCASE ON FLOOR PLANS
Figure 1.48 Basement Floor Plan
Figure 1.49 Ground Floor Plan
Figure 1.50 First Floor Plan
Page 31

UBBL 1984 - Section 106 (1): Dimensions of staircases.
In any staircases, the rise of any staircase shall be not more than 180 millimetres and the tread
shall be not less than 225 millimetres and the dimensions of the rise and the tread of the staircase
so chosen shall be uniform and consistent throughout.
UBBL 1984 - Section 107 (3): Handrails.
In building other than residential buildings, a handrail shall be provided on each side of the
staircase when the width of the staircase is 1100 millimetres or more.
UBBL 1984 - Section 110: No obstruction in staircases
1. There shall be no obstruction in any staircase between the topmost landing and the exit
discharge on the ground floor.
2. There shall be no projection, other than handrails in staircases, in any corridor, passage,
or staircase at a level lower than 2 metres above the floor or above any stair.
UBBL 1984 - Section 168 (1): Staircases
Except as provided for in by-law 194, every upper floor shall have means of egress via at least
two separate staircases.
Page 32

1.2.2.3(B) EMERGENCY EXIT SIGNS
Emergency exit signs are to direct users to the shortest routes to escape out from the
building, which will lead them to the safe open outdoor assembly point. The Exit Emergency
signage of ‘KELUAR’ means ‘EXIT’ in Malaysia. The ‘KELUAR’ signage is required to be
permanently lit and must be visible to users at all times.
Figure 1.51 Dimension of the exit sign
Figure 1.52 Exit sign in DK Walk
In DK Walk, the ‘KELUAR’ signage can be seen placed on top of the escape staircase exits and
along the corridor of every level, as well as the main and back entrance of the building. The escape
signage is important to direct users to the shortest routes to exit the building, leading them to
a safe open assembly point. The ‘KELUAR’ signage is also to be lit at all time and visible to the
occupants.
Page 33

UBBL 1984 - Section 172: Emergency Exit Signs
1. Every exit sign shall have word ‘KELUAR’ in a plainly legible not less than 15mm height
with the principle strokes of the letters not less than 18mm wide.
2. The exits and access to such exit shall be marked by readily visible signs and shall not be
obscured by and decorations, furnishing or other equipment.
3. The sign with the reading of ‘KELUAR’ should indicating the direction shall be placed in
every location where the direction of the travel to reach the nearest exit.
4. All exit shall be illuminated continuously during period of occupancy.
5. The design and installation of every emergency exit sign shall be on compliance with
MS983 and MS619.
Page 34

1.2.2.3(C) ASSEMBLY POINT
In Dk Walk, the assembly point is located in the wide open car park area outside of the building, it
is located near the emergency staircase of the building. This will ensure the safety of the
occupants during the incident.
Figure 1.53 Assembly Point in DK Walk
Figure 1.54 Example of fire evacuation drill and assembly point plan layout in DK Walk
UBBL 1984 - Section 178:
Exits for institutional and other places of assembly in buildings classified as institutional or places
of assembly, exits to a street or large open space, together with staircases, corridors and passages
leading to such exits shall be located, separated or protected as to avoid any undue danger to the
occupants of the place of assembly from fire originating in the other occupancy or smoke
therefrom.
Page 35

2 AIR-CONDITIONING
SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION
Malaysia’s has a hot and humid climate throughout the year, which makes passive ventilation and
air-conditioning a much needed feature in every building. According to MS 1525, 2007, the average
comfortable room temperature is situated around 23°C to 26°C to ensure the human body retains a
comfortable temperature of 37 ±0.5°C.
The factors that affect thermal comfort are room temperature, clothing, metabolic rate, relative
humidity, and air movement. (MS 1525, 2007)
Air conditioning is the process of removing or adding heat from/to a space, to control the
temperature, humidity, air cleanliness and air movement & heat radiation with mechanical means,
to achieve human thermal comfort.
Page 36

2.1.1 TYPES OF CYCLES
2.1.1.1 REFRIGERANT CYCLE
The refrigerant cycle is a process to remove heat from one place to another. Heat inside a room is
transferred through the evaporator and removed to the outside air through a condenser.
Figure 2.1 Refrigerant cycle
Page 37
4.
The low-pressure liquid then moves to the evaporator,
where heat from the inside air is absorbed and changes it
from a liquid to a gas.
3.
The liquid then moves to the expansion valve under high
pressure. This valve restricts the flow of the fluid, and
lowers its pressure as it leaves the expansion valve.
5.
As a hot low-
pressure gas, the
refrigerant moves
to the
compressor
where the entire
cycle is repeated.
1.
The refrigerant comes into the compressor as a low-
pressure gas, it is compressed and moves out of the
compressor as a high pressure gas.
2.
The gas then flows to the condenser. Here the gas
condenses to a liquid and gives off its heat to the outside
air.
!

2.1.1.2 AIR CYCLE
Air cycle is a process that distributes treated air into the room that needs to be conditioned. Latent
heat inside the room is removed when the return air is absorbed by the evaporator. The medium to
absorb the heat can be either air or water. Distribution of air can be either through ducts or chilled
water pipes. Heat inside the room is removed and slowly the internal air becomes cooler.
Figure 2.2 Air cycle
Page 38

2.1.2 Types of Air-Conditioning Systems
2.1.2.1 Variable Refrigerant Volume
The VRV system is a multi-split type air conditioner for commercial buildings that uses
variable refrigerant ﬂow control to provide customers with the ability to maintain individual zone
control in each room and ﬂoor of a building. The VRV connects one external unit to multiple
indoor units.
Figure 2.3 Example of a VRV system
Page 39

Indoor units consists of ﬂoor standing units, wall mounted units, ceiling mounted/cassette
units & ducted units mounted above ceiling.
 
