This document provides information about various veterinary surgical procedures including caesarean section, rumenotomy, and castration. It discusses the indications, techniques, and post-operative care for each procedure. Specifically, it describes how caesarean section involves opening the abdomen and uterus to deliver calves when natural birth is difficult. It also explains that rumenotomy requires an incision into the rumen to remove contents and relieve impaction. Finally, it notes that castration removes the testicles in animals like dogs and cattle.
Chemical destruction of the teat involves injecting solutions such as diluted formalin, silver nitrate, acriflavine, copper sulfate, or chlorhexidine into the teat to destroy the teat tissue. This is done as a last resort when the teat cannot otherwise be salvaged due to extensive damage or infection. The solutions work to kill the teat tissue over the course of a few days through their disinfectant and caustic properties. Pretreating with a local anesthetic like megludyne can help reduce pain from the chemical destruction process.
Affections of cecum, colon & rectum (Veterinary)girjesh upmanyu
This document provides information on various conditions that can affect the cecum, colon, and rectum in horses and cattle. It discusses the anatomy of the cecum and large intestine in both species. It then covers specific conditions like cecal impaction, typhlotomy, cecocecal intussusception, and cecal torsion/dilatation. For each condition, it provides details on etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and surgical or medical treatment approaches. The document contains detailed anatomical diagrams and descriptions of surgical techniques.
This document discusses displaced abomasum in dairy cattle. It begins by defining displaced abomasum as the distention and displacement of the abomasum into the left or right side of the abdomen. It then discusses risk factors like diet, breed, late pregnancy and concurrent diseases. Clinical signs include inappetence, milk drop, and ketosis. Diagnosis involves percussion, succussion, ultrasound and rectal palpation. Treatments discussed are medical techniques using drugs, non-surgical rolling and toggling, and various surgical techniques like right paramedian abomasopexy. Postoperative care and potential complications are also outlined.
Rajeev mishra ,castration of small animal(dog and cat).Raaz Eve Mishra
This document provides information about neutering male dogs and cats. It discusses the surgical procedure for neutering, which involves making an incision to remove the testicles. The benefits of neutering include preventing unwanted litters and reducing behavioral issues. Potential risks include weight gain and delayed growth. Neutering can be done between 5 to 16 months old in dogs and at around 6 months in cats. Post-operative care involves monitoring wounds, limiting activity, and providing pain relief if needed.
This document discusses the anatomy and surgical management of tail amputation in bovines and canines. It covers the anatomy of the tail including the coccygeal vertebrae and tail muscles. Common affections requiring tail amputation are discussed for dogs such as traumatic lesions, infections, and neoplasia. For bovines, conditions include congenital defects and acquired issues like tail necrosis and fractures. The document outlines the surgical procedure for tail amputation in both standing and recumbent positions and describes post-operative care.
The document discusses different types of wounds and injuries in animals including abscesses, hematomas, maggot wounds, horn avulsions, and yoke galls. It provides details on the causes, signs, diagnosis, and treatment for each condition. Abscesses are pus-filled collections caused by bacteria that form a pyogenic membrane and wall. Hematomas are blood collections due to vein damage. Maggot wounds occur when fly larvae infest wounds. Horn and hoof avulsions involve actual tissue loss from traumatic injuries. Yoke galls are localized skin inflammations in bulls caused by friction from yokes.
Gutteral pouches, By Dr. Rekha Pathak, senior scientist IVRIRekha Pathak
- Empyema of the guttural pouches is a condition where pus collects in the guttural pouches of horses, usually due to infection spreading from the pharynx through the eustachian tube.
- Symptoms include intermittent nasal discharge, difficulty swallowing and breathing, and swelling of lymph nodes.
- Treatment involves early antibiotic therapy if possible, but once pus has formed, surgical drainage of the affected pouch is needed, which can be done through the incising along the atlas bone or through the viborg's triangle approach in the neck.
dystocia in cattle sheep and goat.pptxyarmi goriya
Dystocia, or difficult birth, can be caused by issues with the expulsive forces of the mother, fetal abnormalities, or fetal malpresentation, position, or posture. Maternal causes include uterine inertia, cervical dilation failure, uterine torsion, and pelvic disproportion. Fetal issues include abnormalities (monsters), malpositioning such as breech or limb flexion, and disproportion between fetus and birth canal size. Correcting dystocia involves restoring normal presentation, position, and posture through techniques like repulsion, rotation, version, and limb adjustment (mutation). Traction can then be applied at appropriate points. Complications of dystocia include injury to the calf such as asphyxia or fractures, and injury
Chemical destruction of the teat involves injecting solutions such as diluted formalin, silver nitrate, acriflavine, copper sulfate, or chlorhexidine into the teat to destroy the teat tissue. This is done as a last resort when the teat cannot otherwise be salvaged due to extensive damage or infection. The solutions work to kill the teat tissue over the course of a few days through their disinfectant and caustic properties. Pretreating with a local anesthetic like megludyne can help reduce pain from the chemical destruction process.
Affections of cecum, colon & rectum (Veterinary)girjesh upmanyu
This document provides information on various conditions that can affect the cecum, colon, and rectum in horses and cattle. It discusses the anatomy of the cecum and large intestine in both species. It then covers specific conditions like cecal impaction, typhlotomy, cecocecal intussusception, and cecal torsion/dilatation. For each condition, it provides details on etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and surgical or medical treatment approaches. The document contains detailed anatomical diagrams and descriptions of surgical techniques.
