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The idea of nationalism in europe ppt

Napoleon Bonaparte established the Napoleonic Code in 1804, which did away with privileges based on birth and established equality before the law. It secured the right to property and abolished the feudal system. Napoleon destroyed democracy in France but incorporated revolutionary principles in the administrative field in a rational and efficient manner. Nationalism grew in Europe in the 19th century, influenced by ideas of romanticism, liberalism, and economic hardships. The revolutions of 1848 saw nationalist uprisings demand independence and constitutional rights across Europe. However, by late 19th century, nationalism became aligned with imperialism and intolerant of other national groups, exacerbating tensions that led to World War I.

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Napoleon Bonaparte- French military leader •Destroyed democracy in France •Established Napoleonic Code-Civil code 1804
Features of Napoleonic code He did away all privileges based on birth Secured the right to property Established equality before the law Abolished the feudal system In the town guild restrictions were removed Transport and communication system were improved Introduced uniform laws , standardized and a common national currency
1. How had Napoleonic code exported to the regions under French control? Explain with examples. 2. Describe the events of French Revolution which had influenced the people belonging to the other parts of Europe. 3. The first clear expression of nationalism came with the ‘French Revolution ‘ in 1789. Examine the statement. 4. “Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France but in the administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in rational and efficient”. Analyze the statement with argument. 5. How was nationalism instilled in the people of France before French Revolution? 6. Why was the Napoleonic rule over other regions unpopular some sections of Europe?
 There were no nation states in Europe before nationalism hit it.  Eastern and Central Europe were under autocratic monarchies and people of these territories did not see themselves as a sharing collective identity.  They even spoke different languages.
The Habsburg Empire Austria Hungary Alpine Region Austria Sudetenland Bohemia
Majority –Peasants(Less power) Minority- Aristocrats( More power)
 Inviolability of private property  Freedom of Markets  Abolition of Restrictions imposed by State on movement of goods and capital. Liberalism for new middle class  Individual freedom  Equality before law  Government by consent  Private property rights  Freedom of markets  Free movements of goods and capitals
•New Social Groups •Working Class •Middle class: Industrialists, professionals and Businessmen Effect s of Industrialization in Europe Ideas of Nationalism was popular among educated and liberal middle classes after the abolition of Aristocratic privileges
 Common way of living  Owned estates and townhouses in countryside  Spoke French for diplomacy  Families were connected by marriage ties Features of land in Europe The west was mostly formed by tenants and small owners.  Land was held as small estates (cultivated by serfs) in Eastern and Central Europe.
Who suffered? Women(treated as minor) Men without property A wave of economic nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist sentiments How?
•Napoleon administrative system had created 39 states, each of which had its own currency •A series of custom barriers and custom duties were levied on the way of trade. •This in turn hinder economic growth and exchange. • In 1834 , a custom union abolished trade barriers and reduced the no. of currencies from 30 to 2. •Railways mobility also facilitated economic interests and unification.
1. Interpret the concept of ‘liberalism ‘ in the field of economic sphere during the nineteenth century in Europe. 2. What was the meaning of liberalism in early nineteenth century in Europe?
A New Conservatism after 1815 Conservatism- Belief that the traditional institutions of state and society shall be preserved . For instance; Church, Monarchy etc. •Conservationists did not propose to return to the pre revolutionary days. •They realized that modern army ,efficient bureaucracy , dynamic economy, abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the autocratic monarchies of Europe
Treaty of Vienna 1815 Hosted by : Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich Ambassadors of European states: Russia, Prussia, Britain ,Austria
1. Bourbon dynasty was again in power, 2. France lost its territories . 3. German confederation of 39 states setup by Napoleon was left untouched 4. Set up boundaries to prevent French expansion. Autocratic attitude of conservative regime Did not tolerate criticism and dissent Curbed activities that questioned their legitimacy Censorship laws on newspaper ,plays ,songs etc. This inspired the nationalist to fight for certain things, such as freedom of press
Cause and Effect Fear of repression led to the formation of secret societies Members- Liberal nationalist (began to operate underground) Objectives:- •To oppose the autocratic regime •Fight for liberty and Freedom •To oppose monarchical forms.
Giuseppe Mazzini Italian Politician Description Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian politician, journalist, activist for the unification of Italy, and spearhead of the Italian revolutionary movement. Wikipedia Born: 22 June 1805, Genoa, Italy Died: 10 March 1872, Pisa, Italy Nickname: The Beating Heart of Italy Influenced by: Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Plato, •As a young man of24, he was sent into exile (in 1831) for attempting a revolution in Liguria. •Founded two societies- 1.Young Italy in Marseilles 2. Young Europe in Berne
 Describe in brief any four features of the Vienna Treaty. or What were the main proposals of the Vienna Congress?  What was the impact of Treaty of Vienna (1815) on European people?  Who hosted the congress at Vienna in 1815?  How had revolutionaries spread their ideas in many European States after 1815? Explain with examples.