Page 40
Figure 2.4 Outdoor Unit Figure 2.5 Ceiling Cassette
Figure 2.6 Ceiling Duct Figure 2.7 Floor Standing Unit
Figure 2.8 Wall-Mounted Unit

2.1.2.2 SPLIT UNIT AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM
The Split Unit Air-Conditioning System is the most popular air conditioning system nowadays, It
operates silently and can be made to look elegant, while not needing to drill a huge hole in the wall.
This AC system consists of two units. The outdoor unit, known as the condenser, and an indoor
unit, otherwise known as the evaporator or air handling unit. Both units are connected by copper
tubing.
The outdoor unit contains the more important parts of the AC system; the compressor, condenser,
expansion valve, and etc. A propeller fan draws in surrounding air and blows it over the
compressor and condenser, thus cooling it. This is why the unit has to be placed somewhere there
has sufficient flow of air. The unit also covered with aluminium fins so that heat from the refrigerant
can be removed at a faster rate.
Figure 2.9 Split-type outdoor unit.
The indoor unit is the one that produces the cooling effect for the room. It also contains the
evaporator (cooling coil), blower fan, supply air louvers, air filter, return air grille, drain pipe & a
control panel. The blower draws in the warm room air and it passes over the filter and the
evaporator which leads to the cooling of the air. This process continues and the air is blown into
the room where the cooling effect is produced. Direction of airflow can also be controlled by
horizontal and vertical louvers.
Figure 2.10 Typical split-type wall-mounted unit.
Page 41

2.2 CASE STUDY
2.2.1 VARIABLE REFRIGERANT VOLUME
2.2.1.1 OUTDOOR UNIT
Manufacturer: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.
Model Number: FDC680KXE6
Cycle: Refrigerant Cycle
Figure 2.11 VRV outdoor unit photo.
Figure 2.12 VRV outdoor unit speciﬁcations.
Page 42

2.2.1.2 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
Figure 2.13 VRV outdoor unit schematic diagram.
Page 43

2.2.1.3 INDOOR UNIT
Manufacturer: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.
Type: Ceiling Cassette
Model Number: FDT36KXE6F
Figure 2.14 VRV indoor ceiling cassette photo.
Page 44

2.2.1.4 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
Figure 2.15 VRV indoor ceiling cassette schematic diagram.
Page 45

2.2.1.5 SYSTEM LOCATIONS
Figure 2.16: Ground ﬂoor VRV system locations.
Figure 2.17 First ﬂoor VRV system locations.
Legend
Outdoor VRV Unit
Indoor VRV Unit
Page 46

2.2.2 SPLIT UNIT AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
2.2.2.1 OUTDOOR UNIT
Manufacturer: Daikin Malaysia
Model Number: RN28/30CV1
Cycle: Refrigerant Cycle
Figure 2.18 Split-type outdoor unit photo.
Page 47

2.2.2.2 INDOOR UNIT
Manufacturer: Daikin Malaysia
Type: Ceiling Cassette
Model Number: R410A FCN20/25/30/35/40/50FV1 (Panel: BCFL2B5)
Figure 2.19 Split-type indoor unit photo.
Page 48

2.2.1.5 SYSTEM LOCATIONS
Figure 2.20: ground floor split-type system locations.
Figure 2.21: first floor split-type system locations.
Legend
Shop units using split-type AC system
Page 49

2.3 OPERATING SYSTEM
Most air conditioning systems have ﬁve mechanical components, a compressor, a condenser, an
evaporator coil, blower and a chemical refrigerant. All of them playing an important role which allow
the whole system to run systematically.
Figure 2.22 Operating system.
Legend
(1) Compressor (4) Interconnecting pipework
(2) External fan (5) Evaporator coil
(3) Condenser coil (6) Indoor fan motor
Page 50

2.3.1 SPLIT UNIT AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
Most central air conditioning units operate by means of a split system. That is, they consist of a ‘hot’
side, or the condensing unit—including the condensing coil, the compressor and the fan—which is
situated outside building, and a ‘cold’ side that is located inside the building.
The cold side consists of an expansion valve and a cold coil, and it is usually part of your furnace or
some type of air handler. The furnace blows air through an evaporator coil, which cools the air.
Then this cool air is routed throughout the building by means of a series of air ducts. A window unit
operates on the same principal, the only difference being that both the hot side and the cold side are
located within the same housing unit.
The compressor (which is controlled by the thermostat) is the ‘heart’ of the system. The compressor
acts as the pump, causing the refrigerant to flow through the system. Its job is to draw in a low-
pressure, low-temperature, refrigerant in a gaseous state and by compressing this gas, raise the
pressure and temperature of the refrigerant. This high-pressure, high-temperature gas then flows to the
condenser coil.
The condenser coil is a series of piping with a fan that draws outside air across the coil. As the
refrigerant passes through the condenser coil and the cooler outside air passes across the coil, the air
absorbs heat from the refrigerant which causes the refrigerant to condense from a gas to a liquid state.
The high-pressure, high-temperature liquid then reaches the expansion valve.
The evaporator coil is a series of piping connected to a furnace or air handler that blows indoor air
across it, causing the coil to absorb heat from the air. The cooled air is then delivered to the house
through ducting. The refrigerant then flows back to the compressor where the cycle starts over again.
Page 51

2.3.1.1 COMPONENTS
COPPER COILING
Figure 2.23 HVAC copper coiling.
The copper coiling is a main component made up of number turns of the copper tubing which
come in one or more rows depending the needs required. The cooling coil function as providing a
heat-absorbing surface which are also covered with the aluminium ﬁns to can maximize the
amount of heat that transferred from the coil to the air inside the room. The number of turns of the
copper tubing are also an impact to the capacity of the air conditioning system.
Page 52

HVAC AIR FILTER
Figure 2.24 HVAC air filter.
The air filter‘s main function would be removing the dirts such as dust from the air drawn in from
the outside air, this process provided a purified air for the interior room. The air filter in the wall
mounted type mostly is located just before the cooling coil. The air from the outside will passed
through HVAC filter first, then it will directed through the cooling coil which occur when the blower
draw the hot air in.
Page 53

BLOWER FAN
Figure 2.25: HVAC blower fan.
Inside the indoor unit there is also a blower act as a sucker to propel the air for distribution. The air
intake will passed through the component such as air ﬁlter and cooper coiling to provide a cleaner
air quality and also lower down the temperature of the air intake. Centrifugal fan is commonly
used in AHU as it can move a small or large quantity of air efﬁciently. Besides, propeller fan is used
especially to remove heat from the condenser.
Page 54

DRAIN PIPE
Figure 2.26: HVAC drain pipe.
Drain pipe’s functions is to remove excessive water vapour collected which are mostly tilted to
about 2 to 3 degree to minimise blockage occur. The forming of water vapour mainly caused by the
intake air temperature lower than dew point temperature, which water vapour can be formed by
condensation. The water vapour will then dispel off by a drain pipe which are directed towards the
exterior unit or even toilets.
Page 55

2.3.2 COOLING TOWER
Figure 2.27 DK Walk cooling towers.
The cooling tower is located at DK Walk 2 Floor. Cooling towers are commonly used for heat
transfer or cool water for reuse. The operation started with a hot water is pumped in from outside
source and sprayed into the tower. Then the hot water flows over the fill, this process spread water
over a larger surface to allow for more cooling. Cool air hence flow over the fill and transfer more
heat through evaporation. The heat exits the tower and then the cooler water gathers at the basin
below. This cooler water is the pumped back to the system to be use again.
DK walk is using an induced draft cooling tower which functions to pull air out of the tower by
using a fan at the top to generate airflow.
There is two types of heat loss occurs in the cooling tower, which is sensible heat loss and
evaporation. Sensible heat loss is what can be felt and measured. Evaporation accounts for the
majority of the heat transfer and is the most critical aspect of the entire process.
Factors affect the efficiency of the cooling tower are humidity outside temperature and wind
velocity, even the design of the tower, water contamination and outside equipment will also
affects.
Page 56

