This document summarizes a seminar on agricultural production and soil nutrient mining in India. It discusses how India has greatly increased food grain production through green revolution efforts but this has led to depletion of soil nutrients. Continuous crop production without adequate replenishment of nutrients removed by crops has resulted in widespread nutrient deficiencies and depletion of soil reserves. The document then provides details on crop yields, fertilizer usage, nutrient balances, and recommends integrated soil nutrient management practices to control nutrient mining and improve soil health and sustainability of agricultural production in India.
Definition and introduction of fertilizer use efficiency , Causes for Low and Declining Crop Response to Fertilizers and FUE.Methods to increase fertilizer use efficiency.
The development of Plant Nutrient Management to increase the quantity of plant nutrients in farming systems and thus crop productivity is a major challenge for food security and rural development.The depletion of nutrient stocks in the soil is a major but often hidden form of land degradation. On the other hand, excessive application of nutrients or inefficient management means an economic loss to the farmer and can cause environmental problems, especially if large quantities of nutrients are lost from the soil-plant system into water or air.
Increasing agricultural production by improving plant nutrition management, together with a better use of other production factors is thus a complex challenge. Nutrient management implies managing all nutrient sources - fertilisers, organic manures, waste materials suitable for recycling nutrients, soil reserves, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and bio-fertilizers in such a way that yield is not knowingly increased while every effort is made to minimise losses of nutrients to environment
introduction about acidic soil and area distribution ,classification of acidic soil and source of acidic soil formation , characteristic of acid soil ,what are the impact on soil properties . Reclamation of acid soil , conclusion about acidic soil
Liquid organic fertilizers: Nutrient rich material is soaked in water for several days or weeks to undergo fermentation. Frequent stirring encourages microbial activity in liquid manures. The resulting liquid can either be used as a foliar fertilizer or applied to the soil.
Definition and introduction of fertilizer use efficiency , Causes for Low and Declining Crop Response to Fertilizers and FUE.Methods to increase fertilizer use efficiency.
The development of Plant Nutrient Management to increase the quantity of plant nutrients in farming systems and thus crop productivity is a major challenge for food security and rural development.The depletion of nutrient stocks in the soil is a major but often hidden form of land degradation. On the other hand, excessive application of nutrients or inefficient management means an economic loss to the farmer and can cause environmental problems, especially if large quantities of nutrients are lost from the soil-plant system into water or air.
Increasing agricultural production by improving plant nutrition management, together with a better use of other production factors is thus a complex challenge. Nutrient management implies managing all nutrient sources - fertilisers, organic manures, waste materials suitable for recycling nutrients, soil reserves, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and bio-fertilizers in such a way that yield is not knowingly increased while every effort is made to minimise losses of nutrients to environment
introduction about acidic soil and area distribution ,classification of acidic soil and source of acidic soil formation , characteristic of acid soil ,what are the impact on soil properties . Reclamation of acid soil , conclusion about acidic soil
Liquid organic fertilizers: Nutrient rich material is soaked in water for several days or weeks to undergo fermentation. Frequent stirring encourages microbial activity in liquid manures. The resulting liquid can either be used as a foliar fertilizer or applied to the soil.
Agriculture met the challenge of feeding the world’s poor by the Green Revolution with the help of high yielding varieties (HYV), high fertilizer application. This high fertilizer application increased the world food grain production as well as micro nutrient deficiencies in the soil decade to decade. in 1950 only Nitrogen is deficient in soil but due to green revolution, higher fertilizer application leads to micro nutrient deficiencies in soil (Fig.1). Iron, zinc and Vitamin A deficiencies in human nutrition are widespread in developing countries. About 2 billion people suffer globally from anaemia due to Fe deficiency, more than one-third of the world’s population suffers from Zn deficiency and estimated to be responsible for approximately 4% of the worldwide burden of morbidity and mortality in under 5-year children.
Bio-fortification entails the development of micronutrient-dense food crops (Nestel et al., 2006). Plant breeding strategies hold great promise in this process because of its enormous potential to improve dietary quality. Well-known examples of bio-fortification for fighting micronutrient malnutrition are golden rice and breeding of low phytate legumes and grains (Beyer et al., 2006). Application of fertilizers to soil and/or foliar to improving grain nutrient concentration and the potential of nutrient containing fertilizers for increasing nutrient concentration of cereal grains. Increasing the Zn and Fe concentration of food crop plants, resulting in better crop production and improved human health is an important global challenge. Among micronutrients, Zn and Fe deficiency are occurring in both crops and humans. Zinc deficiency is currently listed as a major risk factor for human health and cause of death globally.
