This document provides an overview of three infectious diseases that affect livestock: Theileriosis, Avian Pasteurellosis, and Fowl Typhoid. For each disease, it discusses the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and control. Theileriosis is caused by Theileria parasites transmitted by ticks and affects cattle. Avian Pasteurellosis is caused by Pasteurella multocida bacteria and affects poultry, causing acute septicemic disease. Fowl Typhoid is caused by Salmonella gallinarum bacteria and also affects poultry, characterized by acute manifestation and high mortality.
This document provides information on various production diseases affecting cattle, horses, pigs and poultry. It discusses the etiology, epidemiology, clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment of post-parturient haemoglobinuria in cattle, azoturia in horses, lactation tetany in mares, porcine stress syndrome, and baby pig disease. The document contains detailed descriptions of these diseases with the goal of teaching veterinary students.
This document discusses production diseases of cattle. It begins by defining production diseases as those induced by management practices, with metabolic diseases being typical examples. It then discusses several specific production diseases of cattle in detail, including milk fever/parturient paresis, ketosis/acetonemia, and fatty liver syndrome, covering the etiology, epidemiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of each disease.
Lecture 1 : Grading, Testing & Quality of raw milkWiseAcademy
This document discusses the testing and grading of raw milk quality. It begins by outlining some of the microbiological contaminants that can be present in raw milk if drawn from an unhealthy cow or milked by contaminated milkers. It then describes the parameters used to determine good quality raw milk, including bacterial count, somatic cell count, and the absence of chemicals, sediments, or abnormal characteristics. The document proceeds to explain various platform tests conducted at milk collection centers to test raw milk quality, such as organoleptic tests, sediment tests, acidity tests, and microbial analysis. It concludes by outlining the grading system used to classify raw milk quality into very good, good, fair, poor, and very poor grades based on test
This document discusses deficiency diseases in poultry, including deficiencies of protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus, manganese, selenium, vitamins A, D, E, K, and B-complex. It provides sources of these nutrients, recommended levels per kg of feed, and clinical symptoms and pathological pictures of deficiency for each one. Key signs mentioned include rickets, osteoporosis, perosis, reduced egg production and hatchability, hemorrhages, edema, and nervous disorders like encephalomalacia. The document also includes UPSC practice questions related to poultry deficiency diseases.
This document discusses various deficiency diseases in domestic animals and birds, focusing on calcium, phosphorus, vitamins A, D, and selenium/vitamin E deficiencies. For each deficiency, the document outlines the clinical findings seen and recommended treatments. It provides details on conditions like rickets, osteomalacia, and nutritional muscular dystrophy that can result from prolonged deficiencies. The treatment sections focus on correcting dietary deficiencies and providing supplements as needed.
This document provides an overview of three infectious diseases that affect livestock: Theileriosis, Avian Pasteurellosis, and Fowl Typhoid. For each disease, it discusses the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and control. Theileriosis is caused by Theileria parasites transmitted by ticks and affects cattle. Avian Pasteurellosis is caused by Pasteurella multocida bacteria and affects poultry, causing acute septicemic disease. Fowl Typhoid is caused by Salmonella gallinarum bacteria and also affects poultry, characterized by acute manifestation and high mortality.
This document provides information on various production diseases affecting cattle, horses, pigs and poultry. It discusses the etiology, epidemiology, clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment of post-parturient haemoglobinuria in cattle, azoturia in horses, lactation tetany in mares, porcine stress syndrome, and baby pig disease. The document contains detailed descriptions of these diseases with the goal of teaching veterinary students.
This document discusses production diseases of cattle. It begins by defining production diseases as those induced by management practices, with metabolic diseases being typical examples. It then discusses several specific production diseases of cattle in detail, including milk fever/parturient paresis, ketosis/acetonemia, and fatty liver syndrome, covering the etiology, epidemiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of each disease.
