This document summarizes the Grub2 booting process. It begins with the classical BIOS booting process where the BIOS finds and loads the MBR, which contains code to load the Grub core image. The core image loads modules to access disks and file systems to load the Linux kernel. For UEFI booting, the firmware loads the bootloader from an EFI System Partition, which contains Shim and Grub files. The document outlines the key files, modules, and steps in the Grub2 booting process for both BIOS and UEFI systems.
The document provides an overview of the key components of the Linux operating system, including:
1) The Linux kernel, which acts as a resource manager for processes, memory, and hardware devices.
2) Process and memory management systems that control how processes are allocated and memory is allocated and freed.
3) The file system which organizes how files are stored and accessed.
4) Device drivers that allow the operating system to interface with hardware.
5) The network stack which handles network protocols and connections.
6) Architecture-dependent code that provides hardware-specific implementations of core functions.
The document discusses the Linux file system at three levels: hardware space, kernel space, and user space. At the hardware level, it describes how data is organized on physical storage devices like hard disks using partitions, tracks, sectors, and block allocation. In kernel space, file system drivers decode the physical layout and interface with the virtual file system (VFS) to provide a unified view to user space. Common Linux file systems like ext2, ext3, and their data structures are also outlined.
The document summarizes Linux synchronization mechanisms including semaphores and mutexes. It discusses:
1. Semaphores can be used to solve producer-consumer problems and are implemented using a count and wait list.
2. Mutexes enforce serialization on shared memory and have fast, mid, and slow paths for lock and unlock. The mid path uses optimistic spinning and OSQs.
3. Only the lock owner can unlock a mutex, and mutexes transition to the slow path if the owner is preempted, a spinner is preempted, or the owner sleeps.
This document summarizes a developer who enjoys working in different countries while residing in Australia. They have been fascinated by Spring Framework for a long time and likes to study and apply the latest Spring technologies, including reactive functional programming, to various fields such as blockchain core development. They have written a book called "Toby's Spring" and host a coding broadcast called "Toby's Spring TV" on YouTube.
The Loom project has been under work for many years, and just delivered Virtual Threads as a preview feature in the JDK 19. We now have a very precise idea of what they are and what you can do with them. Our good old Threads, created more than 25 years ago, will see a new kind of lightweight threads. This presentation shows you that creating a thread is easier and much cheaper, allowing the creation of millions of them in a single JVM. These virtual threads can be block at almost no cost. These new virtual threads bring with them new notions that will be covered in this talk. Loom threads are coming, and they will change the landscape of concurrent programming in Java.
The document discusses Linux file systems. It describes that Linux uses a hierarchical tree structure with everything treated as a file. It explains the basic components of a file system including the boot block, super block, inode list, and block list. It then covers different types of file systems for Linux like ext2, ext3, ext4, FAT32, NTFS, and network file systems like NFS and SMB. It also discusses absolute vs relative paths and mounting and unmounting filesystems using the mount and umount commands.
qemu + gdb + sample_code: Run sample code in QEMU OS and observe Linux Kernel...Adrian Huang
This document describes setting up a QEMU virtual machine with Ubuntu 20.04.1 to debug Linux kernel code using gdb. It has a 2-socket CPU configuration with 16GB of memory and disabled KASAN and ASLR. The QEMU VM can be used to run sample code and observe Linux kernel behavior under gdb, such as setting conditional breakpoints to analyze page fault behavior for mmap addresses by referencing a gdb debugging text file.
This document summarizes the Grub2 booting process. It begins with the classical BIOS booting process where the BIOS finds and loads the MBR, which contains code to load the Grub core image. The core image loads modules to access disks and file systems to load the Linux kernel. For UEFI booting, the firmware loads the bootloader from an EFI System Partition, which contains Shim and Grub files. The document outlines the key files, modules, and steps in the Grub2 booting process for both BIOS and UEFI systems.
The document provides an overview of the key components of the Linux operating system, including:
1) The Linux kernel, which acts as a resource manager for processes, memory, and hardware devices.
2) Process and memory management systems that control how processes are allocated and memory is allocated and freed.
3) The file system which organizes how files are stored and accessed.
4) Device drivers that allow the operating system to interface with hardware.
5) The network stack which handles network protocols and connections.
6) Architecture-dependent code that provides hardware-specific implementations of core functions.
The document discusses the Linux file system at three levels: hardware space, kernel space, and user space. At the hardware level, it describes how data is organized on physical storage devices like hard disks using partitions, tracks, sectors, and block allocation. In kernel space, file system drivers decode the physical layout and interface with the virtual file system (VFS) to provide a unified view to user space. Common Linux file systems like ext2, ext3, and their data structures are also outlined.
The document summarizes Linux synchronization mechanisms including semaphores and mutexes. It discusses:
1. Semaphores can be used to solve producer-consumer problems and are implemented using a count and wait list.
2. Mutexes enforce serialization on shared memory and have fast, mid, and slow paths for lock and unlock. The mid path uses optimistic spinning and OSQs.
3. Only the lock owner can unlock a mutex, and mutexes transition to the slow path if the owner is preempted, a spinner is preempted, or the owner sleeps.
This document summarizes a developer who enjoys working in different countries while residing in Australia. They have been fascinated by Spring Framework for a long time and likes to study and apply the latest Spring technologies, including reactive functional programming, to various fields such as blockchain core development. They have written a book called "Toby's Spring" and host a coding broadcast called "Toby's Spring TV" on YouTube.
The Loom project has been under work for many years, and just delivered Virtual Threads as a preview feature in the JDK 19. We now have a very precise idea of what they are and what you can do with them. Our good old Threads, created more than 25 years ago, will see a new kind of lightweight threads. This presentation shows you that creating a thread is easier and much cheaper, allowing the creation of millions of them in a single JVM. These virtual threads can be block at almost no cost. These new virtual threads bring with them new notions that will be covered in this talk. Loom threads are coming, and they will change the landscape of concurrent programming in Java.