In view of globally widespread deficiencies of micronutrients in humans, bio-fortification of food crops with micronutrients through agricultural approaches is a sustainable widely applied strategy. Agronomic bio-fortification (e.g., fertilizer applications) and plant breeding (e.g., genetic bio-fortification and transgenic breeding) represent complementary and cost-effective solution to alleviate malnutrition. Bio-fortified varieties assume great significance to achieve nutritional security of the country.
Micronutrient malnutrition Causes….
• More severe illness
• More infant and maternal deaths
• Lower cognitive development
• Stunted growth
• Lower work productivity and ultimately - Lower GDP.
• Higher population growth rates.
Malnutrition Problem
• 800 million people go to bed hungry
• 250 million children are malnourished
• 400 million people have vitamin A deficiency
• 100 million young children suffer from vitamin A deficiency
• 3 million children die as a result of vitamin A deficiency
restoring the soil physical structure and chemical fertility, improving soil organic C and therefore, sustaining the system productivity. Nitrogen fixers and phosphate solubilizer contribute through biological fixation of nitrogen, solubilization of fixed nutrients and enhanced uptake of plant nutrients (Gupta et al., 2003).
INM tries to reduce the need for chemical fertilizers by taking advantages of non-chemical sources of nutrients such as the manures, composts and bio-fertilizers (Gopalasundaram et al., 2012). Bio-fertilizers application not only increases plants growth and yield, but increase soil microbial population and activity; resulting in improved soil fertility (Ramesh et al., 2014). They include free-living bacteria which promote plant growth even in polluted soils. Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Thiobacillus are examples of these bacteria (Zahir et al., 2004). Niess (2002) reported that plant growth promoting bacteria reduced the toxicity of heavy metals and increased plant growth and yield.
Intercropping has been in practice for centuries to sustain yield, minimize risk, utilize the lag phase, and improve productivity (Rao, 2000). It reported that physico-chemical changes in soil under pure and alley cropping with Leucaena leucocephala (after six year) and found that alley cropping more suitable than pure crop (Gangwar et al., 2004).
What We Feed Dairy Cattle Impacts Manure Chemistry and the EnvironmentLPE Learning Center
For more: http://www.extension.org/67674 During the last part of the 20th century, animal manure management became an environmental concern. In response to these concerns, legislation was enacted to control manure management and the emission of undesirable gasses (e.g., methane, ammonia, nitrous oxide) from animal production systems. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how mineral phosphorus (P) supplements, forage types and amounts, and the crude protein (CP) fed to lactating cows impact manure chemistry and the fate of manure nutrients in the environment.
Agronomic-fortification is one such approach that involves the application of foliar fertilizers or combined soil
and foliar fertilizers, intercropping with pulse and crop rotation, which is a highly effective and practical way to
maximize the absorption and accumulation of micronutrients in the grain. It is also recognized as one of the cheapest
ways to reduce mineral deficiency in the human diet.
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Nutrient mining
1.
2. A Seminar On
Agriculture production and soil nutrient
mining in india
Presented by:
Nanher Angad Hanuman
Ph.D. (Agronomy)
Bihar Agricultural University , Sabour, Bhagalpur
3. In a densely populated country like India agricultural research was
mainly focused on increasing the production during the green
revolutionaries.
India registered an ever recorded food grain production of 264.38 Mt
with a consumption of 26 Mt of NPK’s during 2013-14 and it was
estimated that about 45 Mt of nutrients are needed to produce 300 Mt of
food grains by 2025 to sustain the requirement of growing population.
Present intensive production systems in India characterized by heavy
removal and inadequate replenishment of nutrients resulted in multiple
nutrient deficiencies and depletion of soil nutrient reserves.
INTRODUCTION
4. Crops Production (million tonnes)
2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
Rice 95.98 105.31 105.24 106.29
Wheat 86.87 94.88 93.50 95.85
Coarse
cereals
43.40 42.04 40.04 42.68
pulses 18.24 17.09 18.34 19.57
Total food
Grains
244.49 259.32 257.13 264.38
Agriculture Production Scenario in india
Source : ICAR 2014
5. Causes of decline in soil fertility
1. Loss of top soil by erosion
2. Nutrient mining
3. Physical degradation of soil (poor structure, compaction,
crusting and water logging etc.