Lecture 1 : Grading, Testing & Quality of raw milkWiseAcademy
This document discusses the testing and grading of raw milk quality. It begins by outlining some of the microbiological contaminants that can be present in raw milk if drawn from an unhealthy cow or milked by contaminated milkers. It then describes the parameters used to determine good quality raw milk, including bacterial count, somatic cell count, and the absence of chemicals, sediments, or abnormal characteristics. The document proceeds to explain various platform tests conducted at milk collection centers to test raw milk quality, such as organoleptic tests, sediment tests, acidity tests, and microbial analysis. It concludes by outlining the grading system used to classify raw milk quality into very good, good, fair, poor, and very poor grades based on test
This document discusses deficiency diseases in poultry, including deficiencies of protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus, manganese, selenium, vitamins A, D, E, K, and B-complex. It provides sources of these nutrients, recommended levels per kg of feed, and clinical symptoms and pathological pictures of deficiency for each one. Key signs mentioned include rickets, osteoporosis, perosis, reduced egg production and hatchability, hemorrhages, edema, and nervous disorders like encephalomalacia. The document also includes UPSC practice questions related to poultry deficiency diseases.
This document discusses various deficiency diseases in domestic animals and birds, focusing on calcium, phosphorus, vitamins A, D, and selenium/vitamin E deficiencies. For each deficiency, the document outlines the clinical findings seen and recommended treatments. It provides details on conditions like rickets, osteomalacia, and nutritional muscular dystrophy that can result from prolonged deficiencies. The treatment sections focus on correcting dietary deficiencies and providing supplements as needed.
The document discusses various vitamin and mineral deficiency diseases in domestic animals and poultry. It begins with an introduction by Dr. Nireeksha Jain and then covers the following key deficiency diseases:
- Energy and protein deficiencies which can cause reduced growth, milk production, and reproductive issues.
- Cobalt deficiency in ruminants which impairs vitamin B12 synthesis and causes loss of appetite, weight loss, and weakness.
- Copper deficiency seen as unthriftiness, hair discoloration, diarrhea, and bone abnormalities.
- Iodine deficiency affecting reproduction and causing goiter, alopecia, and birth defects.
- Iron deficiency commonly seen in young animals on milk
This document provides information about disease investigation techniques, materials needed for laboratory investigation, and the establishment of animal health centers. It discusses techniques for investigating disease outbreaks and epidemics, as well as the objectives and phases of disease surveillance. It also outlines the different types of samples that can be collected from animals for laboratory analysis, and the proper procedures and materials needed for sample collection. Finally, it describes the goals, services, and assistance provided by animal health centers, which work to diagnose and prevent the spread of diseases among livestock populations.
This document provides information about various veterinary surgical procedures including caesarean section, rumenotomy, and castration. It discusses the indications, techniques, and post-operative care for each procedure. Specifically, it describes how caesarean section involves opening the abdomen and uterus to deliver calves when natural birth is difficult. It also explains that rumenotomy requires an incision into the rumen to remove contents and relieve impaction. Finally, it notes that castration removes the testicles in animals like dogs and cattle.
This document provides a summary of common veterinary conditions including hernia, choking, and abomasal displacement. It discusses the etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment for each condition. Hernia is defined as the protrusion of an organ through an opening in the abdominal wall. Choking refers to obstruction of the esophagus by a foreign object. Abomasal displacement occurs when the abomasum is pushed to the left side of the abdomen in cows. The document provides classifications and types of hernias, as well as surgical techniques for hernia repair.
The document provides information on various topics related to veterinary science and disease control for UPSC CSE exams. It discusses herd immunity and how vaccinating a high percentage of animals can protect the unvaccinated. It defines disease-free zones and explains their importance for international trade. The zero disease concept and chemoprophylaxis are also summarized. Methods for disease surveillance and control in poultry are outlined, including vaccination, parasite control, and separating flocks by age.
The document discusses symptoms and surgical management of fractures and dislocations in large animals. It defines a fracture as a break in the continuity of bone or cartilage, and classifies fractures based on their communication with the environment, the extent of the fracture line, the direction of the fracture line, and other characteristics. It also discusses factors that influence fracture healing and various treatment methods including reduction, retention, rigid immobilization, and rehabilitation. The document then defines and classifies dislocations, and discusses etiology, clinical signs, and general treatment principles for dislocations.
This document provides an overview of veterinary anaesthesia including local, regional, and general anaesthesia. It discusses pre-anaesthetic medication which is administered prior to general anaesthesia to make it safer. The document categorizes pre-anaesthetic drugs and describes commonly used local anaesthetics. It also differentiates between local, regional, and general anaesthesia, outlining the classification and mechanisms of general anaesthesia. The summary concludes with an expression of gratitude from the presenter.