The document discusses Linux file systems. It describes that Linux uses a hierarchical tree structure with everything treated as a file. It explains the basic components of a file system including the boot block, super block, inode list, and block list. It then covers different types of file systems for Linux like ext2, ext3, ext4, FAT32, NTFS, and network file systems like NFS and SMB. It also discusses absolute vs relative paths and mounting and unmounting filesystems using the mount and umount commands.
qemu + gdb + sample_code: Run sample code in QEMU OS and observe Linux Kernel...Adrian Huang
This document describes setting up a QEMU virtual machine with Ubuntu 20.04.1 to debug Linux kernel code using gdb. It has a 2-socket CPU configuration with 16GB of memory and disabled KASAN and ASLR. The QEMU VM can be used to run sample code and observe Linux kernel behavior under gdb, such as setting conditional breakpoints to analyze page fault behavior for mmap addresses by referencing a gdb debugging text file.
The document provides an overview of the initialization process in the Linux kernel from start_kernel to rest_init. It lists the functions called during this process organized by category including functions for initialization of multiprocessor support (SMP), memory management (MM), scheduling, timers, interrupts, and architecture specific setup. The setup_arch section focuses on x86 architecture specific initialization functions such as reserving memory regions, parsing boot parameters, initializing memory mapping and MTRRs.
Performance Wins with eBPF: Getting Started (2021)Brendan Gregg
This document provides an overview of using eBPF (extended Berkeley Packet Filter) to quickly get performance wins as a sysadmin. It recommends installing BCC and bpftrace tools to easily find issues like periodic processes, misconfigurations, unexpected TCP sessions, or slow file system I/O. A case study examines using biosnoop to identify which processes were causing disk latency issues. The document suggests thinking like a sysadmin first by running tools, then like a programmer if a problem requires new tools. It also outlines recommended frontends depending on use cases and provides references to learn more about BPF.
This document provides an overview of the Linux architecture. It describes Linux as a free UNIX-like kernel that forms the GNU/Linux operating system together with the GNU project software. The kernel acts as an intermediary between hardware and software, managing processes, scheduling, and resources. Processes can be in different states like running, waiting, or sleeping. The kernel uses preemptive multitasking to switch between processes and prioritize interrupts. System calls allow processes to be created and managed.
This session is about Django, which is a web framework build in python. It has several features like admin interface and ORM. The architecture of Django has Model, View, and template and it's ORM saves the pain of writing database queries.
This document provides best practices for using CMake, including:
- Set the cmake_minimum_required version to ensure modern features while maintaining backward compatibility.
- Use targets to define executables and libraries, their properties, and dependencies.
- Fetch remote dependencies at configure time using FetchContent or integrate with package managers like Conan.
- Import library targets rather than reimplementing Find modules when possible.
- Treat CUDA as a first-class language in CMake projects.
The document summarizes the architecture of the Linux operating system. It discusses the main components of Linux including the kernel, process management, memory management, file systems, device drivers, network stack, and architecture-dependent code. The kernel is at the core and acts as a resource manager. It uses a monolithic design. Process and memory management are handled via data structures like task_struct and buddy allocation. Virtual memory is implemented using page tables. File systems organize files in a hierarchy with inodes. Device drivers interface with hardware. The network stack follows a layered model. Architecture code is separated by subdirectory.
This document provides an introduction to shell scripting using the bash shell. It covers key concepts such as shell variables, command substitution, quoting, aliases, and initializing files. The shell acts as both a command-line interface and programming language. It executes commands, supports scripting through variables and control structures, and reads initialization files on startup to customize the environment. Well-formed shell scripts allow combining and sequencing commands to perform automated tasks.
This document discusses user and file permissions in Linux. It covers how every file is owned by a user and group, and how file access is defined using file mode bits. These bits determine read, write and execute permissions for the file owner, group and others. An example of a file with permissions -rw-rw-r-- is provided to demonstrate this. User accounts are configured in /etc/passwd, while passwords are securely stored in /etc/shadow. Common commands for managing users, groups, permissions and default file access (umask) are also outlined.
Memory Mapping Implementation (mmap) in Linux KernelAdrian Huang
Note: When you view the the slide deck via web browser, the screenshots may be blurred. You can download and view them offline (Screenshots are clear).
Presentation on the utility of git/GitHub for making scientific research findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable.
Also includes a tutorial to the most essential features of git/GitHub.
Reverse Mapping (rmap) in Linux KernelAdrian Huang
Note: When you view the the slide deck via web browser, the screenshots may be blurred. You can download and view them offline (Screenshots are clear).
This document provides an overview of shell programming basics. It covers topics such as basic system commands like ls, cp, and rm; useful operations like wildcards and input/output redirection; shell variables; command substitution; decision making and loops; and other features like comments and head/tail utilities. The goal of the document is to introduce the reader to the core components of shell scripting.
Quontra Solutions offers Job oriented Linux online training with updated technologies. For more info about our Linux online training contact us directly. We are providing Linux online training to all students throughout worldwide by real time faculties. Our Linux training strengthens your skills and knowledge which will helps you to gain a competitive advantage in starting your career. Outclasses will help you to gain knowledge on real time scenario. It will be most use full to boost up your career.
Our training sessions are designed in such a way that all the students can be convenient with the training schedules and course timings.
Along with Training, we also conduct several mock interviews along with Job Placement Assistance. Attend Free Demo before joining the class.
