This document provides information about life expectancy in different countries according to WHO reports from 2011 and 2009. It also includes quotes from famous individuals about living to 100 years old. The rest of the document discusses the history and methodology of life tables, including how Edmond Halley constructed one of the first life tables over 300 years ago to analyze mortality data. Life tables are used to calculate various demographic indicators like life expectancy, survival rates, and population projections by age. While an older statistical tool, life tables continue to be useful for government and healthcare planning.
Introduction:
Life table:
Life table is a comprehensive method of describing mortality, survival and other vital events in a population.
It is composed of several sets of values showing how a group of infants who are under unchanging conditions would gradually die.
It provides concise measures of longevity of that population.
Separate tables are prepared for males and females after each decennium census.
It is also called as the “Biometer” of the population by William Farr.
Introduction:
Life table:
Life table is a comprehensive method of describing mortality, survival and other vital events in a population.
It is composed of several sets of values showing how a group of infants who are under unchanging conditions would gradually die.
It provides concise measures of longevity of that population.
Separate tables are prepared for males and females after each decennium census.
It is also called as the “Biometer” of the population by William Farr.
this presentation will give a basic knowledge about age and sex structure, population pyramid with different countries age-sex structure along with Bangladesh perspective.
Population Studies / Demography IntroductionMuteeullah
Presentation and Assignment on Population / Demography including mortality, fertility and their measure, population census, vital registration, demography survey, House hold survey, population composition, errors in demographic data, demographic measures.................By Muteeullah Channa University of Sindh
this presentation will give a basic knowledge about age and sex structure, population pyramid with different countries age-sex structure along with Bangladesh perspective.
Population Studies / Demography IntroductionMuteeullah
Presentation and Assignment on Population / Demography including mortality, fertility and their measure, population census, vital registration, demography survey, House hold survey, population composition, errors in demographic data, demographic measures.................By Muteeullah Channa University of Sindh
Hsini (Terry) Liao, Ph.D., Yun Lu, Hong Wang, “Meta-Analysis of Time-to-Event Survival Curves in Drug Eluting Stent Data”, Abstract No 304048, Joint Statistical Meetings, Session No 205, Washington D.C., August 2009
One of the most important tasks when analyzing a collection of numbers is to find the ith smallest element. Examples of these elements are
• The minimum
• The maximum
• The Median for n odd,
Then, it is necessary to find fast solutions to find this statistics.
Human PopulationChanges in SurvivalObjectives1. Understand diNarcisaBrandenburg70
Human PopulationChanges in Survival
Objectives:
1. Understand differences in human mortality and survivorship between historic and modern times.
2. Understand how changes in human mortality and survivorship influence population growth.
Introduction:
Human survival in North America has changed significantly in the past 100 years. Improved nutrition, preventative medicine, life-style changes, and new technologies are a few of the reasons for this life span increase. Increased survival rates influence population size---there are more of us (increased survival of very young) and we are living longer (increased survival of elderly). Life expectancy in North America today is approximately 75 years, with women living, on average, a few more years than men. The decline of infant and youth mortality in the last 100 years is particularly significant in the growth of human population.
Hypothesis: What differences do you expect to observe when comparing human survival between people that died before the year 1900 and people that have died recently?
Methods:
1. Data were gathered from a local cemetery (Livingston, AL) to compile information about human survival before the year 1900. Each data set consists of 104 males and 104 females (Tables 1 and 2).
2. Consult the obituary pages from an ONLINE newspaper and record the age at death for males and females that died recently. Each data set must consist of approximately 100 individuals (100 females and 100 males). Students without access to obituary pages may gather data in a library or through on-line newspapers.
3. Work through each of the 4 data sets, and count the number of people that died within each age bracket in tables 1-4 (This has been done for you for the Pre 1900 data set). We will assume that every person in the data set was born alive, so the first entry in the “Number Dead” column of tables 1-4 will be zero, as nobody was dead at birth (see example).
4. Next complete the “Number Surviving” column of tables 1-4, starting with the sample size for each data set as the number surviving at birth (again, we are assuming that everybody was born alive). As you progress down the table, subtract the number dying within each age bracket from the total number of individuals left alive in the previous age bracket to get the number of individuals left alive (see example).
5. The last step in to the data-gathering process is to calculate the “Percent Survival” column for each data set. Take the Number Surviving within each age bracket and divide that by the total number of individuals in each data set. Multiply that number by 100 to get Percent Survival (see example).
6. Enter your Percent Survival data into the provided excel data sheet (human survival worksheet.xls) and view the graph. You will get a line graph for this data and your graph will have 4 lines, one for each data set.