2.3.2.1 COOLING TOWER COMPONENTS
Figure 2.28 Cooling tower cross-section illustration.
Plastic slats
Slats function are to direct the airflow. The purpose of having those are to increase the area of
contact between the hot water and the cooler air.
Large fan
Fan are designed to draw air across the fill which accelerates evaporation and further cools the
water. Then the cooled water continue to flow down into the tower sump and back to the system to
cools the heat sources
Make up line
Channel fresh water into the system, which also carry additional elements into the system water
where they accumulate. The more water evaporates the more the needs for makeup water to
replenish the system and the faster the concentration of elements build.
Page 57

Bleed of valve
Dumps a portion of system water to sewer or storm drain as wastewater. This wastewater
discharge must also be replenished by adding more fresh makeup water to the system because
makeup water carries fewer elements than the system water it will reduce the system
concentration. To create a maintain
2.4 UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS 1984
UBBL 1984, section 41 ;
Section 41. Mechanicals ventilation and air-conditioning.
1. Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning is intended, the relevant building by-
laws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and heights of rooms may be waived at the
discretion of the local authority.
2. Any application for the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if in addition to the
permanent air-conditioning system there is provided alternative approved means of ventilating the
air-conditioned enclosure, such that within half an hour of the air-conditioning system failing, not
less than the stipulated volume of fresh air speciﬁed hereinafter shall be introduced into the
enclosure during the period when the air- conditioning system is not functioning.
3. The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By-laws shall supply to buildings which are
mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned.
4. Where permanent mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories, water- closets, bathrooms or
corridors is provided for and maintained in accordance with the requirements of the Third Schedule
to these By-laws, the provisions of these By-laws relating to natural ventilation and natural lighting
shall not apply to such lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms or Corridors.
Section 111 : Lighting and ventilation of spaces
All staircases shall be properly lighted and ventilated according to the requirements of the local
authority.
Page 58

3 MECHANICAL
VENTILATION SYSTEM

Ventilation means a process of replacing air constantly in a space to control the temperature and
the quality of the air. Ventilation system is required for a space which is enclosed and the air ﬂow
is slow thus the air quality will be slight bad due to the lack of ventilation, and every of the buildings
must at least have ventilation system.
Ventilation can be categorize into natural and mechanical ventilation and the difference
between these two methods of ventilation is natural ventilation doesn’t require any force to replace
the air because the air will replace by the natural factors such as: pressure, temperature and etc.
On the other hand, mechanical ventilation requires outer force such as fan and air-conditioning
system to keep the air changing in an enclosed space.
Mechanical ventilation is required for a building when the natural forces of air pressure or
gravity are not strong enough to continuously exchange the air in an enclosed space by
powered fans or other power resources blowers. Mechanical ventilation is used to maintain the
freshness of an enclosed space, and also included controlling the humidity, containment of
bacteria, temperature and others.
3.1.1 FUNCTIONS OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM
Fresh Air Supply
It constantly draws in external air which are less polluted and less water into the internal space
when it is operating.
Removal of Pollutants
It helps get rid of the contaminated stale air while extracting the internal air out from an internal
space.
Circulation of Air
It keeps the circulation of air going on throughout the difference of pressure between the internal
space and external space which is created by device used.
Page 59

3.1.2 COMPARISON OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM AND
NATURAL VENTILATION
Page 60

3.2 TYPES OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM
3.2.1 MECHANICAL INLET AND NATURAL EXTRACT (SUPPLY
SYSTEM)
Figure 3.1 Mechanical Inlet and Natural Extract (Suppy System)
Supply systems work by pressurization as they bring outside air into the house, causing an equal
amount of inside air to exit the building. Most supply ventilation systems use the existing ductwork
of the central heating and cooling systems, and their blowers. They only require a small supply
duct connecting the air handler to the outdoors, to bring in the outside air.
Though inexpensive and easy to install this solution doesn't provide ventilation when the
heating/cooling system isn't running and can be very inefﬁcient. As for heating and cooling systems
are designed to move many times more air than that needed for ventilation. The ducts of the
heating and cooling systems are not optimized for ventilation purposes because they usually
waste too much energy.
Page 61

3.2.2 NATURAL INLET AND MECHANICAL EXTRACT (EXTRACT
SYSTEM)
Figure 3.2 Mechanical Inlet and Natural Extract (Extract System)
Extract ventilation systems can be very simple, as shown by common bathroom and kitchen
exhaust fans so most homes have them. The only thing extract system need to be aware of is just
make sure that the exhaust fans are properly ducted to the outdoors; otherwise the system may
be just moving moisture and stale air to elsewhere in the house.
But besides simple exhaust fans there are also central exhaust systems, with a fan or a multi-port
ventilation unit installed at the basement or attic or other place outside the home’s shell, pulling air
– through ducts - from the rooms, and exhausting it to the outdoors.
These systems are critical in airtight homes, and can work in conjunction with spot ventilation;
they can run full-time at an adjustable rate, or be scheduled to run according to your needs.
Page 62

3.2.3 MECHANICAL INLET & EXTRACT (COMBINED SYSTEM)
Figure 3.3 Mechanical Inlet and Natural Extract (Combined System)
Mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation introduces the best level of indoor air quality to our
houses. There are two types of mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation. This system is to
bring in fresh air to internal space for occupants, while exhausting stale air that contain inside air to
outside where moisture are mostly created.
The strength of combined system is slight pressurization of the air inside the building is
achieved by using an extract fan smaller than inlet fan to prevent dust, draughts and
noise. Normally this system are use in cinema and enclosed spaces.
Page 63

3.2.4 COMPARISON OF EXTRACT SYSTEM, SUPPLY SYSTEM AND
COMBINED SYSTEM
Page 64

3.3 COMPONENTS OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM
These are few component which can be found in Mechanical Ventilation System. Some of them
are shown in table below.
Page 65

3.3.1 CASE STUDY
FAN SYSTEM
Dk Walk has three types of fan which are Axial Fan, Propeller Fan and Centrifugal Fan. Axial
Fan can be found in the basement where they use it to increase the pressure of the air ﬂowing
through the fans which force the air to move parallel to the shaft which the blade rotates.
Figure 3.4 Axial Fan
Diagram 3.5 How axial fan works
Page 66