Lecture 4 : Animal Diseases for Veterinary Scienceal.pptxWiseAcademy
This document provides an overview of veterinary immunization principles and methods against specific diseases. It discusses various types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated/killed, toxoid, bacterins, subunit/conjugate, peptide, recombinant DNA, DIVA/marker vaccines. Key points covered include active vs passive immunity, advantages and disadvantages of different vaccine types, and immunization schedules for poultry birds. Mucosal immunity and its role in disease protection is also summarized. The document concludes with addressing causes of vaccination failure and strategies to avoid it.
Lecture 3 : Animal Diseases for Veterinary ScienceWiseAcademy
This document provides information about diagnosing and treating neurological disorders in veterinary medicine. It discusses examining an animal's mental status, posture, gait, and reflexes. Common neurological conditions covered include meningitis, brain injury, paralysis, and epilepsy. For each condition, the document outlines typical clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment approaches. It also provides example drug dosages for treating epilepsy.
Lecture 2 : Animal Diseases for Veterinary ScienceWiseAcademy
This document provides an overview of indigestion in cattle. It defines indigestion and classifies it into different types including simple indigestion, alkaline indigestion, and acid indigestion. For each type, the document discusses etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment. It also briefly covers other topics like dehydration, stroke, and poisoning in cattle.
Lecture 1 : Animal Diseases for Veterinary ScienceWiseAcademy
- The document discusses various common non-specific conditions seen in veterinary practice such as impaction, bloat, and diarrhea.
- Impaction occurs due to the failure of digestion and accumulation of feed in the stomach compartments. Bloat occurs due to overextension of the rumen with gases from excessive fermentation. Diarrhea is the frequent passing of loose stools and can be caused by various infections.
- The diagnosis, clinical signs, and treatment approaches for each condition are explained in detail within the document.
The document discusses various vitamin and mineral deficiency diseases in domestic animals and poultry. It begins with an introduction by Dr. Nireeksha Jain and then covers the following key deficiency diseases:
- Energy and protein deficiencies which can cause reduced growth, milk production, and reproductive issues.
- Cobalt deficiency in ruminants which impairs vitamin B12 synthesis and causes loss of appetite, weight loss, and weakness.
- Copper deficiency seen as unthriftiness, hair discoloration, diarrhea, and bone abnormalities.
- Iodine deficiency affecting reproduction and causing goiter, alopecia, and birth defects.
- Iron deficiency commonly seen in young animals on milk
This document provides information about disease investigation techniques, materials needed for laboratory investigation, and the establishment of animal health centers. It discusses techniques for investigating disease outbreaks and epidemics, as well as the objectives and phases of disease surveillance. It also outlines the different types of samples that can be collected from animals for laboratory analysis, and the proper procedures and materials needed for sample collection. Finally, it describes the goals, services, and assistance provided by animal health centers, which work to diagnose and prevent the spread of diseases among livestock populations.
This document provides information about various veterinary surgical procedures including caesarean section, rumenotomy, and castration. It discusses the indications, techniques, and post-operative care for each procedure. Specifically, it describes how caesarean section involves opening the abdomen and uterus to deliver calves when natural birth is difficult. It also explains that rumenotomy requires an incision into the rumen to remove contents and relieve impaction. Finally, it notes that castration removes the testicles in animals like dogs and cattle.
This document provides a summary of common veterinary conditions including hernia, choking, and abomasal displacement. It discusses the etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment for each condition. Hernia is defined as the protrusion of an organ through an opening in the abdominal wall. Choking refers to obstruction of the esophagus by a foreign object. Abomasal displacement occurs when the abomasum is pushed to the left side of the abdomen in cows. The document provides classifications and types of hernias, as well as surgical techniques for hernia repair.
The document provides information on various topics related to veterinary science and disease control for UPSC CSE exams. It discusses herd immunity and how vaccinating a high percentage of animals can protect the unvaccinated. It defines disease-free zones and explains their importance for international trade. The zero disease concept and chemoprophylaxis are also summarized. Methods for disease surveillance and control in poultry are outlined, including vaccination, parasite control, and separating flocks by age.
The document discusses symptoms and surgical management of fractures and dislocations in large animals. It defines a fracture as a break in the continuity of bone or cartilage, and classifies fractures based on their communication with the environment, the extent of the fracture line, the direction of the fracture line, and other characteristics. It also discusses factors that influence fracture healing and various treatment methods including reduction, retention, rigid immobilization, and rehabilitation. The document then defines and classifies dislocations, and discusses etiology, clinical signs, and general treatment principles for dislocations.