This document discusses displaced abomasum in dairy cattle. It begins by defining displaced abomasum as the distention and displacement of the abomasum into the left or right side of the abdomen. It then discusses risk factors like diet, breed, late pregnancy and concurrent diseases. Clinical signs include inappetence, milk drop, and ketosis. Diagnosis involves percussion, succussion, ultrasound and rectal palpation. Treatments discussed are medical techniques using drugs, non-surgical rolling and toggling, and various surgical techniques like right paramedian abomasopexy. Postoperative care and potential complications are also outlined.
Rajeev mishra ,castration of small animal(dog and cat).Raaz Eve Mishra
This document provides information about neutering male dogs and cats. It discusses the surgical procedure for neutering, which involves making an incision to remove the testicles. The benefits of neutering include preventing unwanted litters and reducing behavioral issues. Potential risks include weight gain and delayed growth. Neutering can be done between 5 to 16 months old in dogs and at around 6 months in cats. Post-operative care involves monitoring wounds, limiting activity, and providing pain relief if needed.
This document discusses the anatomy and surgical management of tail amputation in bovines and canines. It covers the anatomy of the tail including the coccygeal vertebrae and tail muscles. Common affections requiring tail amputation are discussed for dogs such as traumatic lesions, infections, and neoplasia. For bovines, conditions include congenital defects and acquired issues like tail necrosis and fractures. The document outlines the surgical procedure for tail amputation in both standing and recumbent positions and describes post-operative care.
The document discusses different types of wounds and injuries in animals including abscesses, hematomas, maggot wounds, horn avulsions, and yoke galls. It provides details on the causes, signs, diagnosis, and treatment for each condition. Abscesses are pus-filled collections caused by bacteria that form a pyogenic membrane and wall. Hematomas are blood collections due to vein damage. Maggot wounds occur when fly larvae infest wounds. Horn and hoof avulsions involve actual tissue loss from traumatic injuries. Yoke galls are localized skin inflammations in bulls caused by friction from yokes.
Gutteral pouches, By Dr. Rekha Pathak, senior scientist IVRIRekha Pathak
- Empyema of the guttural pouches is a condition where pus collects in the guttural pouches of horses, usually due to infection spreading from the pharynx through the eustachian tube.
- Symptoms include intermittent nasal discharge, difficulty swallowing and breathing, and swelling of lymph nodes.
- Treatment involves early antibiotic therapy if possible, but once pus has formed, surgical drainage of the affected pouch is needed, which can be done through the incising along the atlas bone or through the viborg's triangle approach in the neck.
dystocia in cattle sheep and goat.pptxyarmi goriya
Dystocia, or difficult birth, can be caused by issues with the expulsive forces of the mother, fetal abnormalities, or fetal malpresentation, position, or posture. Maternal causes include uterine inertia, cervical dilation failure, uterine torsion, and pelvic disproportion. Fetal issues include abnormalities (monsters), malpositioning such as breech or limb flexion, and disproportion between fetus and birth canal size. Correcting dystocia involves restoring normal presentation, position, and posture through techniques like repulsion, rotation, version, and limb adjustment (mutation). Traction can then be applied at appropriate points. Complications of dystocia include injury to the calf such as asphyxia or fractures, and injury
1. Caesarean section, also known as a C-section, is a surgical procedure where an incision is made through the abdomen and uterus to deliver one or more fetuses.
2. Indications for a C-section include uterine inertia, fetal issues like malpresentation or oversized fetus, uterine rupture, and medical issues in the mother.
3. The procedure requires strict aseptic technique to prevent post-operative complications like infection. Incision sites vary by species, such as a ventral midline incision for dogs and left flank incision for cattle.
This document provides information on laparotomy techniques and postoperative care. It discusses the abdominal regions and incision sites for laparotomy. Common techniques are described such as skinning, flank laparotomy, intestinal resection and anastomosis. Postoperative assessment of the incision and potential complications like dehiscence are outlined. Proper surgical technique and factors that can increase risk of dehiscence are highlighted.
Caesarean section, also known as a C-section, is a surgical procedure where the uterus is cut open to deliver one or more fetuses due to complications such as uterine inertia, dystocia, or rupture of the uterus. The key steps of a C-section in bovines include preparing the surgical area, giving local anesthesia, making an incision in the left lower flank, exteriorizing the uterus, removing the fetus, delivering the placenta, suturing the uterus, and closing the abdominal wall. Post-operative care including antibiotics, fluids, and oxytocin are important to prevent complications such as infection, adhesions, and hemorrhage.
This document discusses tail amputation procedures in various animal species. It describes the anatomy of the tail and indications for amputation such as trauma, infection, or cosmetic purposes. The procedure typically involves clipping and preparing the tail, retracting the skin, identifying the desired transection site, ligating vessels, disarticulating the tail between vertebrae, and suturing skin edges. Considerations for puppies, adults, and different animal species are provided. Complications can include tetanus or vertebral necrosis.
HERNIA ppt of different animal including dog cat cattle buffaloMohammadKashif196666
Hernia is the protrusion of an organ or tissue through a weakness in the wall of the cavity that normally contains it. There are several types of hernia classified by location, contents, and cause. Common hernias in animals include umbilical, inguinal, ventral/abdominal, perineal, and diaphragmatic hernias. Treatment involves surgical repair of the hernia defect, with techniques varying depending on hernia type. For example, diaphragmatic hernia repair may involve laparotomy to access the abdomen followed by herniorrhaphy through either an abdominal or thoracic approach to suture the diaphragmatic defect.
This document describes various surgical procedures performed on bovine eyes, penises, and reproductive organs. It discusses eye ablation, prepucial prolapse repair, penile amputation, dropped ovary spay technique, and rumenotomy. For each procedure it provides indications, anesthesia and restraint methods, surgical steps, and post-operative care considerations. Images are included to illustrate nerve blocks, surgical techniques, and anatomical structures involved.
