This document discusses displaced abomasum in dairy cattle. It begins by defining displaced abomasum as the distention and displacement of the abomasum into the left or right side of the abdomen. It then discusses risk factors like diet, breed, late pregnancy and concurrent diseases. Clinical signs include inappetence, milk drop, and ketosis. Diagnosis involves percussion, succussion, ultrasound and rectal palpation. Treatments discussed are medical techniques using drugs, non-surgical rolling and toggling, and various surgical techniques like right paramedian abomasopexy. Postoperative care and potential complications are also outlined.
A common disease of cattle and may also in dog, cat, sheep, goat, mare, Buffalo. The slides contain an introduction, causes of torsion, clinical signs and symptoms, torsion causes, treatment.
A common disease of cattle and may also in dog, cat, sheep, goat, mare, Buffalo. The slides contain an introduction, causes of torsion, clinical signs and symptoms, torsion causes, treatment.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
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This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
3. Introduction
• Gaseous distention and displacement of abomasum either toward left or side of
abdomen between rumen and abdominal wall.
• May be due to abomasal atony or decreased filling capacity of rumen
• LDA is most common and occur mostly during early lactation while RDA occur
throughout lactation. RDA is more serious as some degree of volvulus is always
present.
• Mostly affect High producing animals. Also occur in calves.
1/11/2023 Abomasal Displacement 3
5. Risk Factors
• Dietary Risk Factors: Dietary Crude Fiber: Crude fiber concentration less
than 16-17% is associated with LDA.
• High level grain feeding increases flow of ruminal ingesta to abomasum
which cause an increase in VFA’s conc. which can inhibit abomasal
motility
• This inhibits flow of digesta from abomasum to duodenum. Thus, lead to
large volume of methane and Carbon dioxide being trapped and causing
it’s distention & displacement.
1/11/2023 Abomasal Displacement 5
6. Risk Factors
• Breed and age of cow: LDA occurs predominantly in Holestein-Fresian and
Jersey cows.
• Late pregnancy: During late pregnancy rumen is lifted from the abdominal
floor b the expanding uterus and abomasum is pushed forward and to the
left under rumen. Following parturation, the rumen subsides trapping the
abomasum, especially if its atonic or distended with feed.
1/11/2023 Abomasal Displacement 6
7. Risk Factors
• Concurrent Diseases: Cows with LDA are more likely to have had
retained placenta, ketosis, still-born calf, metritis or parturient
paresis.
• Hypocalcemia: Blood calcium level affect abomasal motility. Value
below 1.2mmol total calcium /L suggest absence of abomasal
motility.
1/11/2023 Abomasal Displacement 7
8. Risk Factors
• Miscellaneous animal Risk Factors: Unusual activity, including
jumping on other cows during estrus.
1/11/2023 Abomasal Displacement 8
9. Clinical Findings
• Inapetence or complete anorexia
• Drop in milk production
• Ketosis
• Diarrhea
• Pasty feces
• Normal TRP
• Clinical signs for LDA and RDA are almost similar.
1/11/2023 ABOMASAL DISPLACEMENT 9
10. Diagnosis
• Clinical History:
• Ping on percussion: A metallic sound can be heard on percussion over an area between upper
third of 9th – 13th rib in case of LDA & 10th -13th rib in case of RDA and 12th & 13th rib in case of
abomasal volvulus.
• Succussion: Diagnostic procedure that require shaking of a part of body to elicit splashing
sounds in a cavity or cavities.
• Abomasal Fluids: Color :Khaki-brown(Abomasum) Greenish(Rumen) Smell: Sour odor
Consistency : Watery
1/11/2023 ABOMASAL DISPLACEMENT 10
11. Diagnosis
• Liptek test: Based on difference in pH of rumen and abomasum.
Abomasal pH : 2-4 Rumen pH: 6-7
• Ultrasound Examination: Abomasum is seen between rumen and body
wall. It contain fluid ingesta ventrally and a agas cap dorsally.
• Rectal Examination: On RP a sense of emptiness in right upper abdomen.
The rumen is usually smaller and rarely distended abomasum may be
palpated.
1/11/2023 ABOMASAL DISPLACEMENT 11
12. Diagnosis
• Atrial Fibrillation: Due metabolic alkalosis & disappear following
surgery.