Our Features:
• Real world projects to get practical based experience
• Online tests to explore the resource learning
• Experienced certified trainers as instructors
• One to one personalized training with desktop access
• Case studies and state of art library to access study material
• Resume build assistance to win in interviews
Contact us:
Simson Andrew
Email: info@quontrasolutions.com
web: www.quontrasolutions.com
The document discusses various data structures and functions related to network packet processing in the Linux kernel socket layer. It describes the sk_buff structure that is used to pass packets between layers. It also explains the net_device structure that represents a network interface in the kernel. When a packet is received, the interrupt handler will raise a soft IRQ for processing. The packet will then traverse various protocol layers like IP and TCP to be eventually delivered to a socket and read by a userspace application.
Launch the First Process in Linux SystemJian-Hong Pan
The session: https://coscup.org/2022/en/session/AGCMDJ
After Linux kernel boots, it will try to launch first process “init” in User Space. Then, the system begins the featured journey of the Linux distribution.
This sharing takes Busybox as the example and shows that how does Linux kernel find the “init” which directs to the Busybox. And, what will Busybox do and how to get the console. Try to make it like a simple Linux system.
Before Linux kernel launches “init” process, the file system and storage corresponding drivers/modules must be loaded to find the “init”. Besides, to mount the root file system correctly, the kernel boot command must include the root device and file system format parameters.
On the other hand, the Busybox directed from “init” is a lightweight program, but has rich functions, just like a Swiss Army Knife. So, it is usually used on the simple environment, like embedded Linux system.
This sharing will have a demo on a virtual machine first, then on the Raspberry Pi.
Drafts:
* https://hackmd.io/@starnight/Busbox_as_the_init
* https://hackmd.io/@starnight/Build_Alpines_Root_Filesystem_Bootstrap
Relate idea: https://hackmd.io/@starnight/Systems_init_and_Containers_COMMAND_Dockerfiles_CMD
The Network File System (NFS) is the most widely used network-based file system. NFS’s initial simple design and Sun Microsystems’ willingness to publicize the protocol and code samples to the community contributed to making NFS the most successful remote access file system. NFS implementations are available for numerous Unix systems, several Windows-based systems, and others.
Ramon Fried covers the following topics:
* What DMA is.
* DMA Buffer Allocations and Management.
* Cache Coherency.
* PCI and DMA.
* dmaengine Framework.
Ramon is an Embedded Linux team leader in TandemG, leading various cutting edge projects in the Linux kernel.
He has years of experience in embedded systems, operating systems and Linux kernel.
This document provides an overview of managing user accounts in a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 environment. It discusses the purpose of user accounts and the authentication process. It also describes how to create and manage local, roaming, and mandatory user profiles. Various methods for creating and modifying user accounts using tools like Active Directory Users and Computers and command line utilities are presented.
The document discusses the PC boot process for Linux and Windows. It begins by outlining the basic steps: 1) executing code from a well-known location, 2) executing the first-stage boot loader from the MBR, 3) executing the second-stage boot loader, 4) loading the kernel, and 5) loading the first user space program. It then delves into more details for each step, covering components like the BIOS, MBR, GRUB, and init for Linux as well as NTLDR, winload.exe, and winlogon.exe for Windows.
X / DRM (Direct Rendering Manager) Architectural OverviewMoriyoshi Koizumi
This document contains diagrams and descriptions related to the X Window System architecture for direct and indirect graphics rendering. It shows how OpenGL applications interact with the X server and Mesa library to perform direct graphics rendering using the kernel's Direct Rendering Infrastructure (DRI) and devices' direct rendering capabilities. It also summarizes the DRM authentication process where an application receives a magic cookie from the kernel to authenticate with the DRM driver.
A linker is a program that combines object files and libraries into a single executable file. It performs two main tasks - symbol resolution and relocation. Linking can occur at compile time (static linking), load time, or run time (dynamic linking). Static linking embeds library code into the executable, increasing its size, while dynamic linking uses shared libraries that can be loaded at runtime, reducing executable size.
The document discusses development environments and build processes for GNU/Linux systems. It covers tools like the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) and autotools that are used to compile, link, and build static and dynamic libraries. The key points are:
- Development environments include toolchains like GCC, libraries, headers and debuggers for compiling locally or cross-compiling for embedded targets.
- The build process involves preprocessing, compiling, assembling, and linking object files into binaries or libraries using tools like GCC and the GNU binutils.
- Static libraries archive object files, while dynamic libraries use external symbols and have version dependencies displayed by tools like ldd.
- Autotools like GNU make and autotools provide
The document provides an overview of the initialization process in the Linux kernel from start_kernel to rest_init. It lists the functions called during this process organized by category including functions for initialization of multiprocessor support (SMP), memory management (MM), scheduling, timers, interrupts, and architecture specific setup. The setup_arch section focuses on x86 architecture specific initialization functions such as reserving memory regions, parsing boot parameters, initializing memory mapping and MTRRs.
Performance Wins with eBPF: Getting Started (2021)Brendan Gregg
This document provides an overview of using eBPF (extended Berkeley Packet Filter) to quickly get performance wins as a sysadmin. It recommends installing BCC and bpftrace tools to easily find issues like periodic processes, misconfigurations, unexpected TCP sessions, or slow file system I/O. A case study examines using biosnoop to identify which processes were causing disk latency issues. The document suggests thinking like a sysadmin first by running tools, then like a programmer if a problem requires new tools. It also outlines recommended frontends depending on use cases and provides references to learn more about BPF.
This document provides an overview of the Linux architecture. It describes Linux as a free UNIX-like kernel that forms the GNU/Linux operating system together with the GNU project software. The kernel acts as an intermediary between hardware and software, managing processes, scheduling, and resources. Processes can be in different states like running, waiting, or sleeping. The kernel uses preemptive multitasking to switch between processes and prioritize interrupts. System calls allow processes to be created and managed.
This session is about Django, which is a web framework build in python. It has several features like admin interface and ORM. The architecture of Django has Model, View, and template and it's ORM saves the pain of writing database queries.
This document provides best practices for using CMake, including:
- Set the cmake_minimum_required version to ensure modern features while maintaining backward compatibility.