As for propeller fan which can be seen in few place which are shops inside DK walk, the
emergency staircase and basement. Propeller fan commonly used without ducting which is
normally placed on wall and can remove large volume of air but not allowing air to be force through
long duct. Propeller fan that is located as the ﬁgure below:
Figure 3.8 Wall mounted propeller fan
Page 67
Figure 3.6 Propeller Fan in basement Figure 3.7 Propeller fan in store

Figure 3.9 Centrifugal Fan at ﬁrst ﬂoor parking load
Centrifugal fan usually located at basement and rooftop but some of it is located at parking load. It
normally move large or small amount of air over a wide range of pressure because it consist of
impeller which revolve inside a casing shaped like a scroll. Diagram below shows how a centrifugal
fan works:
Diagram 3.10 How Centrifugal Fan work
Page 68

DUCTWORK SYSTEM
The Ductwork of the building is designed to be exposed rather than hiding it from our views. The
ductwork used is galvanized ductwork with ﬁbreglass. Galvanized steel is the most common
material used in fabricating ductwork as it provides insulation. Poorly designed ductwork may result
in an opposite reaction, thus defeating its purposes and make air quality worse. This will increase
energy consumption by the machine, affecting building pressure and have higher utility cost.
A ducting system is used to convey air including supply air, return air and exhaust air through a
building. Most commercial area will install ductwork including Dk Walk. This component included
the returning air grilles, diffusers and ﬁre damper. Normally ductwork can be found in store and
basement.
Figure 3.11 Ductwork in commercial area
Figure 3.12 Ductwork at basement
Page 69

3.4 PROTECTION SYSTEM
Pressurization and exhaust system is designed to hold back black smoke at leaky physical
barrier in a building such as door, windows or any other similarly restricted opening. This
protection system consists of axial fan box, frequency converter and air sensor pressure. The
control system of the building automatically operate from the smoke detection system which have
a manual on/off switch that provide within the central building services control room.
Figure 3.14 Fire Damper
Fire damper is a passive fire protection system because it stops fire and smoke from spreading.
Upon detection of heat, the fire damper closes automatically, this resisting the passage of flames
into other spaces. It also used to interrupt migratory airflow and maintaining the integrity of fire rate
separation. Fire dumper usually placed at compartment walls, where it is at the point of duct
penetration from one space to another. Even if the ductwork collapses, the damper will still
attached to the wall, maintain the integrity of the wall.  
Page 71

Diagram below shows how ﬁre dumper works:
Figure 3.15 Fire dumper system
Page 72

FILTER
Filter plays a vital role as a component of the mechanical ventilation system. It usually located
inside the ductwork or at the inlet grill, the function of filter is to filter outdoor air before it is
delivered into the indoor spaces. Filtration process system is important for keeping the indoor air
clean.
The filter trap and prevent the following components to enter the building:
a) Dust
b) Smoke
c) Bacteria
d) Radon and mold
e) Fumes
f) Fuel gases
Page 73
Figure 3.16 Filter Figure 3.16 Filter at Ground Floor

3.5 UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS 1984
According to UBBL 1984 Clause 41: Mechanical Ventilation and Air Conditioning
(1) Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning is intended, the relevant
building by-laws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and heights of rooms may be
waived at the discretion of the local authority.
(2) Any application for the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be Ce introduced into the
enclosure during the period when the air-conditioning system is not functioning.
(3) The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By-laws shall apply to buildings which are
mechanically ventilated· or air-conditioned.
(4) Where permanent mechanical ventilation in respect oi lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms
or corridors is provided for· and maintained in accordance with the requirements of the
Third Schedule to these By-laws, the provisions of these By-laws relating to natural
ventilation and natural lighting shall not apply to such lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms
or corridors.
According to UBBL 1984 Clause 99: Cooking facilities in residential building
(1) Every residential building and every floor of a residential building which is or may be
separately let for dwelling purposes shall be provided with a kitchen having a properly
constructed fireplace with a flue and chimney as may be required by the local authority.
Page 74

According to UBBL 1984 Clause 156: Protected shafts as ventilation duct
(1) If a protected shaft serves as, or contains, a ventilating
(a) the duct shall be fitted with automatic fire dampers together with or without subducts as
Australian Standard 1"668: Pt. 1:1974, so constructed at such intervals and in such
positions as may be necessary to reduce, so far as practical, the risk of fire spreading from
a compartment to any ·other compartment, or such other provision shall be made as will
reduce such risk so far as practicable; and
(b) the duct shall not be, constructed of, or lined with, any material which substantially
increases such risk.
(2) In addition, in the case, of a protected shaft containing a ventilating duct, the shaft shall
be so constructed with additional barriers to fire between the duct and the shaft as may
be necessary to reduce so far as practicable the risk of fire spreading from a
compartment to any other compartment.
According to UBBL 1984 Clause 202: Pressurized system for staircase.
All staircases serving buildings of more than 45.75 metres in height where there is no adequate
ventilation as required shall be provided with a basic system of pressurization -
(a) where the air capacity of the fan shall be sufficient to maintain an airflow of not less than 60
metres per minute through the doors which are deemed to be open;
(d) where the mechanical system to prevent smoke from entering the staircase shall be
automatically activated by a suitable heat detecting device, manual or automatic alarm or
automatic wet pipe sprinkler system;
Page 75

4 MECHANICAL
TRANSPORTATION

LITERATURE REVIEW
The mechanical transportation is described as a conveying system that allows the users to travel
between different floors within a building. A building of more than three stories typically consists of
elevators, escalators, and travelators to assist transportation efficiently. Escalator and elevator
are both invented by Jesse W. Reno and Elisha Graves. Due to their creation, both devices have
given comfort to the building users, and architects are allowed to build high rise building.
4.1 ELEVATOR
Elevators are vertical transportations with a platform, compartment, or cage raised or lowered in
a vertical shaft to transport persons or goods in a building. Generally, the elevator is powered by
an electric motor that drives by traction cable and counterweight system. The minimum standard
of service is to have one lift for every four stories with a maximum distance of 45 m to lift lobby.
While the selection of types and the number of elevators determine by 3 main factors population,
waiting time and round-trip time and these three main factors are indeterminate due to different
human flows.
4.1.1 TYPE OF ELEVATORS
There are various types of elevators which include traction elevators, hydraulic elevators,
climbing elevators and pneumatic elevators.
 
