Lens antenna is a microwave antenna in which a dielectric lens is placed in front of the dipole or horn radiator to concentrate the radiated energy into a narrow beam or to focus received energy on the receiving dipole or horn.
This document discusses various types of antennas and antenna arrays. It begins by describing common antenna types including helical antennas, horn antennas, and parabolic reflector antennas. It then discusses how antenna arrays work, noting that they are composed of multiple similar radiating elements whose spacing and excitation determine the array's properties. Examples of linear and 2D arrays are provided. The document also summarizes different array configurations and beamforming techniques as well as applications such as smart antennas and adaptive arrays. Key benefits of arrays like controlling radiation patterns electronically are highlighted.
An Antenna is a transducer, which converts electrical power into electromagnetic waves and vice versa.
An Antenna can be used either as a transmitting antenna or a receiving antenna.
A transmitting antenna is one, which converts electrical signals into electromagnetic waves and radiates them.
A receiving antenna is one, which converts electromagnetic waves from the received beam into electrical signals.
In two-way communication, the same antenna can be used for both transmission and reception.
Basic Parameters
Frequency
Wavelength
Impedance matching
VSWR & reflected power
Bandwidth
Percentage bandwidth
Radiation intensity.
Design & Study of Microstrip Patch Antenna.The project here provides a detailed study of how to design a probe-fed Square Micro-strip Patch Antenna using HFSS, v11.0 software and study the effect of antenna dimensions Length (L), and substrate parameters relative Dielectric constant (εr), substrate thickness (t) on the Radiation parameters of Bandwidth and Beam-width.
- Antennas convert electric currents into radio waves and vice versa. They are used in various technologies including radio, television, mobile phones, WiFi, and radar.
- The first antennas were built in 1888 by Heinrich Hertz to transmit and receive electromagnetic waves. Modern antennas come in different types for applications like broadcasting, communications, and space exploration.
- Antennas work by using an oscillating current to generate oscillating electric and magnetic fields that propagate as radio waves. During reception, the antenna intercepts some power from incoming radio waves to produce a voltage for the receiver.
Optical fiber communication Part 1 Optical Fiber FundamentalsMadhumita Tamhane
Optical fiber systems grew from combination of semiconductor technology, which provided necessary light sources and photodetectors and optical waveguide technology. It has significant inherent advantages over conventional copper systems- low transmission loss, wide BW, light weight and size, immunity to interferences, signal security to name a few. One principle characteristic of optical fiber is its attenuation as a function of wavelength. Hence it is operated in two major low attenuation wavelength windows 800-900nm and 1100-1600nm . Light travels inside optical fiber waveguide on principle of total internal reflection. Fiber is available as single mode and multiple mode, step index and graded index depending on applications and expenditures. Principle of fiber can be understood by ray theory or mode theory. ...
hello readers i give my PPT presentation for about antenna and ther properties and working explain in this ppt
i hope you like it THANK YOU.......!!!!!!!
A loop antenna is a radio antenna consisting of a loop or coil of wire, tubing, or other electrical conductor with its ends connected to a balanced transmission line (or possibly a balun). There are two distinct antenna designs: the small loop (or magnetic loop) with a size much smaller than a wavelength, and the much larger resonant loop antenna with a circumference close to the intended wavelength of operation. Small loops have low radiation resistance and thus poor efficiency and are mainly used as receiving antennas at low frequencies. To increase the magnetic field in the loop and thus the efficiency, the coil of wire is often wound around a ferrite rod magnetic core; this is called a ferrite loop antenna. The ferrite loop is the antenna used in many AM broadcast receivers, with the exception of external loops used with AV Amplifier-Receivers and car radios; the antenna is often contained inside the radio's case. These antennas are also used for radio direction finding. In amateur radio, loop antennas are often used for low profile operating where larger antennas would be inconvenient, unsightly.
(c) WIkipedia
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the methods of computation of total power loss and system rise time in a fiber optic link. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
This document discusses various types of antennas and antenna arrays. It begins by describing common antenna types including helical antennas, horn antennas, and parabolic reflector antennas. It then discusses how antenna arrays work, noting that they are composed of multiple similar radiating elements whose spacing and excitation determine the array's properties. Examples of linear and 2D arrays are provided. The document also summarizes different array configurations and beamforming techniques as well as applications such as smart antennas and adaptive arrays. Key benefits of arrays like controlling radiation patterns electronically are highlighted.
An Antenna is a transducer, which converts electrical power into electromagnetic waves and vice versa.
An Antenna can be used either as a transmitting antenna or a receiving antenna.
A transmitting antenna is one, which converts electrical signals into electromagnetic waves and radiates them.
A receiving antenna is one, which converts electromagnetic waves from the received beam into electrical signals.
In two-way communication, the same antenna can be used for both transmission and reception.
Basic Parameters
Frequency
Wavelength
Impedance matching
VSWR & reflected power
Bandwidth
Percentage bandwidth
Radiation intensity.
Design & Study of Microstrip Patch Antenna.The project here provides a detailed study of how to design a probe-fed Square Micro-strip Patch Antenna using HFSS, v11.0 software and study the effect of antenna dimensions Length (L), and substrate parameters relative Dielectric constant (εr), substrate thickness (t) on the Radiation parameters of Bandwidth and Beam-width.
- Antennas convert electric currents into radio waves and vice versa. They are used in various technologies including radio, television, mobile phones, WiFi, and radar.
- The first antennas were built in 1888 by Heinrich Hertz to transmit and receive electromagnetic waves. Modern antennas come in different types for applications like broadcasting, communications, and space exploration.