- Use targets to define executables and libraries, their properties, and dependencies.
- Fetch remote dependencies at configure time using FetchContent or integrate with package managers like Conan.
- Import library targets rather than reimplementing Find modules when possible.
- Treat CUDA as a first-class language in CMake projects.
The document summarizes the architecture of the Linux operating system. It discusses the main components of Linux including the kernel, process management, memory management, file systems, device drivers, network stack, and architecture-dependent code. The kernel is at the core and acts as a resource manager. It uses a monolithic design. Process and memory management are handled via data structures like task_struct and buddy allocation. Virtual memory is implemented using page tables. File systems organize files in a hierarchy with inodes. Device drivers interface with hardware. The network stack follows a layered model. Architecture code is separated by subdirectory.
This document provides an introduction to shell scripting using the bash shell. It covers key concepts such as shell variables, command substitution, quoting, aliases, and initializing files. The shell acts as both a command-line interface and programming language. It executes commands, supports scripting through variables and control structures, and reads initialization files on startup to customize the environment. Well-formed shell scripts allow combining and sequencing commands to perform automated tasks.
This document discusses user and file permissions in Linux. It covers how every file is owned by a user and group, and how file access is defined using file mode bits. These bits determine read, write and execute permissions for the file owner, group and others. An example of a file with permissions -rw-rw-r-- is provided to demonstrate this. User accounts are configured in /etc/passwd, while passwords are securely stored in /etc/shadow. Common commands for managing users, groups, permissions and default file access (umask) are also outlined.
Memory Mapping Implementation (mmap) in Linux KernelAdrian Huang
Note: When you view the the slide deck via web browser, the screenshots may be blurred. You can download and view them offline (Screenshots are clear).
Presentation on the utility of git/GitHub for making scientific research findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable.
Also includes a tutorial to the most essential features of git/GitHub.
Reverse Mapping (rmap) in Linux KernelAdrian Huang
Note: When you view the the slide deck via web browser, the screenshots may be blurred. You can download and view them offline (Screenshots are clear).
This document provides an overview of shell programming basics. It covers topics such as basic system commands like ls, cp, and rm; useful operations like wildcards and input/output redirection; shell variables; command substitution; decision making and loops; and other features like comments and head/tail utilities. The goal of the document is to introduce the reader to the core components of shell scripting.
Quontra Solutions offers Job oriented Linux online training with updated technologies. For more info about our Linux online training contact us directly. We are providing Linux online training to all students throughout worldwide by real time faculties. Our Linux training strengthens your skills and knowledge which will helps you to gain a competitive advantage in starting your career. Outclasses will help you to gain knowledge on real time scenario. It will be most use full to boost up your career.
Our training sessions are designed in such a way that all the students can be convenient with the training schedules and course timings.
Along with Training, we also conduct several mock interviews along with Job Placement Assistance. Attend Free Demo before joining the class.
Our Features:
• Real world projects to get practical based experience
• Online tests to explore the resource learning
• Experienced certified trainers as instructors
• One to one personalized training with desktop access
• Case studies and state of art library to access study material
• Resume build assistance to win in interviews
Contact us:
Simson Andrew
Email: info@quontrasolutions.com
web: www.quontrasolutions.com
The document discusses various data structures and functions related to network packet processing in the Linux kernel socket layer. It describes the sk_buff structure that is used to pass packets between layers. It also explains the net_device structure that represents a network interface in the kernel. When a packet is received, the interrupt handler will raise a soft IRQ for processing. The packet will then traverse various protocol layers like IP and TCP to be eventually delivered to a socket and read by a userspace application.
Launch the First Process in Linux SystemJian-Hong Pan
The session: https://coscup.org/2022/en/session/AGCMDJ
After Linux kernel boots, it will try to launch first process “init” in User Space. Then, the system begins the featured journey of the Linux distribution.
This sharing takes Busybox as the example and shows that how does Linux kernel find the “init” which directs to the Busybox. And, what will Busybox do and how to get the console. Try to make it like a simple Linux system.
Before Linux kernel launches “init” process, the file system and storage corresponding drivers/modules must be loaded to find the “init”. Besides, to mount the root file system correctly, the kernel boot command must include the root device and file system format parameters.
On the other hand, the Busybox directed from “init” is a lightweight program, but has rich functions, just like a Swiss Army Knife. So, it is usually used on the simple environment, like embedded Linux system.
This sharing will have a demo on a virtual machine first, then on the Raspberry Pi.
Drafts:
* https://hackmd.io/@starnight/Busbox_as_the_init
* https://hackmd.io/@starnight/Build_Alpines_Root_Filesystem_Bootstrap
Relate idea: https://hackmd.io/@starnight/Systems_init_and_Containers_COMMAND_Dockerfiles_CMD
The Network File System (NFS) is the most widely used network-based file system. NFS’s initial simple design and Sun Microsystems’ willingness to publicize the protocol and code samples to the community contributed to making NFS the most successful remote access file system. NFS implementations are available for numerous Unix systems, several Windows-based systems, and others.
Ramon Fried covers the following topics:
* What DMA is.
* DMA Buffer Allocations and Management.
* Cache Coherency.
* PCI and DMA.
* dmaengine Framework.
Ramon is an Embedded Linux team leader in TandemG, leading various cutting edge projects in the Linux kernel.
He has years of experience in embedded systems, operating systems and Linux kernel.
This document provides an overview of managing user accounts in a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 environment. It discusses the purpose of user accounts and the authentication process. It also describes how to create and manage local, roaming, and mandatory user profiles. Various methods for creating and modifying user accounts using tools like Active Directory Users and Computers and command line utilities are presented.