Example
Total number of individuals was 105
From 0-4 yrs of age, 4 individuals died
From 5-9 yrs of age, ...
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You earn a lot of respect and cultivate a strong image in the public domain when you make ethical choices. For instance, you can fulfill your corporate social responsibility by reducing waste discharge from your business. The public would consider your business to be operating with honor and integrity while valuing people over profits. Building a strong public image through ethical conduct also earns you more clients. Customers would develop trust in you and do business with your organization
Presentation on life tables . It gives the methods of calculating both the abridged and complete life tables. Fergenecy technique is also included in the presentations. The simple steps make it easier for any student with basic understanding of demography in social statistics and actuarial science to have a grasp of the life table workings and what is required to perform in depth analysis.
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La jornada ha abordado el problema de cómo afrontar la creciente longevidad, sus implicaciones en el ámbito de las pensiones y sociales y las adaptaciones necesarias con la participación de expertos de primer nivel internacional como Nicholas Barr, Clive Bolton, Elisa Chuliá y James Vaupel y José Antonio Herce (director de la jornada). La presentación de la misma ha corrido a cargo de Emilio Ontiveros, presidente de Afi, e Ignacio Izquierdo, consejero delegado de Aviva España.
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ECOL203403 Assignment 1 Age Structure of a Population Using Life.docxtidwellveronique
ECOL203/403 Assignment 1: Age Structure of a Population Using Life Tables Introduction to Life Tables
Before you begin this exercise (or read any further) you should:
1. Read Chapter 13 of Attiwill and Wilson (2006), particularly the section on life tables on page 220 – 223.
2. Make sure you have the life_table.xls file from the Assignment 1 folder)
3. Do the Molar Index and Skull aging Tutorial (Assignment 1 folder)
4. Download the Box of Skulls (Assignment 1 folder)
5. It is also advisable to read through this exercise completely before starting on the spreadsheet in excel.
Background to the Data
The Black-striped wallaby, Macropus dorsalis
The black-striped wallaby is a medium-sized macropod (females 7kg; males 16kg) that occurs from northern Queensland to northern NSW. The species is listed as ‘Endangered’ in NSW, but can become overabundant in some parts of Queensland – so wildlife ecologists need to manage their numbers in some regions so that they do not cause over-grazing of livestock pastures, while in other place, the population needs to be stimulated to increase in numbers to prevent them from becoming locally extinct. The wallabies shelter in dense scrub thickets (e.g. Brigalow) by day and graze adjacent pasture or natural grasslands by night. Debra White did her UNE Master of Natural Resource Science on black- striped wallabies at the Brigalow Research Station near Theodore in central Queensland (White 2004). She found that there was a high density of wallabies sheltering in the patches of brigalow by day, and that at night, these animals moved onto pasture, which they grazed heavily. White (2004) also looked at age structure of wallabies at the site by aging skulls she collected, and using these in a life table analysis. We will do a similar exercise in this assignment using skulls collected at the same site used by White (2004), and we will compare our results from the results from Debra White’s much larger dataset.
Molar Progression in Macropods
Molar progression occurs only in the marsupial genera Macropus, Petrogale and Peradorcas (Jackson 2003). These marsupials are among only a relatively few mammals worldwide whose teeth erupt at the posterior end of the jaw, and migrate forward along the jaw during life (the others are the elephants). As the teeth wear down and become less useful for grazing, they have moved sufficiently anterior in the jaw that they can fall out, 'pushed' from behind by newly erupted teeth. In this way, macropods can maintain good functioning teeth with high cusps for grazing on tough fibrous grasses throughout life. This 'molar progression' is a handy way to age kangaroo and wallaby skulls, and was used to generate the dataset you will use in this assignment to examine the life history parameters of a ‘population’ of black- striped wallabies (Macropus dorsalis) from the Brigalow Research Station in southern Queensland.
Aging of Macropods Using Molar Index (MI)
Molar Index (MI) is calculated by measurin.
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- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. Life expectancy at birth in India-65
Life expectancy at birth in Japan-83
Life expectancy at birth in United states-79
Life expectancy at birth in China-76
Life expectancy at birth in Sri lanka-75
Life expectancy at birth in Bangladesh -70
Life expectacy at birth in Iran-69
Life expectancy at birth in Nepal-68
Life expectancy at birth in Pakistan-67
Figures rounded of to nearest whole numbers.
WHO report -2011
Latest report of life
expectancy in India
MALES-67.3
FEMALES-69.6
3. How long will I live ????????
Many babies born today will live past 100.
Joseph Brownstein
ABC news medical unit
(OCT 1,2009)
If you leave to be one hundred, you have got it made.
Very few people die past that age.