- Antennas work by using an oscillating current to generate oscillating electric and magnetic fields that propagate as radio waves. During reception, the antenna intercepts some power from incoming radio waves to produce a voltage for the receiver.
Optical fiber communication Part 1 Optical Fiber FundamentalsMadhumita Tamhane
Optical fiber systems grew from combination of semiconductor technology, which provided necessary light sources and photodetectors and optical waveguide technology. It has significant inherent advantages over conventional copper systems- low transmission loss, wide BW, light weight and size, immunity to interferences, signal security to name a few. One principle characteristic of optical fiber is its attenuation as a function of wavelength. Hence it is operated in two major low attenuation wavelength windows 800-900nm and 1100-1600nm . Light travels inside optical fiber waveguide on principle of total internal reflection. Fiber is available as single mode and multiple mode, step index and graded index depending on applications and expenditures. Principle of fiber can be understood by ray theory or mode theory. ...
hello readers i give my PPT presentation for about antenna and ther properties and working explain in this ppt
i hope you like it THANK YOU.......!!!!!!!
A loop antenna is a radio antenna consisting of a loop or coil of wire, tubing, or other electrical conductor with its ends connected to a balanced transmission line (or possibly a balun). There are two distinct antenna designs: the small loop (or magnetic loop) with a size much smaller than a wavelength, and the much larger resonant loop antenna with a circumference close to the intended wavelength of operation. Small loops have low radiation resistance and thus poor efficiency and are mainly used as receiving antennas at low frequencies. To increase the magnetic field in the loop and thus the efficiency, the coil of wire is often wound around a ferrite rod magnetic core; this is called a ferrite loop antenna. The ferrite loop is the antenna used in many AM broadcast receivers, with the exception of external loops used with AV Amplifier-Receivers and car radios; the antenna is often contained inside the radio's case. These antennas are also used for radio direction finding. In amateur radio, loop antennas are often used for low profile operating where larger antennas would be inconvenient, unsightly.
(c) WIkipedia
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the methods of computation of total power loss and system rise time in a fiber optic link. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
By completing this presentation will be have a clear idea about Antenna's working principles, Antenna's Types & Antenna's Parameters. At the end to this document you'll have a brief idea about Antenna's Tilt vs Distance Calculation & Cluster wise optimum Antenna Selection procedure. Impact of antenna PIM & VSWR have been described elaborately in this document as well.
This document discusses aperture antennas. It begins by defining an aperture antenna as an antenna that uses an opening or closed surface as the radiating element. It then lists the main types of aperture antennas like horn antennas, reflector antennas, slot antennas, and microstrip antennas. The document focuses on analyzing aperture antennas using techniques like the current distribution method, aperture analysis, and the Fourier transform method. It explains key principles used in aperture analysis like the field equivalence principle, Huygens' principle, and Babinet's principle. The document provides examples of analyzing specific aperture antenna types and their radiation patterns.
A horn antenna or microwave horn is an antenna that consists of a flaring metal waveguide shaped like a horn to direct radio waves in a beam. Horns are widely used as antennas at UHF and microwave frequencies, above 300 MHz.
Parabolic antennas use a curved parabolic reflector to direct radio waves into a narrow beam. They work by reflecting radio waves from a feed antenna located at the focal point of the parabolic dish into a parallel beam when transmitting, and focusing incoming plane waves to the feed antenna when receiving. Parabolic antennas provide high gain and directivity due to their large reflector sizes. They find applications in satellite communication, microwave links, radio astronomy, and direct broadcast television due to their ability to direct signals over long distances with strong reception.
The horn antenna is a hollow, flared structure that is commonly used as a feed element for large satellite dishes and radio telescopes. It works by transmitting electromagnetic waves through its hollow interior in an expanding spherical wavefront pattern. The flare angle affects the beamwidth and phase characteristics. Common horn antenna types include E-plane, H-plane, pyramidal, and conical. Horn antennas provide advantages like simplicity, wide bandwidth, high gain, and ease of excitation. Their performance makes them well-suited for applications like satellite communication, radio astronomy, and antenna calibration.
The document discusses the design of a microstrip patch antenna (MPA) resonating in the K-band frequency range (18-26GHz) using HFSS software. It provides an introduction to antennas and describes the basic structure of an MPA including the radiating patch, dielectric substrate, and ground plane. Design considerations for the MPA include selecting the rectangular patch shape and FR4 epoxy substrate material. The document outlines the design process in HFSS and lists some advantages and applications of MPAs for mobile/satellite communication systems. It concludes that the designed MPA exhibits good impedance matching at the center frequency and can be easily fabricated on an FR4 substrate.
This document discusses different types of traveling wave antennas, including long wire antennas and V antennas. It provides definitions of traveling wave antennas as non-resonant antennas where standing waves do not exist along the length. Long wire antennas are classified as having a length between 1-many wavelengths. Their current distribution attenuates along the length due to losses. V antennas consist of two wire antennas arranged horizontally to form a V shape. They can be resonant or non-resonant. Rhombic antennas are formed from two connected V antennas in a diamond shape and are highly directional but require large spaces. The document provides examples of their usage and concludes with designing a rhombic antenna.
The document discusses horn antennas, which consist of a flaring metal shape like a horn. Horn antennas were first constructed in 1897 and became widely used in the 1960s as feed horns for satellite dishes and radio telescopes. They work by converting electric power to radio waves and vice versa, providing a gradual impedance transition between a waveguide and free space to efficiently radiate waves. Common types include rectangular, sectoral, pyramidal, and conical horns. Horn antennas are used for applications like radar guns and satellite communications due to properties like high directivity, gain, and bandwidth.
