The document discusses lipids and their classification. It defines lipids as a heterogeneous group of compounds including fats, oils, steroids, waxes and related compounds. Lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents. They are classified as simple lipids like triglycerides/fats and waxes, compound lipids like phospholipids and glycolipids, and derived lipids including fatty acids, sterols, and lipid-soluble vitamins. The document further describes the structures and functions of important lipid subgroups such as fatty acids, phospholipids, eicosanoids, cholesterol and glycerol.
“These are the naturally Organic compounds, insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents (alcohol, ether, etc.), which are potentially related to fatty acids & utilized by living cells."
Lipids are a heterogeneous group of compounds.
They are esters of fatty acids. Lipids occur widely in plants and animals. Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, and related compounds.
Lipids are a family of organic compounds, composed of fats and oils. These molecules yield high energy and are responsible for different functions within the human body.
Polypeptides,peptides, types of peptides, structure of dipeptide, tripeptide...ShwetaMishra115
Descriptive notes on polypeptides
Polypeptides,peptides, types of peptides, structure of dipeptide, tripeptide and oligopeptide and different functions of peptide
In this ppt the viewer will able to know about different methods for the protein analysis. Proteins are long chain of amino acids and there are specific test also required depends on the nature and structure of proteins. As the name suggest amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino and carboxyl groups. The R- in the formulas stands for different chemical groups (may be aliphatic, aromatic or heterocycylic) and this determines the characteristics of the amino acids. The colour tests have frequently been used for qualitative detection of amino acids. Not all amino acids contain the same reactive groups. For this reason the various colour tests yield reactions varying in intensity and type of colour according to the nature of groups contained in the particular amino acid under examination.
• Portion explained:
• Detection of Proteins
1. Millon’s reaction
2. Millon-Nasse reaction
3. Xanthoproteic reaction
4. Hopkins-Cole reaction
5. Biuret test
6. Ninhydrin reaction
7. Folin test
8. Sakaguchi test
9. Nitroprusside test
10. Spectrophometric method
Protein is a macronutrient that is essential to building muscle mass. It is commonly found in animal products, though is also present in other sources, such as nuts and legumes. There are three macronutrients: protein, fats and carbohydrates. Macronutrients provide calories, or energy.
“These are the naturally Organic compounds, insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents (alcohol, ether, etc.), which are potentially related to fatty acids & utilized by living cells."
Lipids are a heterogeneous group of compounds.
They are esters of fatty acids. Lipids occur widely in plants and animals. Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, and related compounds.
Lipids are a family of organic compounds, composed of fats and oils. These molecules yield high energy and are responsible for different functions within the human body.
Polypeptides,peptides, types of peptides, structure of dipeptide, tripeptide...ShwetaMishra115
Descriptive notes on polypeptides
Polypeptides,peptides, types of peptides, structure of dipeptide, tripeptide and oligopeptide and different functions of peptide
In this ppt the viewer will able to know about different methods for the protein analysis. Proteins are long chain of amino acids and there are specific test also required depends on the nature and structure of proteins. As the name suggest amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino and carboxyl groups. The R- in the formulas stands for different chemical groups (may be aliphatic, aromatic or heterocycylic) and this determines the characteristics of the amino acids. The colour tests have frequently been used for qualitative detection of amino acids. Not all amino acids contain the same reactive groups. For this reason the various colour tests yield reactions varying in intensity and type of colour according to the nature of groups contained in the particular amino acid under examination.
• Portion explained:
• Detection of Proteins
1. Millon’s reaction
2. Millon-Nasse reaction
3. Xanthoproteic reaction
4. Hopkins-Cole reaction
5. Biuret test
6. Ninhydrin reaction
7. Folin test
8. Sakaguchi test
9. Nitroprusside test
10. Spectrophometric method
Protein is a macronutrient that is essential to building muscle mass. It is commonly found in animal products, though is also present in other sources, such as nuts and legumes. There are three macronutrients: protein, fats and carbohydrates. Macronutrients provide calories, or energy.