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Figure 4.1
Traction Elevators
Figure 4.2 Hydraulic
Elevators
Figure 4.3
Pneumatic Elevators

Traction Elevators - are lifted by ropes, which pass over a wheel attached to an electric motor
above the elevator shaft. They are used for mid and high-rise applications and have much higher
travel speeds than hydraulic elevators. A counterweight makes the elevators more efficient by
offsetting the weight of the car and occupants so that the motor doesn't have to move as much
weight.
Hydraulic Elevators - are supported by a piston at the bottom of the elevator that pushes the
elevator up as an electric motor forces oil or another hydraulic fluid into the piston. The elevator
descends as a valve releases the fluid from the piston. They are used for low-rise applications of
2-8 stories and travel at a maximum speed of 200 feet per minute. The machine room for hydraulic
elevators is located at the lowest level adjacent to the elevator shaft.
Pneumatic Elevators - combines a smooth vertical cylinder with a coaxial car that moves up and
down through air suction. The principle operation of the elevator is based on the ascending push
generated by the difference between the atmospheric pressure on the top of the car and the
atmospheric pressure under the car. The depression (vacuum) required to lift the car is achieved
by turbines operating as exhaust fans which are located at the top of the elevator.
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4.1.2 CASE STUDY
DK Walk has two elevators for the mall users meanwhile six elevators
incorporate with the DK Senza to provide the service for the residents to
access from higher levels. They using the machine-room-less elevators
which have no control room. Machine-room-less elevators are ideal when
space for a machine room is not available.
Machine-room-less elevators are traction elevators that do not have a dedicated machine room
above the elevator shaft. The machine sits in the override space and is accessed from the top of
the elevator cab when maintenance or repairs are required. The control boxes are located in a
control room that is adjacent to the elevator shaft on the highest landing and within around 150 feet
of the machine.
Machine-room-less elevators have a maximum travel distance of up to 250 feet and can travel
at speeds up to 500 feet-per-minute. Machine-room-less elevators are comparable to geared
traction elevators in terms of initial and maintenance costs, but they have relatively low energy
consumption and less expensive compared to geared elevators.
Machine-room-less elevator drives offer advantages over conventional traction drives such as a
higher energy efﬁciency, low weight, and more design freedom and better utilization of
hoist-way space.
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Figure 4.4
Traction Elevators
Figure 4.5 Location of the elevators