This document provides an overview of antenna properties and types. It discusses key antenna properties like gain, aperture, directivity, bandwidth, polarization, and effective length. It then describes several common antenna types including dipole antennas, monopole antennas, loop antennas, log-periodic antennas, travelling wave antennas like helical and Yagi-Uda, and reflector antennas like corner reflectors and parabolic reflectors. Radiation patterns are also characterized in terms of main beam, sidelobes, half power beamwidth, and sidelobe level.
In radio and electronics, an antenna (plural antennae or antennas), or aerial, is an electrical device which converts electric power into radio waves, and vice versa.[1] It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver. In transmission, a radio transmitter supplies an electric current oscillating at radio frequency (i.e. a high frequency alternating current (AC)) to the antenna's terminals, and the antenna radiates the energy from the current as electromagnetic waves (radio waves). In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of an electromagnetic wave in order to produce a tiny voltage at its terminals, that is applied to a receiver to be amplified.
An antenna array consists of multiple spatially separated antenna elements that can be combined to improve performance over a single antenna. Antenna arrays allow for high gain, steerable beams, diversity reception, interference cancellation, and direction finding. The performance of an antenna array improves as more elements are added. Additionally, increasing the element spacing provides higher directivity, but the spacing must remain below half the wavelength to avoid grating lobes. Phased arrays use differences in phase between element signals to steer the beam electronically without mechanical movement. This allows for rapid scanning compared to mechanical antennas.
An antenna converts electric power into radio waves and vice versa. There are two main categories of antennas - omnidirectional antennas that radiate in all directions, and directional antennas that preferentially radiate in a particular direction. Key parameters that define antennas include frequency, directivity, efficiency, gain, wavelength, and polarization. Common types of antennas discussed are Yagi antennas, log-periodic antennas, horn antennas, loop antennas, and parabolic antennas.
Microwave antennas can take several forms. Horn antennas are popular and can achieve gains up to 25 dB, with directional patterns. Parabolic antennas, like satellite dishes, typically have very high gain between 30-40 dB and low cross polarization. Slot antennas are often used instead of line antennas for greater pattern control and are found in radar and cell antennas. Dipole antennas are half wave resonant conductors that radiate omnidirectionally at right angles to their axis. Their gain is approximately 2 dBi. Dielectric antennas use a traveling surface wave along a dielectric rod to radiate maximally along the rod axis.
This document describes different types of antennas used for transmitting and receiving electromagnetic waves. It discusses transmitter and receiver antennas. Specific antenna types covered include Yagi-Uda antennas, log-periodic antennas, helix antennas, parabolic antennas, loop antennas, and antenna arrays. Each antenna type has distinct characteristics that make it suitable for different frequency ranges and applications.
Frequency-independent (FI) antennas are radiating structures capable of maintaining consistent impedance and pattern characteristics over multiple-decade bandwidths. Their finite size limits the lowest frequency of operation, and the finite precision of the center region bounds the highest frequency of operation.
The document discusses several outdoor propagation models used to predict radio signal strength over long distances. It focuses on the Longley-Rice and Okumura models. The Longley-Rice model predicts transmission loss using terrain profiles and diffraction losses from obstacles. It is available as a computer program that inputs frequency, path length, antenna heights and terrain parameters. The Okumura model uses curves to predict median signal attenuation relative to free space over distances from 1-100 km based on frequency, distance from base station, and terrain factors. It is widely used for cellular predictions in urban environments.
Antennas are used for transmitting and receiving electromagnetic waves in wireless communication systems. They work by converting electrical energy into electromagnetic waves that propagate through space. There are different types of antennas suited for different applications, but they all share fundamental properties like radiation pattern, gain, directivity, and polarization. Antennas must be designed to direct radiation in the desired direction and impedance match the transmission line to prevent reflections. Key antenna types are directional antennas like Yagi, parabolic, and sector antennas which achieve longer ranges but less coverage, versus omni-directional antennas which provide wider coverage over shorter ranges.
This document provides an overview of electromagnetic radiation, antenna fundamentals, and wave propagation. It discusses antennas as the linkage between circuits and electromagnetic fields. Key concepts covered include the electromagnetic spectrum, frequency-wavelength relationships, antenna radiation patterns, gain, directivity, polarization, and near, intermediate, and far field regions. Common antenna types for mobile communication like dipoles, monopoles, and arrays are also mentioned. Baluns are described as devices that convert between balanced and unbalanced signals.
This document discusses microwave communication and factors involved in microwave link design. It describes microwave communication as utilizing radio frequencies between 2-60 GHz for communication. Key factors in microwave link design include line-of-sight considerations, loss and attenuation calculations, fading predictions, and ensuring sufficient fade margin. Proper microwave link design is an iterative process that considers propagation losses, interference analysis, and ensuring quality and availability requirements are met.
This document provides an overview of optical nano antennas. It begins by defining nano antennas and their role in transmitting and receiving optical signals at the nanoscale. Next, it discusses the characteristics of metallic and dielectric nano antennas, including their directivity, radiation efficiency, gain, and ability to enhance localized electric fields. Applications mentioned include medicine, photovoltaics, spectroscopy, and near-field microscopy. The document concludes by introducing seebeck nano antennas for solar energy harvesting and discusses limitations of current photovoltaic technology.