The document discusses the PC boot process for Linux and Windows. It begins by outlining the basic steps: 1) executing code from a well-known location, 2) executing the first-stage boot loader from the MBR, 3) executing the second-stage boot loader, 4) loading the kernel, and 5) loading the first user space program. It then delves into more details for each step, covering components like the BIOS, MBR, GRUB, and init for Linux as well as NTLDR, winload.exe, and winlogon.exe for Windows.
X / DRM (Direct Rendering Manager) Architectural OverviewMoriyoshi Koizumi
This document contains diagrams and descriptions related to the X Window System architecture for direct and indirect graphics rendering. It shows how OpenGL applications interact with the X server and Mesa library to perform direct graphics rendering using the kernel's Direct Rendering Infrastructure (DRI) and devices' direct rendering capabilities. It also summarizes the DRM authentication process where an application receives a magic cookie from the kernel to authenticate with the DRM driver.
A linker is a program that combines object files and libraries into a single executable file. It performs two main tasks - symbol resolution and relocation. Linking can occur at compile time (static linking), load time, or run time (dynamic linking). Static linking embeds library code into the executable, increasing its size, while dynamic linking uses shared libraries that can be loaded at runtime, reducing executable size.
The document discusses development environments and build processes for GNU/Linux systems. It covers tools like the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) and autotools that are used to compile, link, and build static and dynamic libraries. The key points are:
- Development environments include toolchains like GCC, libraries, headers and debuggers for compiling locally or cross-compiling for embedded targets.
- The build process involves preprocessing, compiling, assembling, and linking object files into binaries or libraries using tools like GCC and the GNU binutils.
- Static libraries archive object files, while dynamic libraries use external symbols and have version dependencies displayed by tools like ldd.
- Autotools like GNU make and autotools provide
The document provides an overview of the Autotools including:
- Autotools are a set of tools including Automake, Autoconf, Libtool that generate portable build files for software projects.
- They use templates like Makefile.am and configure.ac that are transformed by the tools to produce final Makefiles and configure scripts.
- The build process involves running autogen.sh, configure, and make. Installation uses make DESTDIR to put files in a staging directory.
- This allows cross-compilation by making the build files independent of the host system architecture.
The document discusses the autotools process. It explains that autotools is a collection of tools including Automake, Autoconf, Libtool, and others. The process involves generating files from templates, including generating a configure script from configure.ac and Makefile.in files from Makefile.am. Developers manage these template files. The process then involves running configure, make, and make install to build and install the software. Debugging is also discussed.
This document provides an overview of the C programming language under Linux, covering preprocessing, compiling, assembling, linking, libraries, and related tools. It discusses:
1. The four main steps of preprocessing, compiling, assembling, and linking using GNU tools like cpp, cc1, as, and collect2.
2. How to display symbol tables using nm and strip symbols from executables.
3. Creating static libraries with ar and ranlib and linking them, as well as creating shared libraries with gcc and soname.
4. The roles of environment variables like LIBRARY_PATH and LD_LIBRARY_PATH in locating libraries.
Embedded Systems: Lecture 13: Introduction to GNU Toolchain (Build Tools)Ahmed El-Arabawy
The document discusses Linux toolchains used for embedded systems development. It describes the main components of the GNU toolchain including gcc (compiler), ld (linker), ar (library archiver) and other tools. It explains the compilation process from source code to executable, use of static and dynamic libraries, and how the dynamic linker locates libraries at runtime. Commands for building, linking and debugging programs are also covered.
C is a general-purpose programming language developed in the 1970s. It has become widely used for systems programming tasks like operating systems or embedded systems. C programs are compiled into machine-readable executable code that can be directly executed by a computer's CPU. Key features of C include modularity through functions, portability across platforms, and high performance due to being close to the hardware level. C programs are made up of functions, variables, expressions, and other elements and are compiled in multiple steps from source code to executable file.
Build your own discovery index of scholary e-resourcesMartin Czygan
Providing discovery systems for eresourcesis essential for library services today.
Commercial search engine indices have been a widely used solution in recent years. In
contrast, running an own discovery service is undoubtedly a challenging task but promises
full control over data processing, enrichment, performance and quality. Building an own
aggregated index of eresourcesincludes gathering the right mix of data sources, clearing
licensing issues, and negotiating data availability. Technically, these threads are resumed by
data harvesters, filters and workflow orchestration tools.
Build Systems with autoconf, automake and libtool [updated]Benny Siegert
This document provides an overview of autoconf and libtool, which are tools used to generate portable build systems. It begins with a brief history of Makefiles and their limitations. It then introduces the core autotools components - autoconf, automake, libtool - and explains what each one does. The document provides a concrete example demonstrating how to set up a simple build system using these tools. It discusses some advanced features and best practices. Finally, it emphasizes that autotools allow developers to support a wide range of systems without hardcoding dependencies.
The document describes how to create reusable libraries in C++. It explains that a library consists of three files: a header file with function prototypes, an implementation file with function definitions, and a documentation file. It provides an example of creating a library called "ellipse" that contains functions for computing the area and circumference of ellipses. The header file declares the function prototypes, the implementation file defines the functions, and the documentation file provides specifications for using the functions. The document outlines how to include the library in a program and discusses compilation and linking errors that can occur.
Declare Your Language: What is a Compiler?Eelco Visser
The document provides an overview of the course on compiler construction, including information on the course organization, website, assignments, and deadlines, as well as introducing the concept of what a compiler is and the different types of compilers. It also discusses how linguistic abstractions can be used to build domain-specific languages and language workbenches that support the design and implementation of programming languages through the use of declarative meta-languages.
Advanced debugging techniques in different environmentsAndrii Soldatenko
This document discusses advanced debugging techniques in different environments. It begins with an introduction to debugging Go programs using Delve and GDB debuggers. It then covers setting breakpoints and conditional breakpoints, calling functions, and debugging unit tests using Delve. It also discusses remote debugging of containerized Go applications with Delve. Some key challenges of using GDB with Go are mentioned. Finally, it promotes the author's Telegram channel for future Golang learning resources.
