This document discusses several political philosophies and historical events: Conservatism sought to preserve traditional institutions like aristocracies, churches, and monarchies through limited change. Liberalism promoted individual freedom, economic freedom, and social equality with limited government. Nationalism is a shared identity and culture within a nation that can motivate political goals. The 1848 revolutions in Europe expressed nationalist sentiments, with revolts in places like France, Germany, and Italy demanding more autonomy. Liberal and conservative views can change over time depending on circumstances.

1. Liberalism
Conservatism
Nationalism
Reaction and Revolution

2. Conservatism
classic
Political philosophy that sought to preserve the traditional
institutions of government and economy to keep power in the hands
of traditional aristocracies, church hierarchies and monarchies.
The representatives at the Congress of Vienna were conservative

3. Conservatism
Classic
Traditional organized religion – (Catholic Protestant Jewish)
Traditional government – (monarchy)
Traditional culture – (holidays celebrations traditions language education)
Traditional society – (religion social divisions stability)
Obedience to rules – (government religious family)

4. Liberalism
(classic)
Political philosophy that promoted the value of individual
freedom, economic freedom, and social equality through
limited government.
Signers of the Declaration of Independence The Tennis Court Oath

5. Liberalism
(classic)
Freedom of Religion – No state mandated religion (separation of church/state)
Constitutional Government – The right of men with property to vote
Traditional culture – (holidays celebrations traditions language education)
Open Society – Freedom of the press, assembly and speech
Civil Liberties – equality under the law, rule of law
Economic Freedom – No government interference with
the economy

6. Nationalism
A shared communal identification with one’s country, common
identity and common culture.
It is a desire for a nation and or national political autonomy.

7. Nationalism
Cause - Nationalism is the result of humans' tendency to gather and
unite in groups of others who are similar.
Beginnings - Early nationalism was romantic and exuberant in nature.
Goals - Nationalism can be a powerful means of achieving goals as a country.
Nationalism can also be a tool of manipulation by the leadership of a
group or nation and can lead to grave violence.
Nationalism can include most of the of the
goals of either Liberalism or Conservatism.

8. Revolutions
1848
Napoleon spread the idea of Nationalism across Europe:
Despite the Congress of Vienna, Nationalism affected European history:
Belgium revolts and separates from Netherlands - 1830
Greece gains independence from the Ottoman Empire – 1848
1848 was the “Year of Revolution” in Europe
France – 2nd Republic under Charles Louis Napoleon – universal male suffrage.
Germans States – Frankfurt Assembly – fails because of no ability to enforce decisions.
Hungary splits from the Austrian Empire – (Austro-Hungarian Empire.
Revolutions by the Poles, Czechs – put down by the “principal of intervention”
Italy is demanding unity – Austria controls parts of Italy and suppresses the revolts.

10. Revolutions - 1848
There were no revolts, riots or revolutions in England
Why?
England already had a Constitutional monarchy with
universal male suffrage.

11. Liberalism and Conservatism can and have changed over time.
What people believe changes from liberal to conservative over time.
1. Immigrants wanting to be able to practice their culture freely – Liberal.
2. People not wanting to have their established culture changed – Conservative.
3. Immigrants become citizens and their culture become the norm. – Conservative.
4. New immigrants want to be able to practice their culture freely – liberal.