Liberalism +Nationalism VS Conservative Regimes Revolutions were led by Educated middle class elite
Outcomes •Established constitutional monarchy. •Louis Philippe became its head ‘When France sneezes , the rest of Europe catches cold’ Duke Metternich
Belgium broke away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands Outcome
Treaty of Constantinople (1832) recognized Greece as an independent nation. Outcome
Romanticism a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment through art and poetry, stories and music Share collective heritage Common Culture Mystical feeling Johann Gottfried Herder •Volksgeist- nationalism /national spirit •Das volk- the people
•Partitioned by great powers in eighteenth century •Language: A weapon of national resistance •Karol Kurpunski celebrated Polish through operas
1830 –Economic hardship in Europe Population increased More job seekers than jobs Aristocracy still in power , peasants struggled Rise in food prices, shortage of food and unemployment Population migrated from rural areas to cities All these causes brought the population of Paris out on the roads in the year 1848 . Barricades were erected and Louis Philippe was forced to flee
Case of France Led by educated middle classes For the abdication of Monarch To achieve republic based on universal male suffrage
Outcomes •National Assembly proclaimed a Republic, granted suffrage to all adult males above 21 ,and guaranteed the right to work • National workshops to provide employment were setup. Silesian weavers uprising,1845 against contractors for low wages
Case of Germany •Middle class people came together and voted for all German National Assembly •Drafted constitution •Friedrich Wilhelm IV king of Prussia rejected the Assembly •Assembly was forced to disband
1. Women had formed their own political associations. 2. Founded newspapers and taken part in political meetings and demonstrations 3. But, still they were denied suffrage rights
 How did Romanticism seek to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiments during 18th century?  ‘ The decade of 1830 had brought great economic hardship in Europe’. Support the statement with argument.
1. Otto van Bismarck –Architect of the process of Unification of Germany 2. Prussian Army and Bureaucracy helped Bismarck 3. Seven years war with Austria Denmark and France 4. Prussia got victory 5. January 1871 – The Prussian king, Kaiser William 1, was proclaimed as German Emperor in a ceremony in Versailles. 6. The new state with Prussian dominance modernized currency, banking , legal system in Germany. UNIFICATION OF GERMANY
During middle of 19th century Italy was divided into 7 states Italy Sardinia Piedmont ruled by an Italian princely state North- Austrian Habsburg Centre- Pope Southern region- Bourbon king of Spain
•Chief Minister Cavour led the movement and Sardinia Piedmont defeated the Austrian forces in 1859. •Giuseppe Garibaldi succeeded in winning the support of the local peasants of two Sicilies in order to drive out the Spanish rulers. •IN 1861 , Victor Emmanuel II was finally proclaimed king of United Italy. Cavou r Giuseppe Garibaldi
English Welsh Scottish Irish Ethnic groups of Britain
Resulted in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom Of Great Britain’. The English parliament was thus able to influence Scotland, even the parliament was dominated by English people Scottish Highlands were suppresse d No Gaelic Language No national costume of Scotland
•Ireland was deeply divided between Catholics and Protestants •English helped the Protestants of Ireland to establish their dominance over largely Catholic Country •Revolt by Wolfe Tone for Catholics of Ireland, failed 1789. •Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801. •British flag- Union Jack •National anthem- God save our Noble King
 Artist in the eighteenth centuries represented a country as if it were a person most likely with female figures.  Female figure became allegory of the nation.  For example. French Revolution artist used female allegory to portray ideas such as Liberty , Justice and the Republic. Marianne representing France Germania
An ideology that promotes the interests of a particular nation A policy of extending a country’s rule over foreign nations, often by political and economic control of other areas
Nationalism no longer retained its idealistic liberal democratic sentiment Nationalist groups became increasingly intolerant of each other Major European powers manipulated the nationalist aspirations of other nationals in Europe to boost their imperialists aims.
 Balkans in 1871 were under the control of Ottoman Empire  Ideas of romantic nationalism spread in Balkan.  They claimed for independence or political rights on nationality and subjected foreign domination.  Russia, Germany, England, Austro –Hungary –keen on countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans.  This led to a series of wars in the reign and finally the First World War
Imperialism and Colonialism Nationalism aligned with imperialism, led Europe to disaster in 1914. Colonized nations began to oppose imperial domination Anti – imperial movements that developed everywhere Nation states came to be accepted as natural and universal
 ‘Nationalism no longer retained its idealistic liberal democratic sentiment by the last quarter of the nineteenth century in Europe. ’Analyse the statement with examples.  Describe the explosive conditions prevailed in Balkans after 1871 in Europe.  Describe the process of Unification of Italy.