This document discusses the compilation process of a C program from source code to executable. It involves 4 main stages: preprocessing, compilation, assembly, and linking. Preprocessing handles includes and macros. Compilation converts to assembly code. Assembly converts to object code. Linking combines object files and resolves symbols to create the executable. C is an efficient, portable, and flexible language that has been widely used since 1972.
Welcome to the wonderful world of composer,
We will see what is composer, how we can use it.
Namespacing (What, How & Why)
& Autoloading your own code using composer
Process (OS),GNU,Introduction to Linux oSHarrytoye2
The document discusses Linux programming and processes. It covers compiling C and C++ programs with GCC, using makefiles to automate the compilation process, debugging programs with GDB, static and dynamic libraries, the Linux environment and environment variables, creating and managing processes using fork, exec, signals, and process scheduling. It also discusses process states, context switching, and process termination.
C is mother language of all programming language.
It is a system programming language. It is a procedure-oriented programming language. It is also called mid-level programming language.
C evolved from a language called B, written by Ken Thompson at Bell Labs in 1970. Ken used B to write one of the first implementations of UNIX. B in turn was a descendant of the language BCPL (developed at Cambridge (UK) in 1967), with most of its instructions removed.
So many instructions were removed in going from BCPL to B, that Dennis Ritchie of Bell Labs put some back in (in 1972), and called the language C.
The famous book The C Programming Language was written by Kernighan and Ritchie in 1978, and was the definitive reference book on C for almost a decade.
The original C was still too limiting, and not standardized, and so in 1983, an ANSI committee was established to formalize the language definition.
It has taken until now (ten years later) for the ANSI ( American National Standard Institute) standard to become well accepted and almost universally supported by compilers.
This document discusses libraries in C/C++. It describes static libraries as archives of object files that are included in the final executable. Shared libraries are similar but the executable only contains a reference, with the actual code located in the shared library file. The document provides details on creating, linking with, and dynamically loading both types of libraries. It also lists some benefits of each like code sharing for shared libraries and simplicity for static libraries.
C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup, as an extension to the C language. cp...bhargavi804095
C++ is a cross-platform language that can be used to create high-performance applications.
C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup, as an extension to the C language.
C++ gives programmers a high level of control over system resources and memory.
This document provides explanations of interaction overview diagrams and timing diagrams. It defines interaction overview diagrams as a combination of activity and sequence diagrams that can visualize two aspects of object behavior. Timing diagrams are used to represent timing constraints and state changes over time. There are two notation styles for timing diagrams: state lifelines that show states as lines, and value lifelines that show states as areas. An example diagram of an automatic door is presented to illustrate both notation styles.
Welcome to my series of articles on Unified Modeling Language. This is "Session 11 – Communication Diagram" of the series. Please view my other documents where I have covered each UML diagram with examples
Welcome to my series of articles on Unified Modeling Language. This is "Session 10 – Sequence Diagram" of the series. Please view my other documents where I have covered each UML diagram with examples
Welcome to my series of articles on Unified Modeling Language. This is "Session 9 – State Diagram" of the series.
Please view my other documents where I have covered each UML diagram with examples
The document discusses package diagrams in UML. It explains that package diagrams show the high-level organization of systems and can contain other UML diagrams. Package diagrams use packages and dependencies. Packages represent modules and can contain classes, diagrams, and other elements. Dependencies show relationships between packages like import and access relationships. The document then provides an example of constructing a package diagram for an online order tracking system.
Welcome to my series of articles on Unified Modeling Language. This is "Session 7 – Deployment Diagram" of the series. Please view my other documents where I have covered each UML diagram with examples
Welcome to my series of articles on Unified Modeling Language. This is "Session 6 – Component Diagram" of the series. Please view my other documents where I have covered each UML diagram with examples
Welcome to my series of articles on Unified Modeling Language. This is "Session 5 – Composite Structure Diagram" of the series. Please view my other documents where I have covered each UML diagram with examples
Welcome to my series of articles on Unified Modeling Language. This is "Session 4 – Object Diagram" of the series.
Please view my other documents where I have covered each UML diagram with examples
Welcome to my series of articles on Unified Modeling Language. This is "Session 3 – Class Diagram" of the series.
Please view my other documents where I have covered each UML diagram with examples
Welcome to my series of articles on Unified Modeling Language. This is "Session 2 – Use Case UML" of the series. I have covered Use Case Scenario, Use Case Narrative and Use Case Model in this session.
Please view my other documents where I have covered each UML diagram with examples
Welcome to my series of articles on Unified Modeling Language. This is "Session 1 – Introduction to UML" of the series. Please view my other documents where I have covered each UML diagram with examples
Yocto Project looked over by Linux Foundation is an open source project. Yocto can be summarized in a single - "It is not an embedded Linux distribution, It creates a custom one for you"
My presentation provides an overview of Yocto Project, an easy starters guide.
This document covers in details of using SVN. I hope using this document will save you time banging your head against version control system.
I tried to make this document as simple as child's play for you to understand. Happy Learning!..
I have a compiled a How-To guide for using Subversion. As a developer using subversion was a day in and day out task for me which made me to present it here.
Use my slide as a reference for using SVN features.
8 Best Automated Android App Testing Tool and Framework in 2024.pdfkalichargn70th171
Regarding mobile operating systems, two major players dominate our thoughts: Android and iPhone. With Android leading the market, software development companies are focused on delivering apps compatible with this OS. Ensuring an app's functionality across various Android devices, OS versions, and hardware specifications is critical, making Android app testing essential.
Introducing Crescat - Event Management Software for Venues, Festivals and Eve...Crescat
Crescat is industry-trusted event management software, built by event professionals for event professionals. Founded in 2017, we have three key products tailored for the live event industry.