This document describes the procedure for ovariohysterectomy (spaying) in dogs. It discusses the indications for spaying, including birth control, uterine diseases, and reducing risks of certain cancers. It outlines the pre-anesthetic drugs commonly used like atropine, xylazine, ketamine and diazepam. The steps of the surgical technique are explained, including making a midline incision, exteriorizing the uterus, clamping and ligating the ovarian pedicles, and closing in layers. The required equipment is also listed.
Calf scours causes more financial losses to cow-calf producers than any health problem in their herds. Calf scours is not a single infection; it is a clinical signallied with several diseases characterized by diarrhea. Regardless of the cause, diarrhea prevents the absorption of fluids from the intestines; also, body fluids pass from the scouring calfs body into the intestines. A calf is about 70 percent water at birth.
The scouring calf loses fluids and rapidly dehydrates. In addition, dehydration is associated with loss of essential body chemicals (electrolytes)-sodium and potassium-and the buildup of acid. The scouring calf typically becomes dehydrated and suffers from electrolyte loss and acidosis. Infectious agents cause the prime damage to the intestine, but death from scours usually results from dehydration, acidosis, and loss of electrolytes. The identification of infectious agents which cause scours, is quiet essential for implementing effective preventive measures (Wenzel et al., 2009).
This document discusses hernias in small animals. It describes different types of abdominal hernias including external, internal, umbilical, and other locations. Diagnosis involves observation, palpation, ultrasound or radiographs. Treatment depends on whether the hernia is reducible or irreducible. For reducible hernias, surgery involves dissecting and removing the sac and closing the defect. For irreducible or incarcerated hernias, the contents must be released and the ring enlarged to prevent strangulation. Mesh may be needed to repair large defects. The document also discusses perineal hernias in detail including predisposing factors, symptoms, and surgical approach which has a high recurrence rate.
This document discusses common surgical conditions affecting the mammary glands in cattle, including teat lacerations, supernumerary teats, summer mastitis, udder abscesses, ischemic teat necrosis, and dropped udders. It provides details on the classification, etiology, clinical signs, and management approaches for each condition.
Caesarean section, also known as a C-section, is a surgical procedure where incisions are made through a woman's abdomen and uterus to deliver one or more babies. Indications for a C-section include uterine inertia, obstructive dystocia, rupture of the uterus, animal in compromised condition, twin pregnancy in mares, and incomplete cervical dilation. The ideal conditions for surgery include a clean area with minimal airborne contamination to prevent post-operative complications. The incision site varies by species, with dogs receiving a ventral midline incision and cattle receiving a left lower flank incision. During the procedure, the fetus is removed, the umbilical cord is ligated and
MANAGEMENT & TREATMENT OF BURN WOUND In AnimalsDR AMEER HAMZA
- The document discusses the classification, treatment, and management of burn wounds in animals. It covers superficial burns affecting only the epidermis, deep partial thickness burns affecting the dermis, and full thickness burns affecting all skin structures. Burn wound treatment involves fluid resuscitation, analgesia, wound cleaning, dressing, and surgical excision of dead tissue. Wound management progresses from the emergent phase through intermediate excision and grafting to the rehabilitation phase focusing on nutrition and scar management.
This document summarizes a caesarean section (C-section) procedure performed on a bovine. It describes the animal's medical history of dystocia. On examination, edema and emphysema were observed, making vaginal delivery impossible. The C-section procedure is then outlined in steps, including exteriorizing the uterus, removing the fetus, managing the placenta, and closing incisions. Potential complications are listed. Post-operative care involves antibiotics, analgesics, oxytocin, and wound dressing.
Fetotomy in bovines by Dr Dushyant Yadav BASU, Patna INDIADrDushyant Yadav
Fetotomy is the process of sectioning a fetus into parts to facilitate delivery through the birth canal. There are two main types - partial fetotomy which divides parts of the fetus, and total fetotomy which divides the entire fetus. The document outlines the various techniques for fetotomy based on fetal presentation, including the 6 main cuts typically needed for anterior presentation and 5 for posterior. It also discusses instruments, indications, precautions and post-care for fetotomy. Fetotomy aims to reduce fetal size to allow vaginal delivery but can cause injuries if not performed carefully.
The document discusses horn anatomy and affections in cattle. It notes that horns are formed by the frontal bones and become hollow. The base is thin and the horn thickens towards the apex. Blood and nerve supply are described. Major horn affections include avulsion, fracture, and horn cancer. Treatment for fractures may include amputation. Dehorning involves removing the horn at the base through elliptical incision and sawing. Disbudding young calves removes small horn buds using a caustic compound or hot iron. Procedures are done with local anesthesia and analgesia.
This document describes a case of maggot infestation in a male dog. Maggots were seen on the lateral side of the dog's left thigh. The maggots were manually removed after applying Topicure Spray. The dog was given injections of HITEK, Monocef, and Melonex for 3 days to treat the infestation and prevent spread. Maggot infestation, also called myiasis, is caused by fly larvae feeding on live or dead tissue. Primary flies can initiate myiasis while secondary flies extend existing lesions. Treatment involves removal of maggots and use of insecticides, antiseptics, and fly repellents.
Canine pyometra is a uterine infection in intact female dogs that occurs during diestrus. It is caused by bacterial infection, usually E. coli, within the uterus under the influence of progesterone. Clinical signs include vaginal discharge, fever, lethargy, vomiting, and polyuria/polydipsia. Diagnosis involves abdominal palpation, ultrasonography, and clinical pathology. Treatment of choice is ovariohysterectomy, while antibiotics and prostaglandins may be used for medical management in some cases. Prognosis is good with early diagnosis and intervention to prevent systemic complications.