This document provides an overview of veterinary anaesthesia including local, regional, and general anaesthesia. It discusses pre-anaesthetic medication which is administered prior to general anaesthesia to make it safer. The document categorizes pre-anaesthetic drugs and describes commonly used local anaesthetics. It also differentiates between local, regional, and general anaesthesia, outlining the classification and mechanisms of general anaesthesia. The summary concludes with an expression of gratitude from the presenter.
Lecture 4 : Animal Diseases for Veterinary Scienceal.pptxWiseAcademy
This document provides an overview of veterinary immunization principles and methods against specific diseases. It discusses various types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated/killed, toxoid, bacterins, subunit/conjugate, peptide, recombinant DNA, DIVA/marker vaccines. Key points covered include active vs passive immunity, advantages and disadvantages of different vaccine types, and immunization schedules for poultry birds. Mucosal immunity and its role in disease protection is also summarized. The document concludes with addressing causes of vaccination failure and strategies to avoid it.
Lecture 3 : Animal Diseases for Veterinary ScienceWiseAcademy
This document provides information about diagnosing and treating neurological disorders in veterinary medicine. It discusses examining an animal's mental status, posture, gait, and reflexes. Common neurological conditions covered include meningitis, brain injury, paralysis, and epilepsy. For each condition, the document outlines typical clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment approaches. It also provides example drug dosages for treating epilepsy.
Lecture 2 : Animal Diseases for Veterinary ScienceWiseAcademy
This document provides an overview of indigestion in cattle. It defines indigestion and classifies it into different types including simple indigestion, alkaline indigestion, and acid indigestion. For each type, the document discusses etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment. It also briefly covers other topics like dehydration, stroke, and poisoning in cattle.
Lecture 1 : Animal Diseases for Veterinary ScienceWiseAcademy
- The document discusses various common non-specific conditions seen in veterinary practice such as impaction, bloat, and diarrhea.
- Impaction occurs due to the failure of digestion and accumulation of feed in the stomach compartments. Bloat occurs due to overextension of the rumen with gases from excessive fermentation. Diarrhea is the frequent passing of loose stools and can be caused by various infections.
- The diagnosis, clinical signs, and treatment approaches for each condition are explained in detail within the document.
5. UPSC PYQ’s
5
1) Prevention & control steps for Haemorrhagic septicaemia in cattle? ( 2018)
2) Describe the etiology, clinical findings, diagnosis, control of FMD in ruminants?(2017
3) Describe the etiology, clinical findings, diagnosis, control of Swine fever?(2016)
4) Control of bovine TB in cattle?
5) Etiology, clinical findings, diagnosis, control of Haemorrhagic septicaemia ?(2012)
6) Etiology, clinical findings, diagnosis, control of Avian influenza ?(2010)
7) etiology,pathogenesis clinical findings, diagnosis, control of Swine influenza?(2009)
6. BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS
Bovine TB is a contagious chronic disease of cattle caused
by Mycobacterium bovis and associated with progressive
emaciation and tubercle (granuloma) formation involving
usually the respiratory system but also other organs. Being a
zoonotic disease, it is also an important public health issue.
TRANSMISSION / ETIOLOGY
Common sources of infection are contaminated environment,
contact with infected animals. The organism enters body by
INHALATION. It is expelled by infected animals & remains in air
in droplets in cattle-sheds. The organism also enters by ingestion
of infected discharges, from open lesions in lymph-nodes, faeces,
milk, urine.
7. EPIDEMIOLOGY
• Widely prevalant in cattle.
• Cattle are the most susceptible & Bovine strain is
most pathogenic.
• Incidence more in Pure-bred & Cross-bred cattle.
• Desi catttle/ indegenous/ zebu cattle are
comparitively resistant.( zebu cattle harbour low
virulent Tubercle bacilli)
8. PATHOGENESIS
• The capacity of tuberculous organism to elicit a disease depends
on certain complex lipids present in their cell wall.
• Following entry, the bacilli localise in the point of entry and produce
a typical tubercle in associated lymph nodes.
• Virulent organisms enter the alveoli through inhalation (droplet
infection). The organisms thus enter in the mucosa of the bronchial
tree.
• Then the neutrophils undergo necrosis and the epitheloid cells
accumulate to produce a multilayer zone circling the bacteria and
dead cells.
• Some of the tuberculous bacilli may come out from the lesion and
invade the lymph channels and where from carried to the bronchial
or mediastinal lymph nodes and thus establish a new foci of
infection.