Crescat Event for concert promoters and event agencies. Crescat Venue for music venues, conference centers, wedding venues, concert halls and more. And Crescat Festival for festivals, conferences and complex events.
With a wide range of popular features such as event scheduling, shift management, volunteer and crew coordination, artist booking and much more, Crescat is designed for customisation and ease-of-use.
Over 125,000 events have been planned in Crescat and with hundreds of customers of all shapes and sizes, from boutique event agencies through to international concert promoters, Crescat is rigged for success. What's more, we highly value feedback from our users and we are constantly improving our software with updates, new features and improvements.
If you plan events, run a venue or produce festivals and you're looking for ways to make your life easier, then we have a solution for you. Try our software for free or schedule a no-obligation demo with one of our product specialists today at crescat.io
Hand Rolled Applicative User ValidationCode KataPhilip Schwarz
Could you use a simple piece of Scala validation code (granted, a very simplistic one too!) that you can rewrite, now and again, to refresh your basic understanding of Applicative operators <*>, <*, *>?
The goal is not to write perfect code showcasing validation, but rather, to provide a small, rough-and ready exercise to reinforce your muscle-memory.
Despite its grandiose-sounding title, this deck consists of just three slides showing the Scala 3 code to be rewritten whenever the details of the operators begin to fade away.
The code is my rough and ready translation of a Haskell user-validation program found in a book called Finding Success (and Failure) in Haskell - Fall in love with applicative functors.
Need for Speed: Removing speed bumps from your Symfony projects ⚡️Łukasz Chruściel
No one wants their application to drag like a car stuck in the slow lane! Yet it’s all too common to encounter bumpy, pothole-filled solutions that slow the speed of any application. Symfony apps are not an exception.
In this talk, I will take you for a spin around the performance racetrack. We’ll explore common pitfalls - those hidden potholes on your application that can cause unexpected slowdowns. Learn how to spot these performance bumps early, and more importantly, how to navigate around them to keep your application running at top speed.
We will focus in particular on tuning your engine at the application level, making the right adjustments to ensure that your system responds like a well-oiled, high-performance race car.
Flutter is a popular open source, cross-platform framework developed by Google. In this webinar we'll explore Flutter and its architecture, delve into the Flutter Embedder and Flutter’s Dart language, discover how to leverage Flutter for embedded device development, learn about Automotive Grade Linux (AGL) and its consortium and understand the rationale behind AGL's choice of Flutter for next-gen IVI systems. Don’t miss this opportunity to discover whether Flutter is right for your project.
Revolutionizing Visual Effects Mastering AI Face Swaps.pdfUndress Baby
The quest for the best AI face swap solution is marked by an amalgamation of technological prowess and artistic finesse, where cutting-edge algorithms seamlessly replace faces in images or videos with striking realism. Leveraging advanced deep learning techniques, the best AI face swap tools meticulously analyze facial features, lighting conditions, and expressions to execute flawless transformations, ensuring natural-looking results that blur the line between reality and illusion, captivating users with their ingenuity and sophistication.
Web:- https://undressbaby.com/
DDS Security Version 1.2 was adopted in 2024. This revision strengthens support for long runnings systems adding new cryptographic algorithms, certificate revocation, and hardness against DoS attacks.
Using Query Store in Azure PostgreSQL to Understand Query PerformanceGrant Fritchey
Microsoft has added an excellent new extension in PostgreSQL on their Azure Platform. This session, presented at Posette 2024, covers what Query Store is and the types of information you can get out of it.
Atelier - Innover avec l’IA Générative et les graphes de connaissancesNeo4j
Atelier - Innover avec l’IA Générative et les graphes de connaissances
Allez au-delà du battage médiatique autour de l’IA et découvrez des techniques pratiques pour utiliser l’IA de manière responsable à travers les données de votre organisation. Explorez comment utiliser les graphes de connaissances pour augmenter la précision, la transparence et la capacité d’explication dans les systèmes d’IA générative. Vous partirez avec une expérience pratique combinant les relations entre les données et les LLM pour apporter du contexte spécifique à votre domaine et améliorer votre raisonnement.
Amenez votre ordinateur portable et nous vous guiderons sur la mise en place de votre propre pile d’IA générative, en vous fournissant des exemples pratiques et codés pour démarrer en quelques minutes.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Microservice Teams - How the cloud changes the way we workSven Peters
A lot of technical challenges and complexity come with building a cloud-native and distributed architecture. The way we develop backend software has fundamentally changed in the last ten years. Managing a microservices architecture demands a lot of us to ensure observability and operational resiliency. But did you also change the way you run your development teams?
Sven will talk about Atlassian’s journey from a monolith to a multi-tenanted architecture and how it affected the way the engineering teams work. You will learn how we shifted to service ownership, moved to more autonomous teams (and its challenges), and established platform and enablement teams.
Transform Your Communication with Cloud-Based IVR SolutionsTheSMSPoint
Discover the power of Cloud-Based IVR Solutions to streamline communication processes. Embrace scalability and cost-efficiency while enhancing customer experiences with features like automated call routing and voice recognition. Accessible from anywhere, these solutions integrate seamlessly with existing systems, providing real-time analytics for continuous improvement. Revolutionize your communication strategy today with Cloud-Based IVR Solutions. Learn more at: https://thesmspoint.com/channel/cloud-telephony
E-Invoicing Implementation: A Step-by-Step Guide for Saudi Arabian CompaniesQuickdice ERP
Explore the seamless transition to e-invoicing with this comprehensive guide tailored for Saudi Arabian businesses. Navigate the process effortlessly with step-by-step instructions designed to streamline implementation and enhance efficiency.
Takashi Kobayashi and Hironori Washizaki, "SWEBOK Guide and Future of SE Education," First International Symposium on the Future of Software Engineering (FUSE), June 3-6, 2024, Okinawa, Japan
SOCRadar's Aviation Industry Q1 Incident Report is out now!