• Clinical Pathology: Beta-hydroxybutyrate value between 1-1.6
mmol/L (N:0.35-0.47mmol/L)is associated with LDA,
1/11/2023 ABOMASAL DISPLACEMENT 12
14. Treatment
Non-Surgical: Place cow in lateral recumbency, tie it’s feet and roll the
animal from side to side while animal is in dorsal recumbency.
Massaging the abdomen while rolling helps in normal repositioning of
the abomasum.
It is important to finally roll animal on left side and allow it to get up
from this position
1/11/2023 DISPLACED ABOMASUM 14
15. Roll-and-Toggle Pin Suture
• Cast the cow. In dorsal recumbency abomasum should float to its
normal position.
• Identify the abomasum by pinging and apply two toggles after
deflating abomasum.
1/11/2023 ABOMASAL DISPLACEMENT 15
17. Anesthesia and Surgical Preparation
• Right paramedian abomasopexy is performed in dorsal recumbency.
• Animal is sedated, casted. it’s legs are tied and it’s body is supported by a
tough frame.
• Surgery can be performed either on local lignocaine infiltration or general
anesthesia.
• Xylazine: 0.12-0.15mg/kg(I/M or I/V)
• Xylazine 0.1mg/kg + Ketamine 0.5 mg/kg
1/11/2023 ABOMASAL DISPLACEMENT 17
18. Right Paramedian Abomasopexy
• 20-cm incision between the midline and right subcutaneous abdominal vein about 8cm
behind xiphoid process ending immediately cranial to umbilicus
• In most cases abomasum will have returned to normal position during casting
process.
• Lateral aspect of greater curvature of abomasum is incorporated with peritoneum and
internal rectus sheath in a simple continuous manner
• Care must be taken to not penetrate the abomasal mucosa
• Close external rectus sheath and then skin
1/11/2023 ABOMASAL DISPLACEMENT 18
20. Right Paramedian Abomasopexy
Advantages: Abomasum brought into position more easily,
Instantaneous reposition, Abomasum easily viewed, Examination for
ulcers etc.
Disadvantages: Not performed in standing position, Require more
assistance, Abomasal fistula.
1/11/2023 ABOMASAL DISPLACEMENT 20
21. Anesthetic Protocol
• Left and right flank omentopexies and abomasopexies are performed with
animal in standing position
• Local anesthesia is instituted by performing a paravertebral block, inverted
L block, or a line block.
• Paravertebral:T13, L1, L2
• Epidural
1/11/2023 ABOMASAL DISPLACEMENT 21
22. Left Flank Omentopexy
• 20 cm long vertical incision in left paralumbar fossa. Usually
abomasum lies under the incision.
• Attachment of greater omentum along abomasum
• Place a 7cm long suture on omentum using 8m non-absorbable
suture material.
• About a meter of suture material should extend on each side of
suture line
1/11/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 22
23. Left Flank Omentopexy
• Deflate and reposition abomasum.
• Attach a cutting edge needle to cranial end of suture and carry it
ventral abdomen
• Force needle through ventral midline and attach a second cutting
needle to caudal end of suture and pierce similarly through ventral
midline about 8-12cm caudal to cranial suture
• Tie the two suture ends outside the body
1/11/2023 23
25. Left and right Flank
abomasopexy
• The procedure is basically similar except the suture is laced in
simple continuous fashion in musculature of greater curvature of
abomasum
• Left Flank approach for LDA and right flank for RDA.
1/11/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 25
26. Right-flank Omentopexy
• Can be performed for both LDA and RDA
• After abomasum is decompressed and reposition grasp the
omentum distal to pylorus and pull through abdominal incision
• Place two mattress suture of heavy catgut, one each cranial and
caudal to incision line.
• Suture peritoneum and transverse abdominal muscle while also
incorporating omentum in the ventral two third of incision
1/11/2023 26
29. Right-flank Omentopexy
• Advantages: Can be performed in standing position
• Disadvantages: Abomasum not easily accessible.
1/11/2023 ABOMASAL DISPLACEMENT 29
30. Postoperative care
• General wound care
• Monitor patient for clinical signs, milk production etc.
• 0.9% sodium Chloride Therapy supplemented with potassium
chloride.
• Neostigmine
•
1/11/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 30