THIS SLIDESHARE CONTAINS THE DESCRIPTION RELATED TO TOPIC LIPIDS FROM PHARMACOGNOSY OF CLASS B.PHARM 4TH SEM. IT IS PREPARED BY SAGAR DHANDAY STUDENT OF B.PHARM. 2ND YEAR (2019 BATCH) IPS, KUK FOR THE EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES.
Biochemical tests for purity of fats & oilsrohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on BIOCHEMICAL TESTS FOR PURITY OF FATS & OILS for MBBS, BDS , B. Pharm & Biotechnology students to facilitate self-study.
Lipids are organic compounds formed mainly from alcohol and fatty acids combined together by ester
Lipids are insoluble in water, but soluble in fat or organic solvents (ether, chloroform, benzene, acetone).
Lipids include fats, oils, waxes and related compounds.
They are widely distributed in nature both in plants and in animals.
Lipids-Introduction, properties and functions.
Classification-Simple lipids, complex lipids and derived lipids.
Lipids contain fatty acid and alcohol.
Saturated and Unsaturated fatty acids. Nomenclature of fatty acids, Cis-trans isomerism, essential fatty acids
Simple lipids-Fats, waxes
Compound lipids-Structure, function with examples of Phospholipids, Glycolipids, sulpholipids and lipoproteins.
Derived lipids: Structure, types, and functions of steroids, terpenes and carotenoids.
Lipoproteins-classified into chylomicrons, very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and their function.
Eicosanoids-prostanoids, leukotrienes (LTs), and lipoxins (LXs).
Functions of Eicosanoids
Lipids, micelles and liposomes.
THIS SLIDESHARE CONTAINS THE DESCRIPTION RELATED TO TOPIC LIPIDS FROM PHARMACOGNOSY OF CLASS B.PHARM 4TH SEM. IT IS PREPARED BY SAGAR DHANDAY STUDENT OF B.PHARM. 2ND YEAR (2019 BATCH) IPS, KUK FOR THE EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES.
Biochemical tests for purity of fats & oilsrohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on BIOCHEMICAL TESTS FOR PURITY OF FATS & OILS for MBBS, BDS , B. Pharm & Biotechnology students to facilitate self-study.
Lipids are organic compounds formed mainly from alcohol and fatty acids combined together by ester
Lipids are insoluble in water, but soluble in fat or organic solvents (ether, chloroform, benzene, acetone).
Lipids include fats, oils, waxes and related compounds.
They are widely distributed in nature both in plants and in animals.
Lipids-Introduction, properties and functions.
Classification-Simple lipids, complex lipids and derived lipids.
Lipids contain fatty acid and alcohol.
Saturated and Unsaturated fatty acids. Nomenclature of fatty acids, Cis-trans isomerism, essential fatty acids
Simple lipids-Fats, waxes
Compound lipids-Structure, function with examples of Phospholipids, Glycolipids, sulpholipids and lipoproteins.
Derived lipids: Structure, types, and functions of steroids, terpenes and carotenoids.
Lipoproteins-classified into chylomicrons, very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and their function.
Eicosanoids-prostanoids, leukotrienes (LTs), and lipoxins (LXs).
Functions of Eicosanoids
Lipids, micelles and liposomes.
A Comprehensive Introduction to Lipids and its chemistry, classification, qualitative tests and disorders related to its metabolism. This will give readers a overall insight to this topic. All types of queries and suggestions are most welcome
A lipid is chemically defined as a substance that is insoluble in water and soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform. Lipids are an important component of living cells. Together with carbohydrates and proteins, lipids are the main constituents of plant and animal cells. Cholesterol and triglycerides are lipids.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
1. LIPIDS 2
Presented by-
Dr Ripudaman,Asstt Professor
AIKTC, School of Pharmacy,New Panvel
Affiliated to University of Mumbai, INDIA
2. Lipids
* The lipids are a heterogeneous
group of compounds, including fats,
oils, steroids, waxes, and related
compounds, that are related more by
their physical than by their chemical
properties.