This document discusses various genital surgeries performed in domestic animals. It describes the three most common surgeries as cesarean section, Ovariohysterectomy, and Episioplasty. It provides details on different types of ovariectomies, hysterectomies, and other surgeries of the fallopian tubes, cervix, vagina, vulva, and perineum. Episioplasty (Caslick's operation) is discussed in depth as the most common surgery performed on broodmares to prevent pneumovagina. Surgical techniques and approaches are outlined for many of the procedures.
Hypospadias is a congenital defect where the opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis instead of at the tip. It occurs due to arrested development of the penis, leaving the urethral opening in a more proximal location. The cause is often unknown but may involve genetic factors or hormonal imbalances during fetal development. Treatment involves surgery to reposition and reconstruct the urethra, which can be done between ages 3 months to 15 years. Complications include fistulas, strictures, and wound separation, but various surgical techniques aim to minimize risks and achieve optimal function and appearance.
1. Caesarean section, also known as a C-section, is a surgical procedure where an incision is made through the abdomen and uterus to deliver one or more fetuses.
2. Indications for a C-section include uterine inertia, fetal issues like malpresentation or oversized fetus, uterine rupture, and medical issues in the mother.
3. The procedure requires strict aseptic technique to prevent post-operative complications like infection. Incision sites vary by species, such as a ventral midline incision for dogs and left flank incision for cattle.
This document provides information on laparotomy techniques and postoperative care. It discusses the abdominal regions and incision sites for laparotomy. Common techniques are described such as skinning, flank laparotomy, intestinal resection and anastomosis. Postoperative assessment of the incision and potential complications like dehiscence are outlined. Proper surgical technique and factors that can increase risk of dehiscence are highlighted.
Caesarean section, also known as a C-section, is a surgical procedure where the uterus is cut open to deliver one or more fetuses due to complications such as uterine inertia, dystocia, or rupture of the uterus. The key steps of a C-section in bovines include preparing the surgical area, giving local anesthesia, making an incision in the left lower flank, exteriorizing the uterus, removing the fetus, delivering the placenta, suturing the uterus, and closing the abdominal wall. Post-operative care including antibiotics, fluids, and oxytocin are important to prevent complications such as infection, adhesions, and hemorrhage.
This document discusses tail amputation procedures in various animal species. It describes the anatomy of the tail and indications for amputation such as trauma, infection, or cosmetic purposes. The procedure typically involves clipping and preparing the tail, retracting the skin, identifying the desired transection site, ligating vessels, disarticulating the tail between vertebrae, and suturing skin edges. Considerations for puppies, adults, and different animal species are provided. Complications can include tetanus or vertebral necrosis.
HERNIA ppt of different animal including dog cat cattle buffaloMohammadKashif196666
Hernia is the protrusion of an organ or tissue through a weakness in the wall of the cavity that normally contains it. There are several types of hernia classified by location, contents, and cause. Common hernias in animals include umbilical, inguinal, ventral/abdominal, perineal, and diaphragmatic hernias. Treatment involves surgical repair of the hernia defect, with techniques varying depending on hernia type. For example, diaphragmatic hernia repair may involve laparotomy to access the abdomen followed by herniorrhaphy through either an abdominal or thoracic approach to suture the diaphragmatic defect.
This document describes various surgical procedures performed on bovine eyes, penises, and reproductive organs. It discusses eye ablation, prepucial prolapse repair, penile amputation, dropped ovary spay technique, and rumenotomy. For each procedure it provides indications, anesthesia and restraint methods, surgical steps, and post-operative care considerations. Images are included to illustrate nerve blocks, surgical techniques, and anatomical structures involved.
This document describes the procedure for ovariohysterectomy (spaying) in dogs. It discusses the indications for spaying, including birth control, uterine diseases, and reducing risks of certain cancers. It outlines the pre-anesthetic drugs commonly used like atropine, xylazine, ketamine and diazepam. The steps of the surgical technique are explained, including making a midline incision, exteriorizing the uterus, clamping and ligating the ovarian pedicles, and closing in layers. The required equipment is also listed.
Calf scours causes more financial losses to cow-calf producers than any health problem in their herds. Calf scours is not a single infection; it is a clinical signallied with several diseases characterized by diarrhea. Regardless of the cause, diarrhea prevents the absorption of fluids from the intestines; also, body fluids pass from the scouring calfs body into the intestines. A calf is about 70 percent water at birth.
The scouring calf loses fluids and rapidly dehydrates. In addition, dehydration is associated with loss of essential body chemicals (electrolytes)-sodium and potassium-and the buildup of acid. The scouring calf typically becomes dehydrated and suffers from electrolyte loss and acidosis. Infectious agents cause the prime damage to the intestine, but death from scours usually results from dehydration, acidosis, and loss of electrolytes. The identification of infectious agents which cause scours, is quiet essential for implementing effective preventive measures (Wenzel et al., 2009).
This document discusses hernias in small animals. It describes different types of abdominal hernias including external, internal, umbilical, and other locations. Diagnosis involves observation, palpation, ultrasound or radiographs. Treatment depends on whether the hernia is reducible or irreducible. For reducible hernias, surgery involves dissecting and removing the sac and closing the defect. For irreducible or incarcerated hernias, the contents must be released and the ring enlarged to prevent strangulation. Mesh may be needed to repair large defects. The document also discusses perineal hernias in detail including predisposing factors, symptoms, and surgical approach which has a high recurrence rate.