4. Decrease in organic matter content and soil bioactivity
5. Loss of nutrients through various routes
6. Soil acidification, salinization and alkalinization
7. Inefficient soil management
8. Soil pollution
6. Nutrient mining
Removal of more nutrients by crops than added through
manures or fertilizers is called as nutrient mining or
depletion. (Sanyal et al 2014)
It is a widespread problem in low- and medium input
agriculture.
At present, nutrient mining is a major threat to productive
sustainable farming.
Nutrient mining is accelerated by imbalanced fertilization.
contd……
7. Nutrient mining
It results in the exhaustion of any nutrient required in
moderate to large amounts.
Nutrient mining could be severe in the case of N, P, K and S
depending on soil nutrient reserves and the amounts
replenished.
The problem is more acute in areas where high yielding
varieties of crops are being cultivated .
8. Nutrient Mining in Soils of India (mt)
Nutrient Gross balance Net balance
Addition Removal Balance Addition Removal Balance
N 10.9 9.6 1.3 5.5 7.7 -2.2
P2O5 4.2 3.7 0.5 1.5 3.0 -1.5
K2O 1.4 11.6 -10.2 1.0 7.0 -6.0
Total 16.5 24.9 -8.4 8.0 17.7 -9.7
Source : Tandon (2004)
10. 13.4
11
8.2
7
5.8
4.9
4.1 3.7
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Responseratio(kg
grain/kgNPK)
Reasons:
Inadequate and imbalanced fertiliser use
Increasing multi-nutrient deficiency
Lack of farmers awareness about balanced plant nutrition
Poor crop management (Excess fertiliser dose not be the substitute of poor management)
Declining Fertilizer Response - Irrigated Areas
IPNI International Symposium, 2012
11. Nutrient Status – N P K
63
42
13
26
37
11
20
50
38
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
N P K
%deficientsamples
LOW MEDIUM HIGH
Indian soils poor in N and P with 89 and 80 percent soil samples in
low to medium category; relatively better in K with 50 percent
samples only low to medium.
Source : Tandon (2004)
12. Imbalanced fertilizer use evidenced by wider fertilizer
consumption ratios
State 2005-06 2006-07 2012-13
N P2O5 K2O N P2O5 K2O N P2O5 K2O
Haryana 29.6 8.8 1 47.3 13.4 1 39.8 10.9 1
Punjab 19.9 5.9 1 33.7 9.2 1 34.3 9.0 1
U.P. 12.1 4.1 1 16.8 5.2 1 15.1 4.5 1
Bihar - - - - - - 15.4 4.5 1
Ideal
Ratio
4.3 : 2.0 : 1
Source: FAI 2014
13. Year
?
B B
Mn Mn Mn
S S S
K K K K
Zn Zn Zn Zn
P P P P
Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe
N N N N N N
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Emerging Multi-Nutrient Deficiencies in Soils
Source : Kumar et al. (2004)
14. Low nutrient use efficiency
Nutrient Efficiency
(%)
Cause of low efficiency
Nitrogen 30-50 Immobilization, volatilization,
denitrification, Leaching
Phosphorus 15-20 Fixation in soils Al – P, Fe – P, Ca –
P
Potassium 70-80 Fixation in clay - lattices
Sulphur 8-10 Immobilization, Leaching with water
Micro
nutrients (Zn,
Fe, Cu, Mn, B)
1-2 Fixation in soils
15. Measures to control nutrient mining
Soil and crop management
Erosion control
Cropping system
Appropriate crops and cultivars
Weed control
Fertilizer management
Rate and time of application
Formulation
Placement
Biological N Fixation
Legume
Azolla
16. 16
Measures to increase nutrient use efficiency
Measure Nutrient Increase in nutrient
use efficiency(%)
Split vs. single dose
application
N 15-20