This document discusses the square microstrip patch antenna. It describes the basic construction and working of the antenna, which consists of a thin metallic patch placed on a ground plane with dielectric material in between. The patch can be square, circular, or rectangular in shape. The document lists some disadvantages of microstrip antennas, such as low efficiency and gain. It also outlines some advantages, including small size, easy fabrication, and ability to support multiple frequencies. Applications mentioned include use in spacecraft, aircraft, telemedicine, and mobile/satellite communication. The document provides details on simulating a square patch antenna model.
By completing this presentation will be have a clear idea about Antenna's working principles, Antenna's Types & Antenna's Parameters. At the end to this document you'll have a brief idea about Antenna's Tilt vs Distance Calculation & Cluster wise optimum Antenna Selection procedure. Impact of antenna PIM & VSWR have been described elaborately in this document as well.
This document discusses aperture antennas. It begins by defining an aperture antenna as an antenna that uses an opening or closed surface as the radiating element. It then lists the main types of aperture antennas like horn antennas, reflector antennas, slot antennas, and microstrip antennas. The document focuses on analyzing aperture antennas using techniques like the current distribution method, aperture analysis, and the Fourier transform method. It explains key principles used in aperture analysis like the field equivalence principle, Huygens' principle, and Babinet's principle. The document provides examples of analyzing specific aperture antenna types and their radiation patterns.
A horn antenna or microwave horn is an antenna that consists of a flaring metal waveguide shaped like a horn to direct radio waves in a beam. Horns are widely used as antennas at UHF and microwave frequencies, above 300 MHz.
Parabolic antennas use a curved parabolic reflector to direct radio waves into a narrow beam. They work by reflecting radio waves from a feed antenna located at the focal point of the parabolic dish into a parallel beam when transmitting, and focusing incoming plane waves to the feed antenna when receiving. Parabolic antennas provide high gain and directivity due to their large reflector sizes. They find applications in satellite communication, microwave links, radio astronomy, and direct broadcast television due to their ability to direct signals over long distances with strong reception.
The horn antenna is a hollow, flared structure that is commonly used as a feed element for large satellite dishes and radio telescopes. It works by transmitting electromagnetic waves through its hollow interior in an expanding spherical wavefront pattern. The flare angle affects the beamwidth and phase characteristics. Common horn antenna types include E-plane, H-plane, pyramidal, and conical. Horn antennas provide advantages like simplicity, wide bandwidth, high gain, and ease of excitation. Their performance makes them well-suited for applications like satellite communication, radio astronomy, and antenna calibration.
The document discusses the design of a microstrip patch antenna (MPA) resonating in the K-band frequency range (18-26GHz) using HFSS software. It provides an introduction to antennas and describes the basic structure of an MPA including the radiating patch, dielectric substrate, and ground plane. Design considerations for the MPA include selecting the rectangular patch shape and FR4 epoxy substrate material. The document outlines the design process in HFSS and lists some advantages and applications of MPAs for mobile/satellite communication systems. It concludes that the designed MPA exhibits good impedance matching at the center frequency and can be easily fabricated on an FR4 substrate.
This document discusses different types of traveling wave antennas, including long wire antennas and V antennas. It provides definitions of traveling wave antennas as non-resonant antennas where standing waves do not exist along the length. Long wire antennas are classified as having a length between 1-many wavelengths. Their current distribution attenuates along the length due to losses. V antennas consist of two wire antennas arranged horizontally to form a V shape. They can be resonant or non-resonant. Rhombic antennas are formed from two connected V antennas in a diamond shape and are highly directional but require large spaces. The document provides examples of their usage and concludes with designing a rhombic antenna.
The document discusses horn antennas, which consist of a flaring metal shape like a horn. Horn antennas were first constructed in 1897 and became widely used in the 1960s as feed horns for satellite dishes and radio telescopes. They work by converting electric power to radio waves and vice versa, providing a gradual impedance transition between a waveguide and free space to efficiently radiate waves. Common types include rectangular, sectoral, pyramidal, and conical horns. Horn antennas are used for applications like radar guns and satellite communications due to properties like high directivity, gain, and bandwidth.
This document provides an overview of antenna properties and types. It discusses key antenna properties like gain, aperture, directivity, bandwidth, polarization, and effective length. It then describes several common antenna types including dipole antennas, monopole antennas, loop antennas, log-periodic antennas, travelling wave antennas like helical and Yagi-Uda, and reflector antennas like corner reflectors and parabolic reflectors. Radiation patterns are also characterized in terms of main beam, sidelobes, half power beamwidth, and sidelobe level.
In radio and electronics, an antenna (plural antennae or antennas), or aerial, is an electrical device which converts electric power into radio waves, and vice versa.[1] It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver. In transmission, a radio transmitter supplies an electric current oscillating at radio frequency (i.e. a high frequency alternating current (AC)) to the antenna's terminals, and the antenna radiates the energy from the current as electromagnetic waves (radio waves). In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of an electromagnetic wave in order to produce a tiny voltage at its terminals, that is applied to a receiver to be amplified.
An antenna array consists of multiple spatially separated antenna elements that can be combined to improve performance over a single antenna. Antenna arrays allow for high gain, steerable beams, diversity reception, interference cancellation, and direction finding. The performance of an antenna array improves as more elements are added. Additionally, increasing the element spacing provides higher directivity, but the spacing must remain below half the wavelength to avoid grating lobes. Phased arrays use differences in phase between element signals to steer the beam electronically without mechanical movement. This allows for rapid scanning compared to mechanical antennas.