* They are insoluble in water
and soluble in nonpolar
solvents such as ether and
chloroform.
3. Functions of lipids
* Storage form of energy
* Important dietary components because of their
high energy value and also because of the fat-
soluble vitamins and the essential fatty acids
contained in the fat of natural foods.
* Structural components of biomembranes
* Serve as thermal insulators in the
subcutaneous tissues and around certain organs
*
4. Functions of lipids(Contd.)
* Provide shape and contour to the body
* Act as metabolic regulators
* Serving also as the means of
transporting lipids in the blood
* Serve as source of fat soluble vitamins
like Vit. A, D, E, K
* As insulator for nerves and help in
impulse conduction
6. Classification of Lipids
* Simple lipids: Esters of fatty acids
with various alcohol groups.
a. Fats: Esters of fatty acids with glycerol.
Oils are fats in the liquid state.
b. Waxes: Esters of fatty acids with higher
molecular weight monohydric alcohols
Ex. Cetyl alcohol,
Triacontanoylpalmitate (major
component of bees wax)
7. Classification of Lipids(Contd.)
2. Complex lipids or compound lipids: Esters of fatty
acids containing additional group like phosphate
•Phospholipids: Lipids containing glycerol esterified with
phosphoric acid residue. They frequently have nitrogen-containing
bases and other substituents, eg,
–glycerophospholipids the alcohol is glycerol ex. lecithin,
cephalin
–sphingophospholipids the alcohol is sphingosine ex.
sphingomylin
•Glycolipids (glycosphingolipids): Lipids containing a fatty acid,
and carbohydrate. Ex. cerebroside
•Lipoproteins Macromolecular complexes lipid + protein
•.
9. 3)Derived lipids: These include-
* Fatty acids(saturated and
unsaturated)
steroids
* lipid-soluble vitamins, and hormones.
Classification of Lipids(Contd.)
*
10. Classification of Fatty Acids
Fatty acids can be classified in many ways-
The chain may be saturated (containing no
double bonds) or unsaturated (containing one
or more double bonds).
*) According to nature of the hydrophobic
chain-
a)Saturated
b)Unsaturated
c)Branched chain fatty acids
d)Substituted Fatty acids
Saturated fatty acids do not contain double bonds,
while unsaturated fatty acids contain double
bonds
11. Fatty Acids
* Fatty acids are aliphatic carboxylic acids
* Have the general formula R-(CH2)n-COOH
* They occur mainly as esters in natural fats and oils
but do occur in the unesterified form as free fatty
acids
* Fatty acids that occur in natural fats are usually
straight-chain derivatives containing an even number
of carbon atoms as biosynthesis occur through
addition of 2 carbon atoms stepwise.
-Ex. Stearic acid (*8C) Palmitic acid (*6C)
* Odd Carbon fatty acid
-Ex. Propionic acid (3C), Valeric acid (5C)
12.
13. Saturated Fatty Acids
* Saturated fatty acids may be envisaged as
based on acetic acid (CH3 —COOH) as the first
member of the series in which — C H 2 — is
progressively added between the terminal
CH3 — and —COOH groups.
* Fatty acids in biological systems usually
contain an even number of carbon atoms,
typically between 14 and 24. The 16- and 18-
carbon fatty acids are most common.
* The hydrocarbon chain is almost invariably
unbranched in animal fatty acids. A few
branched-chain fatty acids have also been
isolated from both plant and animal sources.
15. Unsaturated fatty Acids
Unsaturated fatty acids may further be divided as follows-
(1)Monounsaturated (monoethenoid, monoenoic) acids,
containing one double bond.
(2)Polyunsaturated (polyethenoid, polyenoic) acids,
containing two or more double bonds.