4.1.2.1 COMPONENTS OF SYSTEM
TRACTION MACHINE
Machine-room-less elevators from DK Walk do not have a fixed machine room on the top of the
hoist-way, instead the traction hoisting machine is installed on the top side wall of the hoist-way. A
permanent magnet which attaches the motor permanently and work with Variable Voltage
Variable Frequency (VVVF) drive when the motor is installed. The space is saved by implement a
compact PMSM (Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor). This design eliminates the need of a
fixed machine room and thus saves much building's space. It uses over 30% less power
consumption as compared to conventional electric motor. The gear-less traction operates without
gear oil for low vibration, low noise and better environmental conservation.
ROLLER GUIDES
A roller guide is used instead of a conventional sliding guide shoe. It uses the vibration damping
solution from the high-end elevator type, hence improves the riding comfort after roller guide is
mounted on the car. The mechanical efficiency is higher with lower friction and energy
consumption. Lubrication oil and lubrication units are eliminated and replaced by a long-life rubber
roller to reduce environmental pollution.
NEW CONTROL SYSTEMS
A high performance CPU is employed for advanced newly developed control system. This control
system enables to reduce standby electricity, automatic shut off system for lightings and ventilation
to contribute furthermore reduction of electricity.
ELEVATOR CAR
Elevator Car is the vehicle that travels between the different elevator stops carrying passenger
and/or goods, it is usually. A heavy steel frame surrounding a cage of metal.
The elevators in DK Walk are cars with central opening door and the counterweight is located at
the back wall. The elevator car is composed of the car sling, the elevator cabin, and mechanical
accessories.
CAR SLING
A car sling is a metal framework connected to the means of suspension. It is a load carrier
element in the elevator car as well as its function of isolating vibrations due running.
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ELEVATOR CABIN
Elevator cabins are completely enclosed by walls, floor and ceiling, the only permissible opening
being are the car doors, emergency trap door and ventilation apertures.
The car floor has adequate mechanical strength to sustain forces during normal operation and
safety gear operation. The floor size is of the same width and depth of the elevator and length of
the floor extension defines door opening, location and side portal depth. The car floor of DK Walk is
covered with rubber finishing to enhance the friction between the item and the ground to help
prevent the slipping.
The elevator car ceiling is designed to be able to support two person during maintenance
operation without permanent deformation. The car celling mounts the emergency trap door, blower
fan and balustrade.
The car walls are made of folded steel panels to enclose the elevator car. The side panels are
used in side walls and in the intermediate back wall, the back panels are only in right hand and left
hand back corners. The COP panels are used to mount the COP unit. The car walls in DK Walk are
lined with stainless steel finishing.
The car operating panel is equipped with all the components necessary for the operation of an
elevator. The car operating panel is more compact and therefore more cost effective than a panel.
The faceplate is normally made of satin stainless steel with 240 grit.
Handrails are railings within the elevator cars for passengers to support themselves. The elevator
car in DK Walk provided by a handrails on all sides of the cabin.
False ceiling is the main source of lighting in the elevator car, there are many different designs for
elevator lighting.
Fluorescent lighting and spot lights are the most common lighting elements used for elevator
lighting and a combination of the two types may also be used. DK Walk uses the fluorescents lights
as it is economical and energy efficient in the long run.
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MECHANICAL ACCESSORIES
CAR DOORS
DK Walk uses single speed centre opening elevator doors which consist of two power operated
panels that part simultaneously with a brisk, noiseless motion. It has faster passenger loading time
than side opening elevator doors.
DOOR OPERATOR
A motor-driven device mounted on the elevator car that opens and closes the car doors. Elevator
doors are normally opened by a power unit that is located on top of the elevator car. When an
elevator car is level with a floor landing, the power unit moves the car door open or closed. A pick-
up arm contacts rollers on the hoist-way door which releases the door latch on the hoist-way door.
The power unit opens the car door which in turn opens the hoist-way door.
ELEVATOR SHAFT
The Elevator Shaft is equipped with the following components,
1. Guide rails for both the car and counterweight.
2. Counterweight.
3. Suspension (Hoisting) Ropes (Cables).
4. Landing (Hoist-way) doors.
5. Buffers in the pit.
GUIDE RAILS
Guide Rails are steel tracks in the form of a “T” that run the length of the hoist-way, round, or
formed sections with guiding surfaces to guide and direct the course of travel of an elevator car
and elevator counterweights and usually mounted to the sides of the hoist-way.
Car Guide rails are fixed to the hoist-way by means of steel brackets while counterweight guide
rails are fixed to the hoist-way by means of side steel brackets
COUNTERWEIGHT
Counterweight is a tracked weight that is suspended from cables and moves within its own set of
guide rails along the elevator shaft. Counterweights are used for balancing the mass of the
complete car and a portion of rated load, and it will be equal to the dead weight of the car plus
about 40% of the rated load. Reducing the necessary consumed power for moving the elevator.
The counterweight composed of a steel frames that can be filled with cast iron fillers above one
another to get the required and it is usually composed of the following parts:
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A. Top Part Assembly:
Top part consists of main bent sheet metal 4 mm and hitch plate 8 mm thickness for ropes
attachment drilled with holes pattern to ropes size and quantity.
B. Bottom Part Assembly:
Bottom part consists of two halves made of steel 4 mm, the two halves are screw connected using
vertical profile with buffer plate welded to one of the two halves, the buffer plate made of sheet
metal 8 mm thickness to buffer the buffer loads.
C. Vertical Profile:
The vertical profile consists of U-shaped, bent sheet metal components. The vertical profiles are
screw-connected to the upper and bottom parts.
Standard vertical profiles are available for 60 filler weights above one another, variable vertical
profile lengths are possible for special versions.
The fillers can be inserted through the side cut in the vertical profile.
D. Filler Weights:
Filler weights are made of cast iron, there are standard lengths for fillers depend on the
counterweight size and gauge. Ends of filler weights prepared to be guided in the vertical profile.
E. Guide Shoes:
The counterweight has a separate guide rails (as indicated above in the guide rails paragraphs) ,
which will keep counterweight running without twisting and avoid colliding with car or other lift
components.
The counterweight equipped with sliding guides to ensure smooth running along the travel height
Variable gauges between counterweight rails are possible.
SUSPENSION ROPES
Suspension ropes are suspension means for car and counterweight, which are represented by
steel wire ropes. They are used on traction type elevators, usually attached to the crosshead and
looping over the sheave on the motor and then down to the counter weights. Hoisting cable is
generally 3 to 6 in number.
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DK Walk uses single wrap ropes thats pass over the sheave once and connects to the
counterweight as it is a motor room less elevator. The 2:1 roping ratio is when the rope wraps
sheave on counterweight and connects to top of the shaft, the rope moves twice as far as cab
during operation.
LANDING DOORS
The door that is seen from each floor of a building is referred to as the outer or hoist-way door. This
hoist-way door is a part of the building (each landing). It is important to realize that the car door
does all the work; the hoist-way door is a dependent. These doors can be opened or closed by
electric motors, or manually for emergency incidents.
Safety devices are located at each landing to prevent inadvertent hoist-way door openings
and to prevent an elevator car from moving unless a door is in a locked position.
The difference between the car doors and the hoist-way doors is that the elevator car door travels
through the hoist-way with the car but the hoist-way doors are fixed doors in each landing floor.
BUFFER
A buffer is a device designed to stop a descending car or counterweight beyond its normal limit
and to soften the force with which the elevator runs into the pit during an emergency. They may be
of polyurethane or oil type in respect of the rated speed.
There are two principal types of buffers in existence:
# Energy accumulation: Accumulate the kinetic energy of the car or counterweight.
# Energy dissipation: Dissipate the kinetic energy of the car or counterweight.
DK Walk uses oil buffers that are commonly found on traction elevators with speeds higher than
200 feet per minute. This type of buffer uses a combination of oil and springs to cushion a
descending car or counterweight located in the elevator pit hence the buffers have a tendency to
be exposed to water and flooding. They require routine cleaning and painting to ensure they
maintain their proper performance specifications. Oil buffers also need regular check and
change if it is exposed to flooding.
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4.1.2.2 SAFETY FEATURES
SAFETY RAY
One or two infrared-light beams cover the full width of the doors as they close to detect
passengers or objects. If a person or an object blocks the doorway and the sensors detects the