An antenna converts electric power into radio waves and vice versa. There are two main categories of antennas - omnidirectional antennas that radiate in all directions, and directional antennas that preferentially radiate in a particular direction. Key parameters that define antennas include frequency, directivity, efficiency, gain, wavelength, and polarization. Common types of antennas discussed are Yagi antennas, log-periodic antennas, horn antennas, loop antennas, and parabolic antennas.
Microwave antennas can take several forms. Horn antennas are popular and can achieve gains up to 25 dB, with directional patterns. Parabolic antennas, like satellite dishes, typically have very high gain between 30-40 dB and low cross polarization. Slot antennas are often used instead of line antennas for greater pattern control and are found in radar and cell antennas. Dipole antennas are half wave resonant conductors that radiate omnidirectionally at right angles to their axis. Their gain is approximately 2 dBi. Dielectric antennas use a traveling surface wave along a dielectric rod to radiate maximally along the rod axis.
This document describes different types of antennas used for transmitting and receiving electromagnetic waves. It discusses transmitter and receiver antennas. Specific antenna types covered include Yagi-Uda antennas, log-periodic antennas, helix antennas, parabolic antennas, loop antennas, and antenna arrays. Each antenna type has distinct characteristics that make it suitable for different frequency ranges and applications.
Frequency-independent (FI) antennas are radiating structures capable of maintaining consistent impedance and pattern characteristics over multiple-decade bandwidths. Their finite size limits the lowest frequency of operation, and the finite precision of the center region bounds the highest frequency of operation.
The document discusses several outdoor propagation models used to predict radio signal strength over long distances. It focuses on the Longley-Rice and Okumura models. The Longley-Rice model predicts transmission loss using terrain profiles and diffraction losses from obstacles. It is available as a computer program that inputs frequency, path length, antenna heights and terrain parameters. The Okumura model uses curves to predict median signal attenuation relative to free space over distances from 1-100 km based on frequency, distance from base station, and terrain factors. It is widely used for cellular predictions in urban environments.
Antennas are used for transmitting and receiving electromagnetic waves in wireless communication systems. They work by converting electrical energy into electromagnetic waves that propagate through space. There are different types of antennas suited for different applications, but they all share fundamental properties like radiation pattern, gain, directivity, and polarization. Antennas must be designed to direct radiation in the desired direction and impedance match the transmission line to prevent reflections. Key antenna types are directional antennas like Yagi, parabolic, and sector antennas which achieve longer ranges but less coverage, versus omni-directional antennas which provide wider coverage over shorter ranges.
This document provides an overview of electromagnetic radiation, antenna fundamentals, and wave propagation. It discusses antennas as the linkage between circuits and electromagnetic fields. Key concepts covered include the electromagnetic spectrum, frequency-wavelength relationships, antenna radiation patterns, gain, directivity, polarization, and near, intermediate, and far field regions. Common antenna types for mobile communication like dipoles, monopoles, and arrays are also mentioned. Baluns are described as devices that convert between balanced and unbalanced signals.
This document discusses microwave communication and factors involved in microwave link design. It describes microwave communication as utilizing radio frequencies between 2-60 GHz for communication. Key factors in microwave link design include line-of-sight considerations, loss and attenuation calculations, fading predictions, and ensuring sufficient fade margin. Proper microwave link design is an iterative process that considers propagation losses, interference analysis, and ensuring quality and availability requirements are met.
This document provides an overview of optical nano antennas. It begins by defining nano antennas and their role in transmitting and receiving optical signals at the nanoscale. Next, it discusses the characteristics of metallic and dielectric nano antennas, including their directivity, radiation efficiency, gain, and ability to enhance localized electric fields. Applications mentioned include medicine, photovoltaics, spectroscopy, and near-field microscopy. The document concludes by introducing seebeck nano antennas for solar energy harvesting and discusses limitations of current photovoltaic technology.
This document discusses the square microstrip patch antenna. It describes the basic construction and working of the antenna, which consists of a thin metallic patch placed on a ground plane with dielectric material in between. The patch can be square, circular, or rectangular in shape. The document lists some disadvantages of microstrip antennas, such as low efficiency and gain. It also outlines some advantages, including small size, easy fabrication, and ability to support multiple frequencies. Applications mentioned include use in spacecraft, aircraft, telemedicine, and mobile/satellite communication. The document provides details on simulating a square patch antenna model.
The document summarizes key characteristics and applications of lasers. It describes the properties of coherence, high intensity, high directionality, and monochromaticity that distinguish lasers from other light sources. It also discusses the processes of induced absorption, spontaneous emission, and stimulated emission that enable laser action. Common laser systems like Nd:YAG are described along with their components and working. Finally, the document outlines several industrial, medical, military, scientific, and engineering applications of lasers such as welding, cutting, surgery, communication, and chemical reactions.
This document discusses UV-Visible spectroscopy instrumentation. It describes the key components of a UV-Visible spectrophotometer including light sources like hydrogen discharge lamps, wavelength selectors like monochromators and filters, sample holders, detectors like photomultiplier tubes, and how these components work together in single-beam and double-beam instrument designs to measure absorbance spectra. The learning objectives are to understand the principles and components of UV-Visible spectroscopy instrumentation.
The document discusses nantennas, which are nanoscopic antennas that can convert solar radiation into electricity. Nantennas address many limitations of traditional photovoltaic cells. They work by absorbing electromagnetic waves from solar radiation and thermal earth radiation. This induces an alternating current in the nantenna, which is then rectified into direct current using a diode. Nantennas show promise for applications like self-charging batteries and could be mass produced inexpensively using roll-to-roll manufacturing. Future research aims to improve rectifier efficiency and upscale the technology for widespread use.