George Burns
American Comedian
(January 20,1896-March 9,1996)
4. How long do we live?
Can not answer for an individual , but can make a
statement about a group.
5. Brief overview
Life table : A historical perspective
Types of Life table
Construction of a Life table
Applications of Life table
Conclusion
6. Edmond Halley was the first person to show us how to properly
calculate and construct the life table.
Halley was a british astronomer
, geophysicist, mathematician, meteorologist who is best known for
computing the orbit of Halley’s comet.
He calculated the first ever life table sometime 300 years back . Till
date the same methodology is followed with only slight variation.
7. Life table tells us how long people live on an average.
It converts a cross sectional information into a longitudinal
cohort information.
8. Average life span : or how long do we live
Suppose we have a population of 10 people and we follow the till
they all die. Here are their life spans.
1,2,10,20,35,45,50,60,70,80
So the average life span is
1+2+10+20+35+45+50+60+70+80=37.3
10
13. The first life table had been published in London in 1662 in a book
entitled Natural and Political Observations Made upon the Bills of
Mortality.
People still wonder nowadays if it was written by John Graunt, a
London merchant and author indicated on the book cover, or by his
friend William Petty, one of the founders of the Royal Society.
Their life table was subject to large errors.
14. At about the same time, Caspar Neumann, a theologian living in
Breslau, was collecting data about the number of birth, deaths and other
vital statistics in his city.
Breslau belonged to the Habsburg empire. (it is now in Poland and called
Wrocław)
Neumann sent to Henry Justel, the secretary of the Royal Society, his
demographic data from the city of Breslau for the years 1687–1691.
Justel died shortly after, and Halley got hold of the data, analyzed them and
in 1693 published his conclusions in the Philosophical Transactions of the
Royal Society.
19. We do not know what will happen to the 65 year
olds in say 2050;
BUT we do know what happened to the 65 year old
in past year, and the 66year old in past year etc.
20. The life table methodology constructs a life
experience for a fictional cohort subjected to
current mortality rates as it progresses through
life, as if the current rates do not change.
21. 1. Current/Period vs Generation/Cohort.
2. Complete vs Abridged.
3. Multiple decremental tables.
4. Incremental –Decremental life tables
22. COHORT LIFE TABLE PERIOD LIFE TABLE
• The cohort life table
presents the mortality
experience of a particular
birth cohort.
• All persons born in a
year, from the moment of
birth through consecutive
ages in successive calendar
years.
• The cohort life table
reflects the mortality
experience of an actual
cohort from birth until no
The period life table presents
what would happen to a
hypothetical (or synthetic)
cohort if it experienced
throughout its entire life the
mortality conditions of a
particular time period.
23. COMPLETE ABRIDGED
A complete life table contains
data for every year of age.
An abridged life table
typically contains data by 5-
or 10-year age intervals .
A separate group is made for
age group 0-1 years .
In India a 5 year interval is
selected.
26. To construct a life table, two things are required:
1.Population living at all individual ages in a
selected year.
2.Number of deaths that occurred in these ages
during the selected year.
27. Age
interval(x
tox+n)
Probability
dying(n q x)
Number
surviving(
(lx)
Number
Dying
(nd x)
Person-
years
lived
between
exact
agesx and
x+n
Person –
years
lived
above age
x (Tx)
Life
expectanc
y at age x
(ex)
This coloumn shows the age interval
between two exact ages indicated
Probability of dying in the age group(x-x+n)given
survival upto age xx
This column shows the number of persons, starting with a
cohort of 100,000 live births, who survive to the exact age
marking the beginning of each age interval
This column shows the number dying in
each successive age interval out of 100,000
live births.
Person-years lived between exact ages x and x+n
This takes into consideration the years that would have been
lived by the people that are dying
during this time interval
. It is number of years lived by group from age x until all of
them die
It is done by calculating the sum of the previous coloumn
data staring from particular age group till all cohort dies.
Average remaining lifetime for a person who survives to age
x
Calculated by the formula Tx/lx
35. Q) From the abridged SRS based life table, India,1976-77 for males and
females, find:
a. What proportion of men entering services at 20 will be eligible for
pension at age 55.
b. Calculate life expectation at age 55 for men.
c. If 20% of deaths occuring in men between the ages of 60 and 70
inclusive are due to cancer ,what proportion of men aged 60 yrs are
likely to die of cancer before reaching their 70th birthday.