The aviation industry has always been a prime target for cybercriminals due to its critical infrastructure and high stakes. In the first quarter of 2024, the sector faced an alarming surge in cybersecurity threats, revealing its vulnerabilities and the relentless sophistication of cyber attackers.
SOCRadar’s Aviation Industry, Quarterly Incident Report, provides an in-depth analysis of these threats, detected and examined through our extensive monitoring of hacker forums, Telegram channels, and dark web platforms.
Neo4j - Product Vision and Knowledge Graphs - GraphSummit ParisNeo4j
Dr. Jesús Barrasa, Head of Solutions Architecture for EMEA, Neo4j
Découvrez les dernières innovations de Neo4j, et notamment les dernières intégrations cloud et les améliorations produits qui font de Neo4j un choix essentiel pour les développeurs qui créent des applications avec des données interconnectées et de l’IA générative.
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Library:
• It may contain a group of functions that are used in a particular
context.
• Functions which can be shared by more than one applications
are broken out of the application’s source code, compiled and
bundled into a library.
Types :
• Static
• Dynamic/Shared
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Static Library(archives) (extension- .a):
• Every executable program have a copy of library code.
Dynamically linked shared object libraries(extension- .so):
• Dynamically loaded/unloaded and linking during execution
using the dynamic linking loader system functions.
• The shared objects are not included into the executable
component but are tied to the execution.
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Static Library
•Typically named with the prefix “lib”.
For example:
Math library - libmath.a (static)
Shared Library
●Name used by linker - libmath.so
●Fully qualified name or soname - libpthread.so.1
●Real name - libpthread.so.1.1
Version
Number
Minor Number
Library Naming Convention
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Location in File System
- According to File Heirarchy Standards
• /lib - loaded at startup
• /usr/lib - used by system internally
• /usr/local/lib - non standard distribution
Usage of ldconfig
Linker
Symbolic
link
Fully Qualified
“soname”
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• ar is an archive tool used to combine objects to create an
archive file with .a extension, i.e, library.
1) Create 2 sample C programs
2) Compile the programs and get the object code
3) Create the C program static library using ar utility
4) Write C program to use the library libarith.a
Steps to Create Static Library
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1) Create two sample C programs:
int addition(int a, int b) int multiplication( int a, int b)
{ {
int result; int result;
result=a+b; result=a*b;
} }
2) Compile and get object codes:
$ gcc –c addition.c
$ gcc –c multiplication.c
Current working directory contains both c and object files.
$ ls
addition.c multiplication.c addition.o multiplication.o
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3) Create the C program Static Library using ar utility:
$ ar cr libarith.a addition.o multiplication.o
4) Write c program to use the library libarith.a:
Create header.h Create example.c:
#include<stdio.h> #include “header.h”
Int addition(int a, int b); int main()
Int multiplication(int a, intb); {
int result;
result=addition(1,2);
printf(“addition result is :
%dn”
, result);
result=multiplication(3,2);
printf(“multiplication result is :
%dn”, result);
9. 16/05/15 9
• Compile example.c
$ gcc –Wall example.c libarith.a –o example
Result:
$ ./example
addition result is :3
multiplication result is : 6
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To Command Result
List Object Files $ ar t libarith.a addition.o
multiplication.o
Extract object files from
archive
$ ar x libarith.a
$ ls *.o
Addition.o
Multiplication.o
Add object file into existing
archive file
$ ar r libarith.a subtraction.o Addition.o
Multiplication.o
Subtraction.o
Delete the specific archive
member
$ ar d libarith.a addition.o Multiplication.o
Subtraction.o
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1. Create code that has to be added to Shared Library
2. Create a header file
3. Create a shared library
4. Write a program which uses shared library
5. Link the code with shared library
6. Set the environment variable
7. Run the program
Steps to Create Shared Library
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Step 1. shared.c:
#include “shared.h”
Unsigned int add(unsigned int a, unsigned int b)
{
Printf(“n Inside add()n”);
Return(a+b);
}
Step 2. Shared.h:
#include<stdio.h>
extern unsigned int add(unsigned int a, unsigned int b);
13. 16/05/15 13
Step 3.
gcc –c –Wall – werror –fPIC shared.c
gcc –shared –o libshared.so shared.o
Step 4.
#include<stdio.h>
#include”shared.h”
int main(void)
{
unsigned int a=1;
unsigned int b=2;
unsigned int result =0;
result=add(a,b);
printf(“n the result is [%u]n”, result);
return 0;
}
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Step 5.
gcc –L/home/Desktop/practice/ -wall main.c –o main –lshared
Step 6.
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/home/desktop/practice:$
LD_LIBRARY_PATH
Step 7.
$ ./main
Inside add()
The result is [3]
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Static Library Shared Library
Increased memory for each program Contains a record of
1. Name of the symbol
2. Which library is it from
Time Consuming Time Efficient
Re-linking difficulties Run time linking using Fully Qualified
soname
Run time Execution is relatively fast Run time Execution is relatively slow
Objects of unresolved symbols get
copied to the address space
Shared library is mapped to address space
of program
Extension - .a Extensions - .so(.x.x)
Difference b/w Static & Shared Library
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int e=7;
int main() {
int r = a();
exit(0);
}
main.c
add.c
extern int e;
int *ep=&e;
int x=15;
int y;
int a() {
return *ep+x+y;
}
How Shared Library Works?
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Merging .o files into an executable
int e = 7
headers
system code
main()
a()
int *ep = &e
more system code
system data
int x = 15
.text
.data
uninitialized data .bss
.symtab
.debug
system code
system data
.text
.data & .bss
main()main.o
int e = 7
.text
.data
add.o
int *ep = &e
a()
int x = 15
int y
.text
.data
.bss
a()
Relocatable object files
0
Executable object files