The document discusses nantennas, which are nanoscopic antennas that can efficiently convert solar radiation to electricity. Nantennas can absorb a wide range of wavelengths, unlike traditional solar cells, and provide alternating current without the efficiency limitations of photovoltaics. They work by using the oscillating electric field of light to induce a back-and-forth current in the nantenna, which is then rectified into direct current. While promising for scalable solar energy collection, challenges remain in developing high frequency rectifiers and optimizing mass manufacturing techniques.
This document summarizes a seminar report on the design and implementation of a log-periodic antenna. It was submitted by three students - Shruti Nadkarni, Gargi Mohokar, and Sneha Vyavahare - to the Department of Electronics and Telecommunication at Pune's Modern College of Engineering as partial fulfillment of their degree requirements. The report describes the design of a log-periodic antenna with an operational bandwidth of 1150MHz from 350MHz to 1500MHz. It will use two such antennas pointing in four cardinal directions connected to a receiver to determine the direction of signal interference.
A helical antenna consists of a helix of thick copper wire wound in a screw thread shape. It provides circularly polarized waves and is used for satellite communications. A Yagi-Uda antenna has multiple parallel elements and is highly directional, making it commonly used for TV reception. An aperture antenna radiates energy from an opening in a transmission line. A waveguide acts as an aperture antenna when terminated with an opening, but has poor directivity. A horn antenna improves on a waveguide by gradually flaring the opening, increasing directivity and reducing losses.
Photonic materials manipulate photons to achieve certain functions. Photonic crystals are a type of photonic material that displays unusual properties in interacting with light due to a periodic modulation of refractive index. They can trap light in cavities and waveguides by creating photonic band gaps that prevent light from propagating in certain directions. Potential applications of photonic crystals include photonic integrated circuits, lasers, sensors, and replacing conventional optical fibers.
Television works by converting optical images into electrical signals using a TV camera tube like a vidicon. A vidicon uses a photoconductive layer that changes conductivity based on light intensity, allowing an electron beam to scan across it and detect the varying resistance as an electrical image. This signal is then transmitted and processed. Interlaced scanning was developed to reduce flicker without increasing bandwidth, by scanning each video frame twice using odd and even line sequences. RF diplexers separate transmitter and receiver paths by using filters like low-pass and high-pass to direct different frequencies.
The document discusses various parameters that characterize antennas including frequency, radiation pattern, directivity, gain, beamwidths, sidelobes, impedance, radiation intensity, and polarization. It provides definitions and explanations of these key antenna parameters and includes diagrams to illustrate concepts such as radiation patterns, field regions, beamwidths, and units of antenna gain. The document aims to give an overview and introduction to fundamental antenna parameters needed to understand and design basic antenna types and their performance.
Optical antennas are devices designed to efficiently convert between propagating optical radiation and localized energy. Like radio frequency antennas, optical antennas can increase the interaction area of local absorbers or emitters with free radiation. Key aspects of optical antennas include their operation based on plasmonics and impedance matching. They can be fabricated using electron beam lithography or focused ion beam milling at the nanoscale. Applications include imaging, photovoltaics, and coherent control. Optical antennas provide opportunities for new optoelectronic architectures and devices by controlling light-matter interactions at the nanoscale.
This document discusses the development of a reconfigurable microstrip antenna. It begins by defining microstrip antennas and reconfigurable antennas. Reconfigurable antennas can adjust their frequency, radiation pattern, or polarization dynamically. Various techniques for antenna reconfiguration are then described, including using PIN diodes, varactor diodes, RF-MEMS switches, optical switches, physical movement, and smart materials. The electrical properties and advantages/disadvantages of different switching components are compared. The goal is to develop an antenna that can modify its frequency and radiation properties through different tuning mechanisms.
1) Microwave antennas operate at frequencies above 30 MHz and use planar waveforms to increase directivity and receive more power with less distortion for straight line communication.
2) Common microwave antennas include microstrip antennas, horn antennas, parabolic reflectors, lens antennas, and slot antennas.
3) Horn antennas provide good gain over a broad frequency range but have only moderate power gain, while parabolic reflectors and lens antennas can provide the highest gains and narrowest beam widths of any antenna type.
The document outlines the contents of microwave and optical fiber lab experiments, including experiments measuring characteristics of devices like Gunn diodes, klystrons, and optical fibers as well as calibrating attenuators and measuring antenna patterns. It also provides descriptions of the components and functioning of an optical fiber trainer kit, including fiber preparation and characteristics of transmitters, receivers, and other devices used in optical communication experiments.
A laser is a device that generates coherent light through the process of stimulated emission. It works by stimulating electrons in an excited state to drop to a lower energy level, emitting photons of the same wavelength, phase, and direction. There are three main mechanisms of light emission: absorption, spontaneous emission, and stimulated emission. Lasers use stimulated emission to produce an intense, focused beam of light. Common laser materials include gases, liquids, and solid-state semiconductors doped with ions like neodymium. Applications include optical storage, printing, medicine, manufacturing, communication, and more.
A slotted antenna array uses slots cut into a metal waveguide to radiate electromagnetic waves. The slots are typically thin and about half the wavelength of the center frequency. As waves propagate through the waveguide, the slots disturb the current and cause it to radiate linearly polarized waves with low cross-polarization. Slotted antenna arrays are commonly used in aircraft and other applications because they can conform to surfaces and are simple and efficient to fabricate. Multiple slots can be cut into the waveguide in a periodic pattern to form an antenna array. The position and size of the slots determine the radiation pattern produced.