This document discusses common surgical conditions affecting the mammary glands in cattle, including teat lacerations, supernumerary teats, summer mastitis, udder abscesses, ischemic teat necrosis, and dropped udders. It provides details on the classification, etiology, clinical signs, and management approaches for each condition.
Caesarean section, also known as a C-section, is a surgical procedure where incisions are made through a woman's abdomen and uterus to deliver one or more babies. Indications for a C-section include uterine inertia, obstructive dystocia, rupture of the uterus, animal in compromised condition, twin pregnancy in mares, and incomplete cervical dilation. The ideal conditions for surgery include a clean area with minimal airborne contamination to prevent post-operative complications. The incision site varies by species, with dogs receiving a ventral midline incision and cattle receiving a left lower flank incision. During the procedure, the fetus is removed, the umbilical cord is ligated and
MANAGEMENT & TREATMENT OF BURN WOUND In AnimalsDR AMEER HAMZA
- The document discusses the classification, treatment, and management of burn wounds in animals. It covers superficial burns affecting only the epidermis, deep partial thickness burns affecting the dermis, and full thickness burns affecting all skin structures. Burn wound treatment involves fluid resuscitation, analgesia, wound cleaning, dressing, and surgical excision of dead tissue. Wound management progresses from the emergent phase through intermediate excision and grafting to the rehabilitation phase focusing on nutrition and scar management.
This document summarizes a caesarean section (C-section) procedure performed on a bovine. It describes the animal's medical history of dystocia. On examination, edema and emphysema were observed, making vaginal delivery impossible. The C-section procedure is then outlined in steps, including exteriorizing the uterus, removing the fetus, managing the placenta, and closing incisions. Potential complications are listed. Post-operative care involves antibiotics, analgesics, oxytocin, and wound dressing.
Fetotomy in bovines by Dr Dushyant Yadav BASU, Patna INDIADrDushyant Yadav
Fetotomy is the process of sectioning a fetus into parts to facilitate delivery through the birth canal. There are two main types - partial fetotomy which divides parts of the fetus, and total fetotomy which divides the entire fetus. The document outlines the various techniques for fetotomy based on fetal presentation, including the 6 main cuts typically needed for anterior presentation and 5 for posterior. It also discusses instruments, indications, precautions and post-care for fetotomy. Fetotomy aims to reduce fetal size to allow vaginal delivery but can cause injuries if not performed carefully.
The document discusses horn anatomy and affections in cattle. It notes that horns are formed by the frontal bones and become hollow. The base is thin and the horn thickens towards the apex. Blood and nerve supply are described. Major horn affections include avulsion, fracture, and horn cancer. Treatment for fractures may include amputation. Dehorning involves removing the horn at the base through elliptical incision and sawing. Disbudding young calves removes small horn buds using a caustic compound or hot iron. Procedures are done with local anesthesia and analgesia.
This document describes a case of maggot infestation in a male dog. Maggots were seen on the lateral side of the dog's left thigh. The maggots were manually removed after applying Topicure Spray. The dog was given injections of HITEK, Monocef, and Melonex for 3 days to treat the infestation and prevent spread. Maggot infestation, also called myiasis, is caused by fly larvae feeding on live or dead tissue. Primary flies can initiate myiasis while secondary flies extend existing lesions. Treatment involves removal of maggots and use of insecticides, antiseptics, and fly repellents.
Canine pyometra is a uterine infection in intact female dogs that occurs during diestrus. It is caused by bacterial infection, usually E. coli, within the uterus under the influence of progesterone. Clinical signs include vaginal discharge, fever, lethargy, vomiting, and polyuria/polydipsia. Diagnosis involves abdominal palpation, ultrasonography, and clinical pathology. Treatment of choice is ovariohysterectomy, while antibiotics and prostaglandins may be used for medical management in some cases. Prognosis is good with early diagnosis and intervention to prevent systemic complications.
This document discusses various genital surgeries performed in domestic animals. It describes the three most common surgeries as cesarean section, Ovariohysterectomy, and Episioplasty. It provides details on different types of ovariectomies, hysterectomies, and other surgeries of the fallopian tubes, cervix, vagina, vulva, and perineum. Episioplasty (Caslick's operation) is discussed in depth as the most common surgery performed on broodmares to prevent pneumovagina. Surgical techniques and approaches are outlined for many of the procedures.
Hypospadias is a congenital defect where the opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis instead of at the tip. It occurs due to arrested development of the penis, leaving the urethral opening in a more proximal location. The cause is often unknown but may involve genetic factors or hormonal imbalances during fetal development. Treatment involves surgery to reposition and reconstruct the urethra, which can be done between ages 3 months to 15 years. Complications include fistulas, strictures, and wound separation, but various surgical techniques aim to minimize risks and achieve optimal function and appearance.
The document discusses lower segment cesarean section (LSCS), including its indications, timing, surgical steps, and postoperative care. It describes the procedure in detail from preoperative preparation through incision, delivery of the fetus and placenta, suturing of the uterine wound, and postoperative monitoring over the first few days. Complications of LSCS and different types of cesarean sections are also briefly covered.
This document discusses different methods for performing a cesarean section and simultaneous repair of a small umbilical hernia. It describes three methods: 1) using separate incisions for the c-section and hernia repair, 2) using a single midline incision, or 3) using a Pfannenstiel incision for the c-section and performing a transabdominal hernia repair. For small hernias less than 5cm, the preferred repair is tension-free using an intraperitoneal mesh patch. Larger hernias may require closure of the defect with sutures or reinforcement with a mesh.
1. The document discusses various operative approaches and incisions used for abdominal organ surgery, including longitudinal, transverse, oblique, and combined incisions.