Furrow placement vs
broadcast application
PK 20-30
The incorporation of urea
super granules (USG)vs split
application
N 20
The foliar vs basal
application
Micro-
nutrients
15-20
Neem coated vs prilled urea N 5-10
18. Treatment Rice-wheat Rice-lentil Jute-rice-wheat
Control -56.0 -8.0 -49.0
N-only - -11.7 -35.0
NPK-only -10.8 -9.7 19.0
NPK +FYM 18.7 8.6 45.1
Soil quality change (as % over fallow) under different
management practices and cropping systems
Source: Mandal (2005)
19. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Sabour
Palampur
Ranchi
R.S. Pura
Ludhiana
Faizabad
Kanpur
Modipuram
Varanasi
Pantnagar
Mean
System productivity (t/ha)
Farmer's practice
SSNM
Performance of site-specific nutrient management as compared to
farmer's fertilizer practice under rice-wheat cropping system
Tiwari et.al. (2006)
20. Input, output, and balance of P in different states of India
Pathak et al. 2010
21. Input, output, and balance of N, P, and K in Indian agriculture
during 2000–2001
Pathak et al. 2010
22. Effect of IPNS packages on rice equivalent yield in rice-
wheat system
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
Control 100 F 50F+FYM 50F+CR 50F+GM FP
REY(kg/ha)
REY
23. Location,
State
Grain yield
SSNM plot,
Kg/ha/
yr
Grain yield
FP plot,
Kg/ha/yr
Nutrients
applied under
SSNM
BCR of
improvement
(SSNM-FP)
system basis
Sabour
Bihar
13,849 8,658 N P K S (4) 6.8
Palampur
HP
9,896 6,955 N P K S B Zn
(6)
5.4
R.S.Pura
J & K
13,182 9,718 N P K S Cu Mn
Zn (7)
2.7
Ranchi
Jharkhand
10,957 6,202 N P K S B Cu
Mn Zn (8)
7.3
Ludhiana
Punjab
16,828 16,414 N P K S B Mn
Zn (7)
-1.4
(no improve-
ment)
Site Specific Nutrient Management
Rice-Wheat Cropping System
Contd..
24. Location, State Grain yield*
SSNM plot,
Kg/ha/
yr
Grain yield
FP plot,
Kg/ha/
yr
Nutrients
applied under
SSNM
BCR of
improvement
(SSNM-FP)
system basis
Kanpur
Uttar Pradesh
14,555 11,605 N P K S (4) 3.6
Modipuram
Uttar Pradesh
16,679 11,334 N P K S Cu Mn
Zn (7)
2.6
Varanasi
Uttar Pradesh
12,116 10,996 N P K S B Cu
Mn Zn (8)
2.6
Pantnagar
Uttaranchal
12,447 9,974 N P K S B (5) 4.6
Average 13,289.4 9,933.7 4.90
Site Specific Nutrient Management
Rice-Wheat Cropping System
Singh et al 2008
25. Change in available nitrogen (kg/ha), available phosphorus (kg/ha) and available potassium
(kg/ha), status of soil in different crop sequences at the end of the experiment (2009-10)
Treatments
(Cropping system)
Available Nitrogen
(kg/ha)
Available P
(kg/ha)
Available K
(kg/ha)
Rice - Fallow (100%) 240 25.00 106
Rice – Wheat (200%) 225 35.00 100
Rice – Mustard -
Greengram (300%)
260 30.48 111
Rice –Rajmash -
Greengram (300%)
290 31.00 112
Rice - Potato -
Greengram (300%)
250 22.60 90
Rice-Wheat+Mustard
(5:1) - Green gram
(300%)
278 29.67 96
Rice-Wheat+Rajmash
(5:1) - Greengram
(300%)
282 30.00 108
Rice - Potato + Wheat
(1:1) -Greengram
(300%)
245 23.12 95
SEm± 7 0.91 3
CD (P = 0.05) 22 2.79 10
Initial 225 20.0 115
Devkant et al., 2013
26. Treatments (Cropping
system)
Added N
(kg/ha)
through
fertilizer
Amount of N
(kg/ha)
removed by the
sequence
Expected
balance
Expected gain
(+)/
loss (-)
Soil value
at harvest
(Kg/ha)
Net loss (-) or,
gain (+)
in soil
B C A+B-C =D D-A E E-A
Rice - Fallow (100%) 240.00 139.71 325.29 100.29 240.00 15.00
Rice - Wheat (200%) 480.00 330.42 374.58 149.58 225.00 0.00