1) The document discusses the design of a micro-strip slot antenna with polarization using HFSS software. It describes the basic working principles and characteristics of micro-strip patch antennas.
2) The design specifications and calculations to determine the parameters of the antenna like length, width, and frequency are shown. Various feed techniques for micro-strip antennas are also covered.
3) The document concludes that the micro-strip antenna was successfully designed using HFSS software based on the microstrip feed line technique and discusses potential applications.
Microstrip antenna (also known as a printed antenna) usually means an antenna fabricated using microstrip techniques on a printed circuit board (PCB). They are mostly used at microwave frequencies.
The aperture is defined as the area, oriented perpendicular to the direction of an incoming radio wave, which would intercept the same amount of power from that wave as is produced by the antenna receiving it. A horn antenna or microwave horn is an antenna that consists of a flaring metal waveguide shaped like a horn to direct radio waves in a beam. Horns are widely used as antennas at UHF and microwave frequencies, above 300 MHz.
An antenna array (or array antenna) is a set of multiple connected antennas which work together as a single antenna, to transmit or receive radio waves. The individual antenna elements are connected to a single receiver or transmitter by feedlines that feed the power to the elements in a specific phase relationship. The radio waves radiated by each individual antenna combine and superpose, adding together (interfering constructively) to enhance the power radiated in desired directions, and cancelling (interfering destructively) to reduce the power radiated in other directions. Similarly, when used for receiving, the separate radio frequency currents from the individual antennas combine in the receiver with the correct phase relationship to enhance signals received from the desired directions and cancel signals from undesired directions.
The dipole and the monopole are arguably the two most widely used antennas across the UHF, VHF and lower-microwave bands. Arrays of dipoles are commonly used as base-station antennas in land-mobile systems. The monopole and its variations are common in portable equipment, such as cellular telephones, cordless telephones, automobiles, trains, etc. It has attractive features such as simple construction, sufficiently broadband characteristics for voice communication, small dimensions at high frequencies. Alternatives to the monopole antenna for hand-held units is the inverted F and L antennas, the microstrip patch antenna, loop and spiral antennas, and others. The printed inverted F antenna (PIFA) is arguably the
most common antenna design used in modern handheld phones.
(c) Nikolova 2016
The document defines and describes various parameters of antennas including beam efficiency, bandwidth, polarization, input impedance, radiation efficiency, vector effective length, equivalent areas, directivity, the Friis transmission equation, radar range equation, and antenna temperature. It provides technical details on how each parameter is defined and calculated and discusses concepts like polarization types, antenna equivalent circuits, and relationships between maximum directivity and effective area.
A permanent magnet AC (PMAC) motor is a synchronous motor, meaning that its rotor spins at the same speed as the motor's internal rotating magnetic field. Other AC synchronous technologies include hysteresis motors, larger DC-excited motors, and common reluctance motors.
(c) beta.machinedesign.com
Inverters offer speed or torque control of electric motors.
Maybe you have walked past without noticing them or maybe you know exactly how many you have, either way electric motors play an important role in our everyday lives which most of us are unaware of but, they move and run most things we need for business and pleasure.
All these motors consume electricity so need a corresponding amount of energy to provide the torque or speed needed. If the torque or speed is too high or low, mechanical controls are used to control output. A motor’s speed should match exactly what is required by the process, otherwise the result is inefficiency with a lot of wasted materials and energy.
Not knowing how to control motors can mean a lot of energy gets wasted which isn’t good for any business. A way to control these motors, which not only saves energy, but improves productivity and reduces maintenance costs, is to use an inverter.
(c) inverterdrivesystems.com
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation w...IJCNCJournal
Paper Title
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation with Hybrid Beam Forming Power Transfer in WSN-IoT Applications
Authors
Reginald Jude Sixtus J and Tamilarasi Muthu, Puducherry Technological University, India
Abstract
Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) helps to overcome various difficulties in future technology wireless communications. NOMA, when utilized with millimeter wave multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, channel estimation becomes extremely difficult. For reaping the benefits of the NOMA and mm-Wave combination, effective channel estimation is required. In this paper, we propose an enhanced particle swarm optimization based long short-term memory estimator network (PSOLSTMEstNet), which is a neural network model that can be employed to forecast the bandwidth required in the mm-Wave MIMO network. The prime advantage of the LSTM is that it has the capability of dynamically adapting to the functioning pattern of fluctuating channel state. The LSTM stage with adaptive coding and modulation enhances the BER.PSO algorithm is employed to optimize input weights of LSTM network. The modified algorithm splits the power by channel condition of every single user. Participants will be first sorted into distinct groups depending upon respective channel conditions, using a hybrid beamforming approach. The network characteristics are fine-estimated using PSO-LSTMEstNet after a rough approximation of channels parameters derived from the received data.
Keywords
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Bit Error Rate (BER), mm-Wave, MIMO, NOMA, deep learning, optimization.