2. It provides details on specific incision types and their uses, such as median laparotomies for broad organ access and paramedian incisions along the rectus muscles.
3. Surgical techniques are described for treating injuries or conditions of organs like the spleen, liver, small intestine and colon through resection, anastomoses, or stoma creation depending on the location and severity of the issue.
This document discusses the surgical procedure of cesarean section in goats. It describes the indications, instruments, drugs, and technique required. The major indications for c-section in goats are fetomaternal disproportion, incomplete cervical dilation, irreducible uterine torsion, fetal monsters, faulty fetal presentation, and fetal emphysema. The surgical technique involves opening the flank, locating the uterus, opening the uterus, removing the fetus, managing the placenta, and closing the incisions. Post-operative care includes antibiotic treatment, fluid therapy, and wound dressing. Complications can include peritonitis, wound issues, fluid collections, retained placenta, and infections.
Episiotomy is a surgical incision made on the perineum and posterior vaginal wall during the second stage of labor to enlarge the vaginal opening and prevent perineal tearing. It is the most common obstetric operation performed during vaginal delivery. Forceps delivery uses forceps to assist in vaginal birth when natural delivery poses risks; it requires the fetal head to be engaged and involves applying forceps along the fetal head rather than the maternal pelvis to minimize injury. Proper preparation of the mother and staff is required along with ensuring consent, adequate facilities, and personnel to handle potential complications.
This document discusses abdominal hysterectomy, including:
1) It defines abdominal hysterectomy as the removal of the uterus through abdominal incisions and describes 5 types including total, subtotal, pan-, extended, and radical hysterectomies.
2) It lists common indications for abdominal hysterectomy such as benign lesions, fibroids, ovarian masses, endometriosis, and obstetric complications.
3) It outlines pre-operative procedures including evaluations, tests, counseling, consent, preparation, and the operative procedure of clamping ligaments, removing the uterus, and closing the vaginal vault.
4) It briefly discusses potential intraoperative and postoperative complications of abdominal hysterectomy.
Assisting in lower segment cesarean sectionPrakat Aryal
This document provides information on assisting in a lower segment cesarean section (LSCS). It describes the LSCS technique which involves a transverse incision above the bladder that results in less blood loss and easier repair compared to a classic vertical incision. Common indications for LSCS are listed such as previous C-section, fetal distress, breech presentation, and dystocia. The procedure steps are outlined including abdominal incision, uterine incision, baby delivery, placenta removal, uterine repair and closure. The roles and responsibilities of the assistant surgeon during pre-op, intra-op and post-op are also summarized.
This document discusses episiotomy, which is a surgically planned incision made in the perineum and posterior vaginal wall during the second stage of labor. It aims to enlarge the vaginal opening to facilitate delivery and minimize tearing. Common indications include a rigid perineum, operative deliveries, or previous perineal surgery. The main types are mediolateral, median, and lateral incisions. A mediolateral episiotomy has advantages like less blood loss and easier repair compared to other types. The procedure involves preliminaries like anesthesia, followed by the incision and then repair of the vaginal mucosa, muscles, and skin in layers. Post-operative care and potential complications are also
Conservative surgeries for genital prolapseNikhil Bansal
The document discusses various conservative surgical procedures for genital prolapse that preserve menstrual and childbearing functions. It describes procedures like anterior and posterior colporrhaphy, Fothergill's repair, Shirodkar's procedure, and abdominal sling operations. Each procedure is explained detailing its principles, indications, steps, and potential complications. Conservative surgeries presented aim to correct prolapse of the uterus, bladder, rectum or vagina without removing organs or abolishing functions.
Laparoscopic ovarian surgery can be used to manage most ovarian abnormalities. Key steps in laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy include aspirating cyst contents, stripping the cyst capsule from the ovarian cortex, and extracting the capsule. It is important to avoid injury to nearby structures like the ureter and completely remove the cyst to evaluate for early carcinoma. Outcomes are better when the ovary can be preserved through cystectomy rather than full oophorectomy. Teratomas require especially careful removal of all contents to prevent chemical peritonitis.
This document discusses caesarean section in animals. It defines caesarean section as the delivery of the fetus through laparohysterotomy. It lists common indications for caesarean section including fetal malposition and various maternal conditions. It describes the surgical technique including opening the flank, locating the uterus, opening the uterus, removing the fetus, managing the placenta, and closing incisions. It also discusses postoperative care, complications, and references.
Lower segment cesarean section powe point presentionSavitaHanamsagar
The document provides information about Caesarean section (C-section), including:
1. C-section is a surgical procedure to deliver babies through an incision in the mother's abdomen if vaginal delivery would put the baby or mother at risk.
2. The incidence of C-section is rising due to various factors like identification of at-risk fetuses/mothers, repeat C-sections, and decline in difficult vaginal deliveries.
3. Common indications for C-section include cephalo-pelvic disproportion, previous C-section, fetal distress, and breech presentation.
4. The procedure involves making an incision through skin, muscles and uterus to deliver the
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4. UPSC PYQ’s
1. Describe procedure of Caesarean section in cow? ( 2018)
2. Describe the surgical intervention as regards C-section in large
animals?( 2014)
3. Surgical site for C-section? ( 2012)
5. CAESARIAN SECTION /
HYSTEROTOMY IN COW
Bovine caesarean section (C-section) is one of the oldest
surgical interventions in the field of veterinary science and is a
widely used emergency operative technique for surgical
delivery of calves.
C-Section involves: laparotomy/ celiotomy (surgical
opening of abdomen) and hysterotomy (surgical opening
of uterus).