The configuration of the double bonds in most
unsaturated fatty acids is cis.
The double bonds in polyunsaturated fatty acids are
separated by at least one methylene group.
28. Cholesterol
* Most important sterol in
human body
* Molecular formula-C27H45 OH
* Possesses a cyclo pentano
perhydrophenatherene ring
nucleus
* Has an -OH group at C3
* A double bond between C5
and C6
* Two- CH3 groups at C*0 and
C*3
* An eight carbon side chain
attached to C*7
29. Forms of
Cholesterol
* Cholesterol occurs both as free form or in ester form
* In cholesteryl ester, the hydroxyl group on
position 3 is esterified with a long-chain fatty acid.
* Cholesterol esters are formed by the transfer of acyl
group by Acyl transferases
* Plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is the
vehicle of uptake of cholesterol and cholesteryl
ester into many tissues
* Free cholesterol is removed from tissues by plasma
high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and transported to the
liver, where it is eliminated from the body either
unchanged or after conversion to bile acids in the
process known as reverse cholesterol transport
* A sum total of free and ester cholesterol in serum is
called serum total cholesterol
30. Significance of
Cholesterol* Cholesterol is widely distributed in all cells of the body but
particularly in nervous tissue.
* It is a major constituent of the plasma membrane and
of plasma lipoproteins.
* It is synthesized in many tissues from acetyl-CoA and is the
precursor of all other steroids in the body, including
corticosteroids, sex hormones, bile acids, and vitamin
D.
* Cholesterol is a major constituent of gallstones.
* Its chief role in pathologic processes is as a factor in the
genesis of atherosclerosis of vital arteries, causing
cerebrovascular, coronary, and peripheral vascular disease.
31. Nomenclature of Fatty
acids
* The systematic name for a fatty acid is derived from
the name of its parent hydrocarbon by the substitution
of oic for the last e.
* For example, the C18 saturated fatty acid is called
octadecanoic acid because the parent hydrocarbon is
octadecane.
* A C18 fatty acid with one double bond is called
octadecenoic acid; with two double bonds,
octadecadienoic acid; and with three double bonds,
octadecatrienoic acid.
* The notation 18:0 denotes a C18 fatty acid with no
double bonds, whereas 18:2 signifies that there are
two double bonds.
32. Nomenclature of Fatty acids (Contd.)
•Carbon atoms are numbered from the
carboxyl carbon (carbon No. 1).
•The carbon atoms adjacent to the carboxyl
carbon (Nos. 2, 3, and 4) are also known as
the α ,β , and gamma carbons, respectively,
and the terminal methyl carbon is known as
the ω or n-carbon.
•The position of a double bond is
represented by the symbol ∆ followed by a
superscript number.
eg, ∆9 indicates a double bond between
carbons 9 and 10 of the fatty acid;
33. Unsaturated Fatty Acids
S.No.
number and location of
double bonds
FamilyNumber of C atoms, Common Name Systemic Name
[A] Monoenoic acids
(one double bond)
*. 16:*;9 ω 7 Palmitoleic acid cis/ 9/
Hexadecenoic
2. 18:*;9 ω 9 Oleic Acid cis/ 9/
Octadecenoic
3. 18:*;9 ω 9 Elaidic acid trans 9/
Octadecanoic
[B] Dienoic acids (two
double bonds)
*. 18:2;9,12 ω 6 Linoleic acid all/ cis/ 9,12/
Octadecadienoic
35. • Short chain-with 2-6 carbon atoms
• Medium chain- with 8-14 carbon
atoms
• Long chain- with 16-18 carbon
atoms
• Very long chain fatty acids- with 20
or more carbon atoms
Classification of fatty acids based on
length of hydrophobic chain
3
36. Essential fatty acids
FA that our body cant synthesize and
they should be supplied through diet.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids such as
Linoleic and Linolenic acids are
essential for normal life functions.
Arachidonic acid is considered as
semi essential fatty acid since it can be
synthesized from Linoleic acid .