Rice – Mustard -
Greengram (300%)
400.00 354.65 270.35 45.35 260.00 35.00
Rice –Rajmash –
Greengram (300%)
480.00 352.28 352.72 127.72 290.00 65.00
Rice - Potato -
Greengram (300%)
480.00 549.68 155.32 -69.68 250.00 25.00
Rice-Wheat+Mustard
(5:1) - Green gram
(300%)
480.00 396.67 308.33 83.33 278.00 53.00
Rice-Wheat+Rajmash
(5:1) - Greengram
(300%)
480.00 401.75 303.25 78.25 282.00 57.00
Rice - Potato + Wheat
(1:1) -Greengram
(300%)
480.00 566.25 138.75 -86.25 245.00 20.00
Initial available N A = 225.00
Balance sheet of available N (kg/ha) in the soil in different crop sequences. (after
two years)
Devkant et al., 2013
27. Treatments (Cropping
system)
Added P
(kg/ha)
through
fertilizer
Amount of P
(kg/ha)
removed by the
sequence
Expected
balance
Expected gain
(+)/
loss (-)
Soil value
at harvest
(Kg/ha)
Net loss (-) or,
gain (+)
in soil
B C A+B-C =D D-A E E-A
Rice - Fallow (100%) 52.40 26.25 46.15 26.15 25.00 5.00
Rice - Wheat (200%) 104.80 65.37 59.43 39.43 35.00 15.00
Rice – Mustard -
Greengram (300%)
122.20 68.66 73.54 53.54 30.48 10.48
Rice –Rajmash –
Greengram (300%)
104.80 60.19 64.61 44.61 31.00 11.00
Rice - Potato -
Greengram (300%)
122.20 125.43 16.77 -3.23 22.60 2.60
Rice-Wheat+Mustard
(5:1) - Green gram
(300%)
104.80 72.99 51.81 31.81 29.67 9.67
Rice-Wheat+Rajmash
(5:1) - Greengram
(300%)
104.80 70.70 54.10 34.10 30.00 10.00
Rice - Potato + Wheat
(1:1) -Greengram
(300%)
122.20 136.61 5.59 -14.41 23.12 3.12
Initial available P A = 20
Balance sheet of available P (kg/ha) in the soil in different crop sequences. (after
two years)
28. Treatments (Cropping
system)
Added K
(kg/ha)
through
fertilizer
Amount of K
(kg/ha)
removed by the
sequence
Expected
balance
Expected gain
(+)/
loss (-)
Soil value
at harvest
(Kg/ha)
Net loss (-) or,
gain (+)
in soil
B C A+B-C =D D-A E E-A
Rice - Fallow (100%) 66.60 117.32 64.28 -50.72 106.00 -9.00
Rice - Wheat (200%) 133.20 311.53 -63.33 -178.33 100.00 -15.00
Rice – Mustard -
Greengram (300%)
99.80 292.00 -77.20 -192.20 111.00 -4.00
Rice –Rajmash –
Greengram (300%)
133.20 274.74 -26.54 -141.54 112.00 -3.00
Rice - Potato -
Greengram (300%)
233.20 568.70 -220.50 -335.50 90.00 -25.00
Rice-Wheat+Mustard
(5:1) - Green gram
(300%)
133.20 348.77 -100.57 -215.57 96.00 -19.00
Rice-Wheat+Rajmash
(5:1) - Greengram
(300%)
133.20 343.67 -95.47 -210.47 108.00 -7.00
Rice - Potato + Wheat
(1:1) -Greengram
(300%)
233.20 606.53 -258.33 -373.33 85.00 -30.00
Initial available K A = 115.0
Balance sheet of available K (kg/ha) in the soil in different crop sequences. (after
two years)
Devkant et al., 2013
32. Medium term Strategy
Use of optimal dose based on soil health status.
Promotion of Neem-Coated Urea.
Promotion of Micronutrients.
Promotion of Organic Fertilizers.
Promotion of Water Soluble Fertilizer.
33. Conclusion
• Widespread nutrient deficiencies and deteriorating soil health are
cause of low nutrient use efficiency, productivity & profitability.
• Adoption of site-specific balanced and integrated nutrient
management involving major, secondary and micro nutrients, organic
manures, bio fertilizers and amendments.
• Utilizing all indigenously available nutrient sources
• Effective soil testing service to back up precise fertilizer use
• Creating awareness amongst farmers on benefits of balanced
fertilization.
