Parameters of animal classification

1. Tools of Taxonomy
By: Mr. Nikko Lorenz Lawsin

2. Tools of taxonomy:
1. morphometrics
- measurements relative to length
2. meristics
- counts

3. Tools of taxonomy:
3. anatomical traits - shape, presence/absence

4. Tools of taxonomy:
4. physiological differences (e.g., temperature preferences)
behavior
steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

5. Tools of taxonomy:
5. diet
lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush)

6. Tools of taxonomy:
6. color patterns
white crappie (Pomoxis annularis) black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus)

7. Tools of taxonomy:
7. karyotypes – chromosome counts, shape, banding patterns
8. biochemical methods

8. Taxonomic characters
in Animal KingdomBy: Mr. Nikko Lorenz Lawsin

9. 1. SymmetryProperty of animals to be divided equally or in equal parts

11. 2. Segmentation These are repeated units or segments in animal parts
 Homonomous Segmentation or Heteronomous Segmentation

12. 3. Number and types Of Cells
Number
Unicellular vs Multicellular
Solitary vs colonial
Types
Reproductive cells
Several kinds of Somatic cells/Vegetative cells.

13. 4. Fate of the blastopore

15. 4. Fate of the blastopore

16. 5. Germ layersTissue layers in embryonic stage of organisms.

18. 6. Coelom Formation
Acoelomate
Pseudo-coelomate
Eucoelomate
- Schizocoelous/Schizocoel
- Enterocoelous/Enterocoel
Coelom (Body cavities) – fluid filled space that forms
between the digestive tract and body wall.

20. 7. Digestion
is breaking down of Complex organic molecules into
absorbable pieces
 Carbohydrates 
 Lipids 
 Proteins 
 Nucleic Acids 
Types of Digestion
- Intracellular
- Extracellular
- Intercellular

21. 8. Skeleton
Structure w/c is made up of Calcium
carbonate and derivatives such as Calcium
phosphate and it serves either for
protection or support.
 Exoskeleton (outside) - protection
 Endoskeleton (inside) - support

23. 9. SexMonoecious (Hermaphroditic) – animals having both male
and female organs.
 Dioecious (Gonochoristic) – animals having a sex organ in
an organism. (Most Higher Phyla)

24. Reproduction
Sexual reproduction a.k.a Genetic
Recombination.
- fusion of gametes
Asexual reproduction a.k.a Genetic Duplication
- One parent clones the offspring
Many invertebrates reproduce asexually by fission
= separation of a parent into two or more
individuals of about the same size.

25. Asexual Reproduction
Budding = new individuals arise from outgrowths of
existing ones.
Fragmentation = breaking of the body into pieces,
some or all of which develop into adults.
Fragmentation must be accompanied by
regeneration = regrowth of lost body parts.
Parthenogenesis is the development of a new
individual from an unfertilized egg.

26. Asexual Reproduction
Budding = new individuals arise from outgrowths of
existing ones.
Fragmentation = breaking of the body into pieces,
some or all of which develop into adults.
Fragmentation must be accompanied by
regeneration = regrowth of lost body parts.
Parthenogenesis is the development of a new
individual from an unfertilized egg.

27. In external fertilization, eggs shed by the
female are fertilized by sperm in the
external environment.
In internal fertilization, sperm are deposited
in or near the female reproductive tract,
and fertilization occurs within the tract.
Internal fertilization requires behavioral
interactions and compatible copulatory
organs.
External vs Internal Reproduction

28. To reproduce sexually, animals must have
systems that produce gametes.
In most species individuals have gonads =
sex organs that produce gametes.
Some simple systems do not have gonads,
but gametes form from undifferentiated
tissue.
Key Concepts

29. 10. ParityIt refers to the kind of embryonic development.
*Oviparous – producing eggs that develop and
hatch outside the maternal body.
*Ovoviviparous – produce eggs that develop within
the maternal body and hatch within or immediately
after release from the parent.
*Viviparous – produce living young.