37. Significance of
essential fatty acids
* Components of cell membranes, structural
elements of gonads and mitochondrial membrane
* Required for brain growth and development
* Play important role in vision
* They have a cardio protective role- Lowers serum
cholesterol level and increase HDL levels
* Prevent fatty liver formation
* Deficiencies of essential polyunsaturated fatty
acids may cause retarded growth in children.
39. Glycerol-Structure and significance
* ‘Glycerin’ is crude form of glycerol
* Trihydric alcohol as it contains three
hydroxyl groups
* Can be obtained from diet, from lipolysis
of fats in adipose tissue and from
glycolysis.
* Can be utilized for the synthesis of
triacylglycerols, phospholipids, glucose or
can be oxidized to provide energy.
42. Triglycerides
* The triacylglycerols are esters of the trihydric
alcohol, glycerol and fatty acids.
* Mono- and Diacylglycerol, wherein one or two fatty
acids are esterified with glycerol, are also found in the
tissues.
* Naturally occurring fats and oils are mixtures of
triglycerides.
* If all the OH groups are esterified to same fatty
acids- It is Simple Triglyceride
* If different fatty acids are esterified- it is known as
Mixed triglyceride.
* Polyunsaturated fatty acid is esterified at 2n d
position.
43. Properties of
triglycerides
* Colourless, odourless and tasteless
* Insoluble in water
* Oils are liquids at 200C, they contain
higher proportion of Unsaturated fatty
acids
* Fats are solid at room temperature and
contain saturated long chain fatty acids
* Triglycerides are the storage form of
energy in adipose tissue
* Triglycerides in the body are hydrolyzed
by Lipases
44. Lipase
s* Lipases are enzymes which catalyze
hydrolysis of triglycerides yielding fatty
acids and glycerol
* Lipases are present in following places-
* Lingual Lipase-In saliva
* Gastric lipase- in gastric juice
* Pancreatic lipase –in pancreatic juice
* Intestinal lipase- in intestinal epithelial
cells
* Hormone sensitive lipase – in adipose
tissue
45. Hydrolysis of triglycerides
CH2
CH O
CH2 O
O
O C (CH2)*4CH3
C (CH2)*4CH3
O
C (CH2)*4CH3
O
+3H2O
O
+ 3HO C (CH2)*4CH3
CH2 OH
CH OH
CH2 OH
H+
46. Purity test of fats and oils
Lipid index Details Significance
Saponification number Number of mg of KOH
required to saponify the
free and combined fatty
acids in 1gm of a given fat
Indicates molecular
weight and is inversely
proportional to it.
Iodine number Number of grams of iodine
absorbed by 100 gm of fat
It is a measure of
degree of unsaturation
of a fat
Acid number Number of mg of KOH
required to neutralize the
fatty acids in a gram of a
fat
Indicates the degree of
rancidity of a fat
47. Saponification
O
CH
CH2 OH
OH + 3Na+-O C (CH2)*4CH3
CH2 OH
CH2
CH O
CH2 O
O
O C (CH2)*6CH3
O
C (CH2)*6CH3
O
C (CH2)*6CH3+ 3NaOH
saltsoffatyacids (soaps)
48. Waxes
* They are esters of higher fatty acids with higher mono
hydroxy aliphatic alcohols(e.g. Cetyl alcohol)
* Have very long straight chain of 60-100 carbon atoms
* They can take up water without getting dissolved in it
* Used as bases for the preparation of cosmetics,
ointments, polishes, lubricants and candles.
* In nature, they are found on the surface of plants and
insects.
51. Complex (Compound)
Lipidsa)Phospholipids-
* Contain in addition to fatty acids and
glycerol/or other alcohol, a phosphoric
acid residue, nitrogen containing base
and other substituents.
* Phospholipids may be regarded as
derivatives of phosphatidic acid , in
which the phosphate is esterified with
the — O H of a suitable alcohol.