9. 9
SYMPTOMS
1. The infected animals loose body wt. slowly but continuously.
2. Respiratory system most commonly infected. ( dyspnoea,
increased resp.rate, painful ,dry cough)
3. Digestive tract- Abdominal pain, obstinate diarrhoea, chronic
bloat.
4. Small nodules in mammary tissue.
5. Normal milk appearance- greenish yellow with flakes, curdle
mass.
6. CNS- loss of vision, incoordinated gait, partial paralysis
7. Skin lesions- nodules of various sizes containing caseous
material.
10. PM -LESIONS
M. bovis mainly enters the body via the respiratory tract or the
alimentary tract, with the former being the most common.
In the lungs localised bronchiolitis is followed by ‘tubercle’,
formation — an abscess with necrotic focus and caseation and
sometimes calcification surrounded by a fibrous capsule.
Tubercles have a yellowish appearance, and a caseous, caseo-
calcareous or calcified consistency.
Findings at post-mortem vary from single small focus usually in the
lung to numerous, sometimes confluent lesions in several organs.
Tubercles may be found in bronchial, mediastinal, retropharyngeal
and portal lymph nodes.
Lesions in the lungs, liver, spleen, body cavities and female
genitalia can be found in advanced cases.
11. DIAGNOSIS
Clinical symptoms alone are not diagnostic.
The diagnosis can be arrived at by demonstration of acid-
fast bacilli on microscopic examination of material from
lesions, sputum, milk, uterine discharge, pleural etc.
By inoculation into laboratory animals like guinea-pigs.
An intradermal tuberculin test in which 0.1 ml of
mammalian purified, protein derivative (PPD) is
inoculated intradermally into the middle of skin of neck.
PCR tests are being used presently for accurate
diagnosis
12. TREATMENT &
PREVENTION
Treatment is not recommended, as it is very prolonged and the
results are unreliable. The animals under treatment are liable to
disseminate organisms in milk meant for human consumption.
CONTROL
Tuberculin test is widely used throughout the world as herd
screening test for the control of bovine tuberculosis.
In India, where control by test and slaughter is not possible,
Bang's method of control has been found to be useful. The
method is based on disposing of all the clinical cases.
13. CONTROL
The calves born of tuberculosis-infected cows are free of
infection. The animals not showing clinical signs are subjected
to tuberculin testing.
The reactors and non-reactors are kept separately. The healthy
group is tested every 3 to 6 months.
Calves born of healthy animals are allowed to remain with
mothers while those from reacting mothers are weaned
immediately after birth.
This method leads to a progressive increase in the number of
healthy animals and a decrease of reactors.
Vaccination of animals with BCG is not practised in India.
14. BLACK QUARTER
It is an acute, infectious, highly fatal bacterial disease of Cattle caused
by Clostridium chauvoei. Buffaloes, sheep, goat are also affected.
Young cattle between 6- 24 months of age, in good body condition are
mostly affected.
ETIOLOGY & EPIDEMIOLOGY
Caused by Clostridium chauvoei- gram-positive, anaerobic spore.
Young stock mostly affected ( 6 months-2 years).
It is a soil-borne infection, occuring usually in rainy season.
Common in areas with Moderate rainfall & where dry crop cultivation
is comon.
16. SYMPTOMS
Animals may die without showing symptoms.
Crepitant swelling in hind and fore quarters which crackles when
rubbed due to gas in the muscle.
Lameness
Fever
Twitching of muscle
Affected region is hot and painful but becomes cold and painless
in later stages.
Skin over affected area – dry, hard and dark.
Laboured breathing
Accelerated pulse- rate.
17. LESIONS
1. Lesions are limited to affected muscles.
2. Muscles of shoulder, thigh and neck are usually affected.
3. Lesions may also be observed in the tongue, diaphragm and myocardium.
4. Large crepitating swellings are the most characteristic necropsy findings.
Affected muscles are infiltrated with yellowish exudate.
5. Gas bubbles accumulate between the muscle fibres.
6. Due to haemorrhage affected tissues turn black.
7. A rancid odour (butyric odour) emanates from the muscles.
8. Blood stain discharge may ooze from the nostrils.
9. There is accumulation of fluid in the pericardium.
10. The liver, kidneys, lungs and spleen show yellowish foci and haemorrhage.
11. The entire body assumes a bloated appearance.
12. On microscopic examination, the affected muscles show coagulative
necrosis
18. DIAGNOSIS
In the field outbreak, a tentative diagnosis is made from history,
clinical-observation & PM findings.