Volume URL: https://airccse.org/journal/ijc2022.html
Abstract URL:https://aircconline.com/abstract/ijcnc/v14n5/14522cnc05.html
Pdf URL: https://aircconline.com/ijcnc/V14N5/14522cnc05.pdf
#scopuspublication #scopusindexed #callforpapers #researchpapers #cfp #researchers #phdstudent #researchScholar #journalpaper #submission #journalsubmission #WBAN #requirements #tailoredtreatment #MACstrategy #enhancedefficiency #protrcal #computing #analysis #wirelessbodyareanetworks #wirelessnetworks
#adhocnetwork #VANETs #OLSRrouting #routing #MPR #nderesidualenergy #korea #cognitiveradionetworks #radionetworks #rendezvoussequence
Here's where you can reach us : ijcnc@airccse.org or ijcnc@aircconline.com
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
This document provides basic guidelines for imparitallity requirement of ISO 17025. It defines in detial how it is met and wiudhwdih jdhsjdhwudjwkdbjwkdddddddddddkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwioiiiiiiiiiiiii uwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwhe wiqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq gbbbbbbbbbbbbb owdjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj widhi owqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq uwdhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhwqiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw0pooooojjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj whhhhhhhhhhh wheeeeeeee wihieiiiiii wihe
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Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advances (AIAD 2024)GiselleginaGloria
3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advances (AIAD 2024) will act as a major forum for the presentation of innovative ideas, approaches, developments, and research projects in the area advanced Artificial Intelligence. It will also serve to facilitate the exchange of information between researchers and industry professionals to discuss the latest issues and advancement in the research area. Core areas of AI and advanced multi-disciplinary and its applications will be covered during the conferences.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
2. LENSE
S?
W H A T A R
E
In optics, lens is piece of glass or other transparent substance
that is used to form an image of an object by focusing rays
of light from the object. A lens is a piece of transparent
material, usually circular in shape, with two polished surfaces,
either or both of which is curved and may be either convex
(bulging) or concave (depressed).
“
”
-britannica.com
3. LENSE
S?
W H A T A R
E
O P T I C A L P R I N C I P L E S F O
R L E N S E S
4. LENSE
S?
W H A T A R
E
Lenses are classically used by engineers and scientists to
shape wave fronts. In some cases the wave fronts are
focused, while in other cases they are defocused to split
energy in different directions according to the designer's
requirements. Such lenses may be implemented in a wide
range of materials and shapes, ranging from planar 2D lenses
printed on PCB to 3D lenses made out of various dielectric
materials.
“
” -http://www.feko.info
5. LENSE
S?
W H A T A R
E
EM P R I N C I P L E S F O R L E N S
E S
7. L E N SA N T E N N
A
A microwave antenna in which a kind of lens is placed in front
of the dipole or horn radiator to concentrate the radiated
energy into a narrow beam or to focus received energy on the
receiving dipole or horn and also whose directivity pattern is a
result of the difference between the phase velocity of
propagation of an electromagnetic wave in air and that in the
lens kind of material.
8. L E N SA N T E N N
A
Frequency Range:
The frequency range of usage of lens antenna starts at 1000
MHz but its use is greater at 3000 MHz and above.
10. L E N SA N T E N N A
Functions
Following are the functions of a lens antenna
> It Generates plane wavefront from spherical
> It forms incoming wavefront at its focus
> It generates directional characteristics
> It is used to collimate electromagnetic rays
12. L E N SA N T E N N A
Working
Operation
As shown in the transmit mode, diverging rays are collimated
which forms plane wavefront after they are incident on the lens
and have come out of it. Collimation occurs due to refraction
mechanism. It occurs in the lens with refractive index of less
than one.
As shown in the receive mode, parallel rays converge at focal
point after they have passed through lens due to refraction
mechanism.
Lens antenna is used along with point source, but practically
horn antennas are used at focal point.
13. L E N SA N T E N N ARealizationand Construction
18. L E N SA N T E N N
A
2 TYPES
As shown spherical wavefront produced by
primary feed antenna is converted into
plane wavefront by dielectric lens. It is also
known as delay lens antenna due to the
fact that outgoing EM rays are collimated &
delayed by lens material.
DIELECTRIC LENS ANTENNA
Following are the features of dielectric lens antenna:
> It is useful at higher frequencies, it becomes heavy and bulky at
frequencies less than 3 GHz.
> It is made of polystyrene or lucite & polyethylene.
19. L E N SA N T E N N
A
2 TYPES
In this type of lens antenna, spherical
wavefront is converted into plane
wavefront but here outgoing wavefront is
speeded up by material of lens. The same
operation as Dielectric Lens Antenna.
METAL PLATE LENS ANTENNA
Following are the features of metal plate lens antenna:
> It is constructed for a high-power microwave zoom antenna.
> It is easiest to build, cheap and integrate
20. L E N SA N T E N N
A
2 TYPES
In this type of lens antenna, spherical
wavefront is converted into plane
wavefront but here outgoing wavefront is
speeded up by material of lens. The same
operation as Dielectric Lens Antenna.
METAL PLATE LENS ANTENNA
Following are the features of metal plate lens antenna:
> It is constructed for a high-power microwave zoom antenna.
> It is easiest to build, cheap and integrate
21. L E N SA N T E N N
A
+ &-
> In lens antennas, feed and feed support, do not obstruct the
aperture.
> It has greater design tolerance.
> Larger amount of wave, than a parabolic reflector, can be
handled.
> Beam can be moved angularly with respect to the axis.
ADVANTAGES
> Lenses are heavy and bulky, especially at lower frequencies
> Complexity in design
> Costlier compared to reflectors, for same gain/bandwidth in
comparison to reflector antenna.
> Expensive as compared to Reflector Antenna
DISADVANTAGES
22. L E N SA N T E N N
A
+ &-
> Used as wide band antenna
> Especially used for Microwave frequency applications
> Smart Lens Antenna for Projection of Beam
> Microwave Transmission and Reception Applications
APPLICATIONS