person or object, the door will reopen then stays open and will not closed until the person moves
away or the object is removed from the doorway.
Figure Plan View of the safety ray
Figure Front View of the safety ray
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4.1.2.3 LOCATION OF ELEVATORS & DESIGN CONSIDERATION
DK Walk located the elevators in opposite site to serve the building which is the most efficient
placement to receive and deliver optimum amount of passengers. Because of the concentration of
amount of elevators in two areas, this lowers the intervals between cars arriving rather than just
having a single elevator running.
Figure First Floor Plan of Location of Elevators
These individual of elevators are located at both ends of the building which are easily accessed
to and from the main building entrance.
The individual elevator is designed in such a way that they are not closely located to minimise the
waiting of each elevator. Passengers that are waiting for a car can then react much more efficiently
without any detrimental effect to the speed and efficiency of overall service. Lobby areas should
not be obstructing any passageways. A potential for confusion between waiting passengers and
occupants who are just passing by is avoided at all costs by having separate lobby areas.
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4.1.2.4 UBBL REQUIREMENTS
According to clause 124 Uniform Building by Laws 1984, Lift shall be provided for non-residential
building which exceeds 4 story and above /below main entrance .
(1) Necessary in the building less than 4 storey if access for senior and the disabled is enforced.
(2) Maximum walking distance to the lift lobby is 45m.
(3) Left should be placed strategically so the user can access it easily, should be placed in the
central part of the building to minimize the horizontal distance.
(4) Floor space estimates and car capacity can be based on an area of 0.2m per person.
Ventilation to lift shafts
Section 151 :
Where openings to lift shafts are not connected to protected lobbies, such lift shafts shall be
provided with vents of not less than 0.09 square metre per lift located at the top of the shafts.
Where the vent does not discharge directly to the open air the lift shafts shall be vented to the
exterior through a duct of the required FRP as for the lift shafts
Images and diagrams of the system
Analysis and comments based on students observations (i.e.: in terms of location of plant and
machine rooms, design considerations, etc.)
Smoke detectors for lift lobbies
Section 153 :
(1) All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.
(2) Lift not opening into a smoke lobby shall not use door reopening devices controlled by light
beam or photo-detectors unless incorporated with a force close feature which after thirty seconds
of any interruption of the beam causes the door to close within a preset time.
Emergency mode of operation in the event of mains power failure Section 154 :
(1) On failure of mains power all lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor,
commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing calls and park with doors open.
(2) After all lifts are parked the lifts on emergency power shall resume normal operation: Provided
that where sufficient emergency power is available for operation of all lifts, this mode of operation
of all lifts, this mode of operation need not apply.
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4.2 ESCALATORS
An escalator is a conveyor transport device for transporting people, consisting of a staircase
whose steps move up or down on tracks that keep the surfaces of the individual steps horizontal.
Escalators have the capacity to move a large number of people rapidly, and they can be placed
in the same physical space as a staircase.
4.2.1 TYPE OF ESCALATORS
STEP TYPE ESCALATOR
The step type escalator is the common type of escalator today. The steps are usually metal, but
very old step type escalators had wooden steps. Step type escalators can also go up/down, ﬂat,
then up/down again. The escalator steps are mounted on most likely hinged circles, and the track
appears to be beside the steps, visible from above the steps. This type of escalator is designed to
be safer than other step type escalators.
Figure Example of step type escalator
SPIRAL ESCALATOR
A spiral escalator made by Mitsubishi adapts the so-called "centralized motion method", in which
the central point moves in stages based on the angle of incline. This is because the movement in
the horizontal direction slows the extent that there is vertical movement in the inclined section. 
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LAVYTATOR
The levytator is a new type of escalator, the freeform escalator, that can curve multiple times, in
either direction. There are two escalators, which share a continuous loop of steps. The two
escalators can curve differently. A working prototype has been built, but currently, the inventor is
looking for a company to mass-produce and sell the new type of escalator. The steps are
uniquely-shaped.
WHEELCHAIR ACCESSIBLE ESCALATOR
Wheelchair accessible escalators have an attendant. If someone in a wheelchair needs to use
the escalator, the escalator will be stopped. Once the wheelchair is on the escalator, the escalator
is put in a special mode. 3 steps will level out, forming a platform. After that, some spikes will come
out of the step closest to the lower landing of the escalator of the platform made out of 3 steps,
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preventing the passenger's wheelchair from rolling off of the platform. After that, the escalator will
start moving slowly. The attendant will ride with the passenger, possibly for safety reasons.
Figure 3.16 Filter at Ground Floor
4.2.2 CASE STUDY
Step escalators are applied in DK Walk. The escalators are powered by constant speed
alternating current motors and move at approximately 0.3–0.6m per second. The maximum angle
of inclination of an escalator to the horizontal is 30 degrees with a standard rise up to about 18 m.
Modern step escalators have single piece aluminium or stainless steel steps in a continuous loop
that move on tracks. Step escalators in DK Walk are placed together with pair, one side going up
and the other side going down. The design intention of this layout is to provide the convenience
to the mall users.
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4.2.2.1 COMPONENTS OF SYSTEM
BALUSTRADE
The side of an escalator extending above the Steps, which includes Skirt Guard, Interior Panel,
Deck Board and Moving Handrails. The balustrade provides a convenient handhold for
passengers while they are riding the escalator. When installed, the ﬁnished railing is pulled along
its track by a chain that is connected to the main drive gear by a series of pulleys.
Moving Handrail - A handhold that moves along the top of the Balustrade in synchronization with
the Steps.
Interior Panel - The major panel portion of the Balustrade located immediately below the Moving
Handrails, made of glass.
Deck Board - A decorative capping member of the balustrade of an escalator, which continues in
the traveling direction (see ﬁgure below).
Skirt Guard - The lowest panel within the Balustrade, located immediately below the Inner Deck
and adjacent to the Steps at a slight gap from the Steps.
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TRUSS
Assembly of structural steel that supports the weight and load of an escalator. (A Control Panel,
Drive Units for Steps and Moving Handrails and other components are housed inside the
structure.) The truss is a hollow metal structure that bridges the lower and upper landings. It is
composed of two side sections joined together with cross braces across the bottom and just
below the top. The ends of the truss are attached to the top and bottom landing platforms via steel
or concrete supports. The truss carries all the straight track sections connecting the upper and
lower sections.
Top Machine Room/ Bottom Machine Room
These two platforms house the curved sections of the tracks, as well as the gears and motors that
drive the stairs. The top platform contains the motor assembly and the main drive gear, while the
bottom holds the step return idler sprockets. These sections also anchor the ends of the
escalator truss. In addition, the platforms contain a floor plate and a comb plate. The floor plate
provides a place for the passengers to stand before they step onto the moving stairs. This plate is
flush with the finished floor and is either hinged or removable to allow easy access to the
machinery below. The comb plate is the piece between the stationary floor plate and the moving
step. It is so named because its edge has a series of cleats that resemble the teeth of a comb.
These teeth mesh with matching cleats on the edges of the steps. This design is necessary to
minimize the gap between the stair and the landing, which helps prevent objects from getting
caught in the gap.
Control Panel - Controls stop/start operation and also supplies electric power to the Drive Unit.
Drive Unit -A unit to drive the escalator, comprised of electric motor, decelerator, electromagnetic
brake, V belt, Sprocket, and other components.
Drive Chain - A chain that transmits the Drive Unit's power to the drive wheel (Sprocket).
Sprocket (Top/ Bottom) - Drive wheels installed at top and bottom to drive the Steps. The top
Sprocket drives the moving Steps, while the bottom sprocket turns the Steps.
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Other Truss Parts
The Tracks
The track system is built into the truss to guide the step chain, which continuously pulls the
steps from the bottom platform and back to the top in an endless loop. The relative positions of
these tracks cause the steps to form a staircase as they move out from under the comb plate.
Along the straight section of the truss the tracks are at their maximum distance apart. This
configuration forces the back of one step to be at a 90-degree angle relative to the step behind it.