Lab diagnosis can be made as-
Microscopic examination of Smear- from affected tissues,
fluids of swellings. Gram positive rods with sub-terminal spores
are seen.
Cultural test- materials to be used are heart, blood, peritoneal
fluids etc.
Biological test
Fluorescent Antibody Technique
19. TREATMENT
• Use of penicillin, aureomycin and oxytetracycline. The
antibiotic may be injected into the affected muscles.
• Penicillin is extensively used and considered as drug of
choice. Penicillin @ 2000 to 4000 units per lb body weight
per day may be used.
• Newer antibiotic e.g. Cephaloridine (Kefelong) may be
tried.
20. CONTROL
1. Since the disease is associated with infection from the soil,
the cultivation in that soil may be avoided.
2. The young animals should be kept out of such area.
3. The dead body should be burnt or burried.
4. The calf and sheep should not be allowed to graze in
endemic pasture
5. All the animals of the endemic zones should be vaccinated
with suitable vaccine.
6. Use of polyvalent vaccine and anthelmintic combination
to control the black quarter in a flock of sheep
21. HAEMORRHAGIC
SEPTECEMIA
SYNOMYMS- Pasteurellosis, Shipping fever, Barbone disease.
It is an acute septecaemic disease occuring most often in cattle,
buffalo, sheep, goat,etc usually following some form of stress like
driving, transportation, shipping etc.
ETIOLOGY
The disease is caused by Pasteurella multocida type-1 organism.
It is gram negative coccoid, short rod or filamentous shaped
organism. Predisposing factors like fatigue, transportation, over-
exertion, starvation, close confinement to damp and humid
atmosphere may help the organism to assume virulent role and set
up the disease process.
22. EPIDEMIOLOGY
22
Cattle and buffaloes are the most susceptible species. Young
growing cattle within the age group of 6 months to 2 years are
most often affected. Feed lot cattle may suffer when they are put
under stress .Sheep. goats and pigs do suffer.
TRANSMISSION
HS is principally a disease of animals under stress. Infection is
transmitted by: Direct contact between animals, Contaminated
feedstuffs or water. The bacterium does not survive in the
environment for more than a few days.
24. CLINICAL SIGNS
24
1. There is high rise of temperature (104 107°F) with concurrent
shivering.
2. Profuse salivation, lachrymation and nasal discharge.
3. Sign of conjunctivitis and the visible mucous membrane
assume deep red colour.
4. Sharp drop in milk yield.
5. The affected cases exhibit signs of abdominal pain severe
diarrhoea or dysentery.
6. Respiration rate is rapid in nature
7. In almost all the cases sub-mucosal petechiation are evident.
8. In less acute cases, there is rise in body temperature and
localization of oedema in the subcutaneous pocket of the head,
neck, dewlap and brisket region.
9. Death usually occurs within 20-24 hours.
25. LESIONS
25
• The pneumonic changes are manifested by marked hepatization of
lungs with deposition of fibrinous exudates in the interlobular
space .
• Oedema and thickening of the interlobular septa are commonly
observed.
• Usually there is accumulation of fluid in the thoracic cavity and
pericardial sac.
• The liver and spleen are apparently normal; the mesenteric and
mediastinal lymph glands are congested.
26. DIAGNOSIS
26
• Identification of the organism.
• Smears from heart blood, liver, lungs, spleen and intestinal content from
dead animals should be stained with leishman stain.
• Culture of the organism
• Animal inoculation- The rabbit is the most susceptible laboratory animals.
TREATMENT
Intravenous administration of sulphonamides-Sulphamethazine @
150 mg/kg body weight for 3 days or.
Oxytetracycline @5-10 mg/kg body weight. Besides, treatment may
be extended with Chloramphenicol @ 10mg/kg body weight or
Ampicillin).
Symptomatic treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs e.g..
Betamethazone or dexamethazonė
27. CONTROL
27
The effective control lies with institution of adequate
management, rational executions of vaccines and care in
the transportation of animals.
An effective prophylactic vaccination of all susceptible
animals of the enzootic areas should be made.
A practical approach seems to be to adopt a programme
of compulsory annual vaccination of all animals in such
areas, including those of organized livestock farms, to be
carried out a month or two before the onset of monsoon.