C-sections are necessary in cattle, buffaloes, sheep and
goats, when normal vaginal delivery is too difficult and is not
progressing in the normal time period and therefore could
endanger the life of the cow or the life of her foetus (es).
6. GOAL
Goals of performing C-Sections are to save the life of
cow/buffalo, to save the life of calf and to preservation
of future reproductive efficiency of cow/buffalo.
7. 7
INDICATIONS
The common indications for C-section in cow/buffaloes are:
1. Foeto-maternal disproportion (relative/absolute).
2. Incomplete dilation of the cervix/vagina/vulva.
3. Irreducible uterine torsion
4. Inability to correct foetal mal-disposition.
5. Inability to perform foetotomy on an emphysematous calf.
6. Inability to perform foetotomy on foetal monsters
ANAESTHESIA AND CONTROL
PARAVERTEBRAL OR LUMBAR EPIDURAL; RECUMBANT STATE.
If required xylazine sedation along with local anaesthetic
infiltration .
8. SITE
There are many sites for this operation.
1. Between the mammary- vein & midline, either on left or right
side from front of udder.
2. Lateral to & parallel to milk vein.
3. Oblique flank incision, downward & forward from a little below
external angle of ilium.
4. Vertical incision in the Paralumbar fossa ( preferrably on left
side)
9. Surgical approaches
for C-section
There are eight surgical approaches for the bovine
caesarean section:
1. Standing left paralumbar celiotomy
2. Standing right paralumbar celiotomy
3. Recumbent left paralumbar celiotomy
4. Recumbent right paralumbar celiotomy
5. Recumbent ventral midline celiotomy
6. Recumbent ventral paramedian celiotomy
7. Ventro-lateral celiotomy
8. Standing left oblique celiotomy
10. Fig. 1: Standing left paralumbar celiotomy.
The placement of the incision is indicated by
the dashed line .
Fig. 2: Recumbent ventral midline celiotomy and
recumbent ventral paramedian celiotomy. The
placement of the incision is indicated by the dashed
line.
11. Fig. 3: The proper positioning of the cow and
incision site for the ventro-lateral celiotomy.
The placement of the incision is indicated by
the dashed line.
Fig. 4: Standing left oblique celiotomy. The
placement of the incision is indicated by the
dashed line
12. Procedure
1.The surgical approach for a C-section depends on the preference
of the surgeon, the temperament of the cow, and the
facilities/assistance available.
2.The right lateral recumbency is the preferred restraining position
for C-section in cattle/buffaloes/sheep/goat. Animals that are
severely dehydrated may need IV fluids prior to surgery.
3. If the cow/buffalo is straining she may need an epidural analgesia
prior to surgery to reduce the amount of straining. Local
veterinarian may recommend antibiotics & non-steroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs.
4. Linear infiltration anesthesia normally followed using lignocaine
hydrochloride 2% solution. Lower left flank/oblique/paramedian
incision followed for laparotomy.
13. Procedure
5. A relatively large incision approximately 15-20 cm is made into the
abdomen so that one horn of the uterus can be brought to the outside.
6. The uterus is carefully incised, and the fetus is gently pulled out.
The uterus is then closed in double layer following inversion pattern
suturing, the area is rinsed with sterile fluids, uterus replaced in
abdominal cavity, and the abdominal incision is closed.
7. If possible to perform a foetotomy and for vaginal removal of portions
of the foetus body rather than a C-section if the fetus is dead.
8.If the cow/buffalo has a uterine torsion (a twisted uterus) it may be
necessary to correct the torsion prior to delivering the calf. This can be
done by rolling the cow. The cow is placed on her.
14. Post-operative
management
Regular broad spectrum antibiotics advised for 6-7
days.
Anti-inflammatory for 4-5 days (Meloxicam @ 0.2-0.3
mg/kg body weight).
Regular antiseptic dressing of surgical wound using
liquid betadine.
Multivitamin injection for 3-4 days.
Skin suture removal after 10 days
15. RUMENOTOMY
DEFINITION- A surgical procedure which involves an
incision into the Rumen to remove its contents and relieve
impaction or stasis.
INDICATIONS- Exploratory, Foreign body reticulitis,
Severe impaction
SITE- Left flank, in the Paralumbar fossa, a vertical incision
6 – 8 inches long.
16. ANATOMY
--The three non glandular forestomach compartments in the
cow are the rumen, reticulum, and omasum.
-- The abomasum is the true “stomach” and has a glandular mucous
membrane.
-- The rumen occupies most of the abdomen’s
left side; its long axis extends from ribs seven to eight to
the pelvis.
--The reticulum lies against the diaphragm left of
midline opposite the sixth to eighth ribs.
--The omasum is right of midline at the ventral aspect of ribs 7 to 11.
--The abomasum lies mostly right of midline and extends from
the xiphoid area to the ninth or tenth intercostal space in
the non pregnant cow.
17. TECHNIQUE
A vertical incision about 6 to 8 inches long is made commencing
about 2 inches below the level of the lumbar transverse process.
The abdominal muscles and the parietal peritoneum are traversed
by a direct incision corresponding to the skin incision.
The wound is kept retracted and the rumen wall is fixed to the skin
edges by a set of temporary through-and-through mattress sutures
before opening into the rumen. This is to pre vent escape of rumen
contents into peritoneal cavity. (Instead of such fixation, the
McLintock's method or Weingart's method may be used).
18. TECHNIQUE
A short incision is made on the rumen and this is extended enough
to permit easy access by hand into the rumen and reticulum. The
rumen contents are removed without contaminating the peritoneal
cavity by proper packing.