This right angle bends the steps into a stair shape. At the top and bottom of the escalator, the two
tracks converge so that the front and back wheels of the steps are almost in a straight line. This
causes the stairs to lay in a flat sheet-like arrangement, one after another, so they can easily travel
around the bend in the curved section of track. The tracks carry the steps down along the
underside of the truss until they reach the bottom landing, where they pass through another curved
section of track before exiting the bottom landing. At this point the tracks separate and the steps
once again assume a staircase configuration. This cycle is repeated continually as the steps are
pulled from bottom to top and back to the bottom again.
Main Track - A rail to guide the Driving Rollers.
Trailing Track - A rail to guide the Trailing Rollers.
Moving Handrail Drive Unit - A device that indirectly drives the Moving Handrail at the same
speed as the Steps via the Moving Handrail Drive Chain.
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STEP
The moving platform on which escalator passengers ride. The steps themselves are solid, one-
piece, die-cast aluminium. Yellow demarcation lines added to clearly indicate the edges. The
steps are linked by a continuous metal chain so they form a closed loop with each step able to
bend in relation to its neighbours. The front and back edges of the steps are each connected to two
wheels. The rear wheels are set further apart to fit into the back track and the front wheels have
shorter axles to fit into the narrower front track. As described above, the position of the tracks
controls the orientation of the steps.
Step Tread - The part of the step where a passenger stands.
Riser - The upright part of a Step.
Step Demarcation Line - A yellow line along both sides of a step to demarcate the proper
standing area, thereby preventing passengers from coming into contact with the Skirt Guard and
stumbling.
Driving Roller/ Trailing Roller - Each Step is linked to the Step Chains via the Step shaft and the
wheels. The front wheel is called the Driving Roller and the rear wheel is called the Trailing Roller.
Step Chain - A chain, located on both sides of an escalator, connecting the Steps and driven by
the Step Chain Sprocket.
Floor Plate - A removable steel plate finished with anti-slip patterns, typically situated above the
escalator truss work at the boarding and landing areas.
Comb Plate - The section of the Floor Plate on which the comb teeth segments are mounted.
Comb - A section or steel plate with teeth that mesh with the Step cleats at the boarding and
landing areas, to prevent fingers, feet or foreign objects from getting caught between the moving
Steps and Floor Plate.
Comb Light - Lighting provided at Comb level at the terminal ends of an escalator for increased
illumination.
Under Handrail Lighting - Lighting installed under the Moving Handrails (glass panel only).
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4.2.2.2 OPERATION SYSTEM
Top Machine Room is the core of an escalator which consists of a pair of chains, looped around
two pairs of gears. The chain loops are rotated by an electric motor which turns the drive gears at
the top. A common escalator uses a 100 horsepower motor to rotate the gears. A metal structure
truss is extended between two floors and the motor and chain system are housed inside it.
The chain loops move a series of steps instead of moving a flat surface, as in a conveyer belt.
The steps always stay level as the chains move. The steps collapse on each other at the top and
bottom of the escalator, creating a flat platform. This makes it easier for the users to get on and off
the escalator.
Besides that, each step in the escalator has two sets of wheels, which roll along two separate
tracks. The upper set is connected to the rotating chains, and so are pulled by the drive gear at the
top of the escalator. The other set of wheels simply glides along its track, following the first set.
The tracks are distributed apart in such a way that each step will always remain level. The tracks
level off to a horizontal position, flattening the stairway at the top and bottom of the escalator. In
order to fit the steps behind and in front together during the flattening process, the leading and
trailing edges of each step are cleated with comb-like protrusions that mesh with the comb
plates on the top and bottom platforms.
In addition to rotating the main chain loops, the electric motor in an escalator also moves the
handrails. A handrail consists of a rubber conveyer belt that is looped around a series of wheels.
This belt is precisely configured so that it moves at exactly the same speed as the steps, to give
riders some stability.
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4.2.2.3 SAFETY FEATURES
EMERGENCY STOP BUTTON (E-STOP)
Figure Emergency Stop Button
A button to immediately stop the escalator in emergency situations. The button is crucial to
avoid the users to be injured.
CAUTION SIGNS
Figure Yellow Caution Sign
Caution signs can be found at the balustrade of escalators in DK Walk as it must be observable to
the passengers. Yellow and black escalator safety signs give instructions on using handrails,
pinch points and keeping strollers away. All of the signs are in a standard format with identical size,
font wording and colours.  
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DIRECTION LIGHTS
Figure Up direction sign
The escalators have green and red direction arrows on the ends of the balustrade in order to
inform the users the direction of movement of the escalator.
HANDRAIL AND HEADROOM CLEARANCE
The distance between the handrail and adjacent wall is 600 mm. It is to ensure passengers are
free from any potential risk that may cause injuries.
The free overhead clearance at every point along the step/pallet band must be at least 2.3 m. To
ensure the safe use of escalators, sufﬁciently large free spaces must be provided at upper and
lower landings.
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4.2.2.4 LOCATION OF ESCALATORS & DESIGN CONSIDERATION
In DK Walk, the escalators were built together with a pair, one side going up and the other side
going down, and two sets of the escalator are built at opposite end of the mall. This type of
arrangement helps to provide convenience to the public use as the users are not forced to walk
to the other end of the building to ascend to higher floors. Furthermore, the application applied to
reduce the high human traffic flow and to prevent the elevator from overworking.
Escalators are often built next to or around staircases that allow alternative travel between the
same two floors. This also helps to provide an emergency escape routes for the mall users to flee
from incidents.
The inclination of the escalators in DK Walk is 30° which provides maximum efficiency to the users
in terms of safety and comfortability. The escalators are running at a speed of 0.5 meters per
second which is the optimum speed to retain shoppers at the mall for a longer period of time.
Figure Location of the escalators
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CONCLUSION
We choose Dk Walk as our case study because Dk Walk have various type of building service
system such as active and passive fire protection, mechanical ventilation system, air-
conditioning system and mechanical transportation system. This project require us to explore more
about the building service system in Dk Walk.
Throughout this project, we learned how to identify and clarify the information which are
related to active and passive fire protection, mechanical ventilation system, air-conditioning
system and mechanical transportation system. Furthermore, thanks to this project we are able
to understand the different type of system and how it compliments each other. Through reading of
(UBBL 1984),we could understand and explain more on the principle and systems as well as space
implications and regulation related to different building services.
Throughout this project, we learnt the importance of needs of practical and functional
requirements in a building but not only aesthetic shin and structure of a building. A practical
and functional building is one that gives comfort and safety to the occupants. Dk Walk followed the
rules and regulation set by the Department of Standards Malaysia. Dk walk allows the building
services system to function with maximum efficient and utmost quality because the placement and
design of the building service are wise and efficient.
As a conclusion, this project had been a good experience for us to understand those services
because we might need it when we go for work. We had working together as a team and shared all
information together in the study of our research and lecture class. We would like to thank our
tutor, Ar. Sateerah Hassan for guiding us throughout these past few weeks.
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REFERENCE
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
(n.d.). Retrieved October 13, 2017, from http://www.hse.gov.uk/comah/sragtech/techmeasfire.htm
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Lohwenjun Follow. (2017, June 22). Bs final report. Retrieved October 13, 2017, from https://
www.slideshare.net/lohwenjun/bs-final-report
Layout. (n.d.). Retrieved October 13, 2017, from https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/toolbox/plumbing/
toolbox12_01/units/cpcpwt4001a_hot_cold/02_layout/page_005a.htm
AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
Ductless Mini-Split Air Conditioners. (n.d.). Retrieved Oct 02 2017, from https://energy.gov/
energusaver/ductless-mini-split-air-conditioners
“Air conditioning- Basic Refrigeration Cycle”
“How Cooling Towers Work (W/pictures, Diagrams, Principles) 2017”.
Integrated Publishing. Inc “AIR CYCLE AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEMS”.
Aynur, T. (2010). Variable refrigerant flow systems: A review. Energy And Buildings, 42(7),
1106-1112. http:/ldx.doi.org/10.1016M unbuild 2010, 01.024
Masoodi, F., Hassan, M., Ali, M., & Hasan, S. (2016). Energy analysis and design comparison of
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