38. Life expectancy at 55=
Sum of lx coloumn from lx 55
onwards/number who started at lx
55 onwards + 2.5=
(58,985+51,345+41,150+30,952)*5/64886+
2.5=16.55
Now calculating by the method
discussed by us
276812+232232+180976+282667/58985=
16.49
Calculating life expectancy at age 40 by
adopting authors method
(71,977+68856+64886+58985+51345+4115
0+30092)*5/73801+(2.5)=28.73
Now adopting the method discussed by us
352655+335021+310579+276812+232232+180976
+282667/71977=
27.38
39. No of deaths in age group (60-70 yrs)= 51345-30952=20393
Cancer deaths=20*20393= 4078
Therefore proportion of men aged 60 likely to die of cancer
by 70 yrs=4078/51345 *100= 7.942
100
40. This method is modification of usual life table for calculating the
survival rates after specific treatment or operation or at any point
of time after that, It can be explained by an example of
tuberculosis.
A total of 23 patients of tuberculosis started treatment in a T.B.
clinic. Their number becomes less due to defaulters.
Out of 23 who started treatment in January, only 22 reported in
February,79 in March & so on till there were only 9 left in the
month of November.
41. Month Pt. Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct No
v
Jan 23 22 13 12 12 10 9 9 9 9 9
Feb 9 7 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2
Mar 20 12 12 9 9 8 8 8 7
Apr 17 15 10 10 10 9 7 6
May 23 20 17 12 11 11 9
Jun 17 12 12 11 9 8
Jul 20 12 11 9 9
Aug 22 20 14 13
Sep 18 16 15
Oct 16 12
43. No. of patients in 0th (xeroth) month/starting month =
185
Reported for treatment in next/1st month = 148
So, probability of coming in next/1st month
px = 148/185 = 0.80
Out of 148, history of 12 patients was not available, so
no. of patients left = 136
Reported for follow up in 2nd month =108
So, probability of coming in next month
p = 108/136 = 0.79
Probability of defaulting
qx = 1 - dx
44. How to calculate dx?
dx = lx × qx
e.g. dx at 1 month follow up = 1000×0.20 = 200
So, lx at 1 month follow up
1000 – 200 = 800
Similarly dx at 2 month follow up = 800×0.21 =168
So, lx at 2 month follow up = 800-168 = 632, so on…
How to fill up Lx (no. of months attended by starters)
column?
Lx=lx + 1/2dx
e.g. at the end of 1st month 800+100=900
at the end of 2nd month 632 + 84 =716, so on…
45. Mont
h of
Rx
x
Probabilit
y of
Reporting
px
Probabilit
y of
Defaulting
qx
No.
available
in every
month
lx
No. of
defaulters
in every
month
dx
No. of
months
attended by
starters
Lx
Total
months
attended
at all ages
Tx
Expected
to attend
at any
month
ex
0 0.8 0.20 1000 200 900 5,162 5.16
1 0.79 0.21 800 168 716 4,262 5.33
2 0.86 0.14 632 68 588 3,546 5.61
3 0.96 0.04 544 22 533 2,958 5.43
4 0.91 0.09 522 47 499 2,425 4.64
5 0.86 0.14 475 67 442 1,926 4.05
6 0.93 0.07 408 29 394 1,484 3.63
7 0.95 0.05 379 19 370 1,090 2.87
8 1.00 0.00 360 0 360 720 2.00
9 1.00 0.00 360 0 360 360 1.00
10 - - 360 - -
46. How to calculate ex (expected no. of months for
which a person is likely to attend at any month)?
ex = Tx/lx
e.g.
at xeroth month ex = 5162/1000 = 5.16 months
at the end of 6th month ex = 1484/408 = 3.63
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53. To find the number of survivors out of 1,000 or
10,000 or over birth or at any age thereafter say,
At the age of 5, to find number of children likely to
enter primary school.
At the age of 15, to find number of women entering
fertile period.
At age of 18, to find number of persons become
eligible for voting.
54. • To estimate the number likely to die after joining service till
retirement, helping in budgeting for payment towards risk or
pension.
• To find expectation of life or longevity of life at birth or any other
age.
• Increase in longevity of life means reduction in mortality, thus life
table is another method applied to compare mortality of two
places, periods, professions or groups.
55. • To find survival rate after treatment in chronic disease
like tuberculosis, cancer or after cardiac surgery by
modified life table.
• Helps to project population estimates by age & sex.
• Calculate failure rate of contraceptive.
56.
57. The Life table methodology was first adopted some 300 years back.
Credit must be given to Edmond Halley who used his innovative
mind to create this statistical tool.
In an era of sophisticated and advanced statistical applications, Life
tables have survived the test of time.
Life table is an old method and probably in this era may not be gold
but definitely it has not lost its shine and is still being used to
calculate some vital parameters(life expectancy, contraceptive
failure).
58. Who knows one day with certain modifications this old
methodology may ascertain its value as the gold
methodology.