this PPT is meant for educational purpose. this ppt has the notes of the first chapter of class 10 history

1. The rise of
Nationalism
in Europe
Aniruddh
X-A

2. WHAT IS NATIONALISM
Nationalism is a feeling of belonging and loyalty that causes people think of
During 19th & 20th centuries Nationalism was a powerful force that could
One Nation from many separate countries
Break one nation up into many countries
themselves as a Nation.
create:
(Ex. Italy & Germany)
(Ex. Austria- Hungary and Turkey )

3. EUROPEAN SOCITY
THE UPPER CLASS :
• The landed aristocracy were the dominant group.
• They had common interest and lifestyle. Owned large country estates and
town houses.
• Most of them spoke french
LOWER CLASS :
• Majority of the people were peasants.
• Most were landless and worked as serfs

4. French revolution started in 1789.
France was a full-fledged territorial state in 1789 under rule of a monarch.
Political and constitutional changes that came in wake of the French revolution led to the
transfer of sovereignty from monarchy to a body of French citizens.
Various practices adopted to develop a sense of collective identity among people.
Declaration of mission to liberate Europe from despotism.
Setting up of Jacobin clubs by educated middle classes and students of Europe
It also powered revolution in all Europe.
French Revolution & The Idea of the
Nation

5. THE IDEA OF THE
NATIONALISM
Adoption of new constitution with citizens enjoying equal rights.
Adopted tri color as new French flag replacing royal standards.
Uniform system of weights & measures were adopted.
Centralized administrative system was formulized.
French become the national language and regional dialects were discouraged.
Imaginary female allegories were used to show united nation. Such as : Marianna
Idea of La Patrie (the fatherland) Le Citoyen (the citizen)were emphasized.
New hymns were composed oaths were taken & martyrs remembered in the name of
nation.
&Germania

6. Right to property was established and feudal system was abolished.
Administrative divisions were simplified.
Peasants got freedom from serfdom and manorial dues.
Uniform laws and standardization of weight and measures were introduced.
Common national currency was adopted.
Guild restriction in towns was removed and transport and communication system
improved.
Privileges based on birth abolished and equality before law was established.
NEPOLEONIC CODE / CIVEL
CODE OF 1804

7. Till mid 18th century there was no concept of “Nation State” in Europe.
Society and politics was dominated aristocracy. To the west, the land was farmed
by tenants and small owners, while in Eastern and
Emergence of working and middle classes due to industrialization in 19th cent.
Educated , liberal middle classes popularized abolition of Aristocratic Privileges.
Central Europe by vast estates which were cultivated by serfs.
THE MAKING OF
NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

8. Liberal
Nationalism IN POLITICAL SPHERE
• Government by consent
• End of Autocracy
• Adoption of constitution
• Abolition of property rights.
• Equality before law
• Representative Government
through
Parliament
IN ECONOMIC SPHERE
• Freedom for market.
• Removal of state imposed restrictions
on movement of goods and capital.
• In 1834, a customs union Zollverein was
formed .
• The union abolished tariff barriers and
reduced the number of currencies from
over thirty to two.

9. New Conservatism After
1815
After defeat of Napoleon European governments were driven by a spirit of
conservatism.
Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria drew the “Treaty of Vienna” in 1815.
Main Motive was to undo the changes initiated by Napoleon and to restore
Monarchy.

10. The
Revolutionaries
Establishment of Secret Societies to spread the Ideas of nationalism and
Mazzini viewed “ Nation States” to be necessary and opposed Monarchy.
Inspired other secret societies in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland.
Later, he established two more Secret societies “Young Italy” in Marseilles,
Conservative frightened by his move.
oppose conservatism.
Giuseppe Mazzini joined one such society at Carbonan.
and then, “Young Europe” in Berne.

