1.
Skeletal System

2.
Function of the Skeletal System <ul><li>Support - framework that supports body and cradles its soft organs </li></ul><ul><li>Protection - for delicate organs, heart, lungs, brain </li></ul><ul><li>Movement - bones act as levers for muscles </li></ul><ul><li>Mineral storage - calcium & phosphate </li></ul><ul><li>Blood cell formation - hematopoiesis </li></ul>

3.
<ul><li>Long Bones - metacarples, metatarsals, phelangies, humerus, ulna, radius, tibia, fibula </li></ul><ul><li>Short Bones - carpals, tarsals </li></ul><ul><li>Flat Bones - rib, scapula, skull, sternum </li></ul><ul><li>Irregular Bones - vertebrae, some facial bones </li></ul><ul><li>Sesamoid - patella </li></ul>Types of Bones

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Bone Classification

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Distal epiphysis Proximal epiphysis diaphysis yellow marrow epiphyseal line periosteum compact bone spongy bone Endosteum hyaline cartilage Anatomy of a Long Bone Sharpey’s fibers

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Axial Skeleton

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Appendicular Skeleton

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Cranium Facial Bones Anterior View Axial Skeleton

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Cranium Facial Bones Lateral View Axial Skeleton

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Posterior View Axial Skeleton

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Axial Skeleton Inferior View

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Sinal Cavities <ul><li>Warm and moisten air </li></ul><ul><li>Lighten the skull </li></ul><ul><li>Enhance voice resonance </li></ul>Frontal Sinus Ethmoid Sinus Sphenoid Sinus Maxillary Sinus

13.
Cervical Vertebrae (7) Thoracic Vertebrae (12) Lumbar Vertberae (5) Sacrum (5) Coccyx (4) The Vertebral Column Axial Skeleton

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Cervical Vertebrae

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Sternum True Ribs (7) False Ribs (3) Floating Ribs (2) The Thoracic Cage Axial Skeleton

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Sacrum & Coccyx Axial Skeleton

19.
Bones of the Pectoral Girdle Appendicular Skeleton

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Humerus Ulna Radius Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges The Upper Limb (Forelimb) Appendicular Skeleton

21.
Humerus

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Ulna & Radius

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Hand Bones

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Appendicular Skeleton Pelvis

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Ischium Ilium Acetabulum Pubis Ischium Obturator foramen Appendicular Skeleton Pelvis (lateral view)

27.
Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges The Lower Limb (Legs) Appendicular Skeleton

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Femur

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Patella

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Tibia & Fibula

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metatarsals phalanges tarsals metatarsals phalanges tarsals Foot

32.
Fetal Skull

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Immovable Joints (synarthrosis) Fibrous Joints suture pubis symphisis

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Slightly Movable Joint (ampharthrosis) Cartilagenous Joints

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Synovial Joints (diarthrosis)- freely moveable femur ligaments pelvis

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Synovial Joints femur pelvis hyaline cartilage synovial cavity joint capsule

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Knee Joint

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Abduction Extension Rotation Flexion Adduction Synovial Joint Movement

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275 bones 12 weeks (6-9 inches long) Fetal Skeleton

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cartilage calcified cartilage bone epiphyseal plate epiphyseal line Endochondral Ossification 2 o ossification center Fetus: 1 st 2 months Adult Childhood Just before birth

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Osteoblast Osteocyte Osteoclast Eats bone Builds new bone Mature bone cell Bone cells that aid in remodeling

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Bone Repair : <ul><li>Electrical stimulation of the fracture site: </li></ul><ul><li>Increases speed and completeness of healing </li></ul><ul><li>The e- stimulation inhibits PTH and slow osteoclasts down from reabsorbing bone </li></ul><ul><li>2. Ultrasound treatment: </li></ul><ul><li>Daily treatments reduce healing time of broken bones by 25-35% </li></ul><ul><li>3. Free vascular fibular graft technique: </li></ul><ul><li>Transplant fibula in arm </li></ul><ul><li>Gives good blood supply not available in other treatments </li></ul><ul><li>4. Bone substitutes: </li></ul><ul><li>Crushed bone from cadaver- but risk of HIV and hepatitis </li></ul><ul><li>Sea bone- coral </li></ul><ul><li>Artificial bone- ceramic </li></ul>

44.
hematoma callus bony callus Repair of Fractures bone remodeling

45.
Diseases of the Skeletal System: <ul><li>Osteoporosis - bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit; bones become lighter and fracture easier </li></ul><ul><li>Factors: </li></ul><ul><li>age, gender (more in women) </li></ul><ul><li>estrogen and testosterone decrease </li></ul><ul><li>insufficient exercise (or too much) </li></ul><ul><li>diet poor in Ca ++ and protein </li></ul><ul><li>abnormal vitamin D receptors </li></ul><ul><li>smoking </li></ul>

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Osteoporosis 29 40 84 92

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Rickets - vitamin D deficiency Osteomalacia - soft bones, inadequate mineralization in bones, lack of vitamin D Pagets Disease - spotty weakening in the bones, excessive and abnormal bone remodeling Rheumatoid arthritis - autoimmune reaction Diseases of the Skeletal System:

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INQUIRY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSHoonPWwXQ <ul><li>What is a fontanel? </li></ul><ul><li>How many bones in the adult skeleton? </li></ul><ul><li>What is the difference between the appendicular and axial skeleton? </li></ul><ul><li>What is a meniscus? </li></ul><ul><li>Demonstrate adduction. </li></ul><ul><li>Weight bearing vertebrae are called? </li></ul><ul><li>What does an osteoclast do/ </li></ul><ul><li>Extra Credit: 1-page reaction paper on bipedalism and problems associated with our human frame. Attach article. Turn in 1-week from today. </li></ul>