The reticulum can also be examined by stretching the hand
through the rumen The large rumeno-reticular passage, the
oesophageal groove, and the opening of oesophagus into the
stomach are also palpable this way.
The temporary fixation sutures of the rumen to the skin are
removed only after the incision on the rumen wall is closed by
inversion sutures. Connel's or Cushing's sutures are used to close
the rumen.
19. TECHNIQUE
19
A continuous Lembert's suture is also placed over this. The
parietal peritoneum is closed by continuous suture.
The incised muscles are brought into apposition by continuous
sutures. The skin incision is closed by vertical mattress sutures
or ordinary interrupted apposition sutures.
Note: Instead of suturing the parietal peritoneum, muscles and skin
by separate layers of sutures described above, some persons
prefer a "figure-of-eight suture" to close these different layers of
tissues in the abdominal wall.
20. 20
Rumen forceps are hooked on the
dorsal and ventral aspect of the
rumen board.
This allows exteriorization of a
portion of the rumen wall.
21. 21
A, After incising the rumen wall,
B, rumen hooks are implanted in the cut edges of the rumen
and attached securely to screws and nuts placed at regular
intervals along the rumen board.
22. 22
The rumen is sutured to the skin with a
Cushing-type pattern to form a seal between
the rumen and the skin.
A rumenotomy has been performed and a plastic
wound protector applied. Solid contents of the
rumen are removed manually.
23. CASTRATION / REMOVAL OF
TESTICLES
23
Term Castration can be used to mean removal of the
testicles or removal of the ovaries.
• But by common usage the term is confined only to the
removal of testicles. Removal of ovaries is denoted by
the term spaying oroopherectomy. (The term
ovariotomy is better used for removal of diseased
ovaries rather than normal ovaries.)
24. METHODS
24
(1) Closed method, eg., Burdizzo method
(1) Open method:
(a) Open uncovered method (b) Open covered method.
• In closed method no incision is put. The spermatic cord is crushed and this
causes thrombus formation in the spermatic vessels. The arrest of blood flow to
the testicles caused by the thombosis of the vessels brings about gradual
atrophy of the testicles.
• In the open uncovered method, the skin and tunica vaginalis are incised to
expose the testicle and spermatic cord. The testicle is then removed by cutting
the spermatic cord.
• In the open covered method the tunica vaginalis is not incised. The testes and
spermatic cord are pulled out along with their covering of t.v. and the testicle
(covered with t.v.) is removed by severing the supermatic cord as such).
25. CASTRATION / REMOVAL OF
TESTICLES
25
Usual age for castration:
1. Horses are usually castrated when they are about
one year old.
2. Calves (beef cattle) sheep and goats when they are
about two months old.
3. Pigs about the first week after birth.
4. Cats and dogs usually after sexual maturity (ten to
twelve months
26. CASTRATION IN DOG
26
INDICATIONS-
1. Prevention of breeding nuisance
2. Neoplastic growths or crushing injuries affecting the testicle.
3. In enlarged prostate
4. Perineal hernia
5. To make the animal more docile (and domesticated).
ANAESTHESIA AND CONTROL-
Local infiltration; spermatic block or epidural anaesthesia; dorsal
recumbent state.
SITES
1. Pre-scrotal site: Mid-line in front of the scrotum.
2. Longitudinal incision on the ventral aspect of the scrotum
27. CASTRATION IN DOG
27
TECHNIQUES-
1. (Pre-scrotal site)-One testis is pushed forward to bring it under the skin
over the ventral aspect of sheath. An incision is placed over it in the
mid-line and the testis is squeezed out by mild presssure between
thumb and finger. The cord is severed after ligation and the testis is
removed. The other testis is removed similarly through the same
opening. The skin wound is closed preferably by subcuticular sutures
2. Each testis is tensed against the skin of the scrotum between the
thumb and index finger and an incision is made anteroposteriorly. The
spermatic cord is then separated into the anterior vascular bundle, and
the posterior bundle containing the vas deferens. The posterior bundle
(vas deferens) is divided by scissors. The vascular bundle is ligatured
and then divided to remove the testes. The skin wound is left open.
28. CASTRATION IN DOG
28
3. After removal of one testis as in technique 2, the other testicle is
extracted through the same opening by making an incision through
the median septum of the scrotum .
Covered- Method
The difference in procedure here as compared to the open method
is that the testes are removed along with the tunica vaginalis. The
spermatic cord is severed after ligaturing it over the tunica
vaginalis.
29. CASTRATION IN BOVINE
29
INDICATIONS-
To make the animal more docile and easily manageable when used as a work
animal.
METHODS
(1) Closed method. (2) Open method.
(1) CLOSED METHOD OF CASTRATION IN THE BOVINE USING BURDIZZO
FORCEPS
This method is preferred in work cattle because no open wound is produced.
The technique is simple. However the effect of castration is observed more slowly
(in about one month) than if castrated by the open method.
A- Burdizzo castrator (Burdizzo forceps) is used for doing this operation. Two
types of this instrument are available, viz., Burdizzo forceps with plain jaws and
Burdizzo forceps with cord stop jaws. The latter type is Preferrable.
30. CASTRATION IN BOVINE
30
Points to remember in the technique are:
1. The spermatic cord should be held tense against the skin of scrotum
and should be placed between the jaws of the forceps and crushed
2. Avoid crushing the penis by mistake.
3. Do not crush the testicle or epididymis but only the spermatic cord.
4. The crushing lines on the skin of either side should not coincide since it
may cause sloughing of the scrotal skin.
2) OPEN METHOD OF CASTRATION IN THE BOVINE
INDICATION-
Open method is preferred for beef animals as it will bring about quicker
weight gain.