11. Division of Age of
Revolution
The Romantic
Imagination and
National Feeling
1848: The Revolution
of the Liberals
Age of Revolution-1830-
1848
( can be divided under
three stages)
Hunger, Hardship
and Popular
Revolt

12. HUNGER, HARDSHIP AND REVOLT
The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe.
The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in population all
over Europe.
Large Scale rural migration to cities led to overcrowded cities and reduced Jobs
Stiff competition between hand made goods and cheap machine made goods
Peasants burdened with feudal dues as in rural areas aristocracy was still enjoying
the power.
The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in
town and
country.
Peasants and weavers revolted and Louis Philippe was forced to flee.

13. The Revolution of the Liberals-
1848
French Monarchy uprooted by revolt of 1848 & a Republic had been proclaimed.
Demand of liberal middle classes for constitutionalism with National Unification.
In Germany Professionals businessmen, Artisans decided to vote for all German National
assembly.
Frankfurt Parliament organized in Church of St. Paul. constitution was drafted for a German
nation to be
headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament ,
Offered the crown to Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia. He rejected joined other monarchs
to oppose the
elected assembly

14. Social base of parliament shifted to middle class dominance.
Lost the support of workers and artisans.
Political associations were formed by women for Political Rights.
Conservative forces suppressed liberals .
Fearing future revolutions Monarchs introduced changes .
Serfdom and bonded labour abolished.
Continued………

15. In may 1848 the liberal attempt to set up a constitutional monarchy at
Frankfurt was suppressed by the monarchy military and Junkers.
After the failure of the German National Assembly , Prussian Chief
Minister
Otto von Bismarck took the lead in German Unification
Three Wars for 7 years with Austria, Denmark and France completed
German
unification.
Prussian King Kaiser William –I become the emperor of United Germany .
Currency Banking and Judicial System was legalized
The Making Of Germany

16. Unification of Italy
Italy was divided in 7 states of which only one, Sardinia - Piedmont was ruled by an Italian
dynasty.
Ideas of Italian unification first given by Giuseppe Mazzini through his Secret Society
called YoungItaly.
After his failed revolutions in 1831 and 1848 , the lead was taken by the King of Sardinia ,
VictorEmmanuel -II.
Chief Minister of Sardinia, Count Cavour led the unification process by diplomatic alliance
withFrance to defeat Austria and unify its northern territories.
In the southern part, Giuseppe Garibaldi led the movement by involving local peasant
support todrive out the Spanish rulers.
Thus the process of unification was completed with the crowning of Victor Emmanuel-II
as king of
Italy

17. The Strange Case of Britain
No British nation existed before 18th century.
Ethnic groups like English, Welsh, Scots, inhabited British Isle having their own cultural &
Political
Bases.
Growth of English Nations wealth and Power, English parliament seized monarchy in 1688.
Act Of Union-1707 between England and Scotland formed United Kingdom of Great Britain.
Systematic suppression of Scottish Culture, Language by English began. Many were drive out
of their homeland.
British helped Protestants against Catholics of Ireland.
Later Catholic Revolt as suppressed.
In 1801 Ireland was also incorporated forcibly into United Kingdom.

18. Visualizing Nation
Nations began to be portrayed as female figures called
Allegory.
Ideas like Liberty ,Justice, and Republic too were personified as
female figures.
Allegories were erected at squares to mark national Unity.
Coins and Stamps too carried their images.
Marianne represented Republic of France and Germania
portrayed German Nation

19. Nationalism and Imperialism: Balkan Issue
Balkans become the source of Nationalist
Tension in Europe after 1871
it was too a region of geographical & ethnic
variations
Inhabited by slaves & was under control of
Ottoman Empire
Ideas of nationalism swept over entire
Balkan region
One by one different Nationalities declared
their independence through struggle.

20. Continued……..
It became an area of conflict among its Nationalities and later became one of the causes
of First World War .
Each state develop jealously & hope to expand at the cost of others.
European power further complicated the situation .
They were struggling to prove their trade & military might over the others.
Countries like Russia , Germany, England, Austria- Hungary, extended their control over
Balkan Area.

21. Thank You