*b)glycolipids
c) lipoproteins
52. Classification of phospholipids
Based on nature of alcohol-
1)Glycerophospholipids-
Glycerol is the alcohol group.
Phosphatidyl choline
Phosphatidyl ethanolamine (Cephalin)
Phosphatidic acid
2Phosphoinositides
2)Sphingophospholipids(P
hosphosphingosides)
Sphingol is the alcohol group
Example- Sphingomyelin
53. Glycerophospholipids
Phosphatidylcholines (Lecithins )
* Phosphoacylglycerols containing choline are
the most abundant phospholipids of the cell
membrane
* Choline is important in nervous transmission,
as acetylcholine, and as a store of labile methyl
groups
57. Phosphplipids
3)Phosphatidyl Serine-(found in most
tissues) differ from phosphatidylcholine
only in that serine replaces choline
b)Phosphatidylinositol -The inositol is
present in phosphatidylinositol as the
stereoisomer,
myoinositol.Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-
bisphosphate is an important
58. Phosphospingosi
des
* Backbone is sphingosine
(amino alcohol)
* A long chain fatty acid is
attached to amino group of
sphingosine to form Ceramide
* The alcohol group at carbon-*
of sphingosine is esterified to
phosphoryl choline, producing
sphingomyelin
* Sphingomyelin is an important
component of myelin of nerve
fibers
59. Functions of
Phospholipids
* Components of cell membrane, mitochondrial membrane
and lipoproteins
* Participate in lipid absorption and transportation from intestine
* Play important role in blood coagulation
* Required for enzyme action- especially in mitochondrial
electron transport chain
* Membrane phospholipids acts as source of Arachidonic
acid * Act as reservoir of second messenger- Phosphatidyl
Inositol * Act as cofactor for the activity of Lipoprotein lipase
* Phospholipids of myelin sheath provide insulation around the nerve
fiber
60. 2) Glycolipids(Glycosphingolipids)
* Glycolipids differ from sphingomyelins in that
they do not contain phosphoric acid and the
polar head function is provided by
monosaccharide or oligosaccharide attached
directly to ceramide by an O- glycosidic linkage.
* The number and type of carbohydrate moieties
present, determine the type of glycosphingolipid.
There are two types of Glycolipids-
A) Neutral glycosphingolipids
B) Acidic glycosphingolipids
62. A) Neutral Glycos phing olipids
* Cerebrosides- These are ceramide
monosaccharides, that contain either a molecule
of galactose(Galactocerebroside)or
glucose(Glucocerebroside)
* Found predominantly in the brain and nervous
tissue with high concentration in myelin sheath
* Ceramide oligosaccharides (Globosides) are
produced by attaching additional
monosaccharides to Glucocerebroside.
* Lactosyl ceramide contains lactose (Galactose
and Glucose attached to ceramide)
63. A) Neutral Glycosphingolipids
Cerebrosides (Contd.) – Individual
cerebrosides are differentiated on the
basis of kind of fatty acids in the molecule.
Four types are commonly observed-
a)Kerasin- contains Lignoceric acid
b)Cerebron- Contains cerebronic acid
c)Nervon- contains Nervonic acid
d)Oxynervon- contains hydroxy derivative
of nervonic acid
65. Gangliosides
*They are glycolipids present in brain.They contain
ceramide ,glucose ,galactose,N acetyl galactosamine
and sialic acid
Sulpholipids They are isolated from brain and other
animal tissues. They are sulphate derivatives of
galactosyl residues in cerebrosides
66. Lipoproteins
• Triacylglycerol ,phospholipids ,cholesterol
,freefattyacids
• And proteins combine to form hydrophillic
lipoprotein complex
• 4 types of lipoproteins
• A) chylomicrons
• B) VLDL
• C) LDL
• D) HDL
67. Functions of lipoproteins
• To transport and deliver lipids to tissue
• To maintain structure integrity of cell surface