4. UPSC PYQ’s
1) Explain in detail the classification & uses of
preanesthetic. Also discuss the advantages &
disadvantages of Inhalation anesthesia? ( 2017)
1) Differentiate between local, general & regional
anaesthesia ? ( 2015)
1) Role of Hyaluronidase & epinephrine in induction of
local Anaesthesia in introduction of local anesthesia ?
(2009)
5. ANAESTHESIA
▪ Total loss of sensation in a body part or in whole body,
generally induced by a drug or combination of drugs that
depress the activity of nervous tissue either locally
(peripherally) or generally (centrally).
5 phases of Anaesthesia-
a) Preanaesthetic or preinduction period
b) Induction of anaesthesia
c) Maintenance
d) Recovery
e) Post- anaesthetic period
6. PREANAESTHETIC
MEDICATION
▪ It is a term applied to the administration of drugs
prior to General anaesthesia so as to make
anaesthesia safer for the patient.
▪ Ensures comfort to the patient & to minimize
adverse effects of anaesthesia.
7. AIMS/ PURPOSES/
ADVANTAGES
● Aid in animal restraint by modifying behaviour. ( easier to work with, reluctant to
move).
● Reduce stress.
● Prevent / reduce pain during and after surgery.
● Produce muscle relaxation.
● Reduce the amount of general anesthetic needed and increase the margin of
safety.
● Facilitate safe & uncomplicated induction, maintenance and recovery from
anaesthesia.
● Minimize adverse & toxic effects of concurrently
administered drugs.
● Minimise autonomic reflex activity.
18. ADVANTAGES & SIDE
EFFECTS
1. Cardiopulmonary effects
2. Increase seizure threshold
3. Excellent muscle relaxation
SIDE – EFECTS
1. Ataxia , particularly in large animals
2. Paradoxic increase in anxiety leading to
aggression in cats.
1. Possible CNS depression in neonates
2. Bradycardia & Hypotension in rapid IV.
20. SIDE- EFFECTS
20
• Bradycardia
• Hypotension
• Decrease tissue perfusion
• Respiratory depression
• Ataxia in large animals
• Sweating in horses
• Diuresis
• Xylazine produces severe inflamatory
response if administered S/C in horse and
cattle.
21. BROAD CLASSIFICATION
(ANAESTHESIA)
21
1. Local anaesthesia- surface application, by local
infiltration S/C or intradermally.
2. Regional anaesthesia- eg, nerve blocks, epidural
injection.
3. Sedation & narcosis- also called pre- anaesthetics.
4. General Anaesthesia.
22. 1) LOCAL ANAESTHETICS/
ANALGESICS
22
For it, the drugs are applied about nerve
terminals or injected around nerve fibres to
prevent conduction of nerve impulses by the
nerve tissue.
The desensitization of n area by injecting
analgesics around its borders is called FIELD
BLOCK.
26. COMMOMLY USED L.A’s
26
1. Procaine hydrochloride-
- 2-2.5 % used for local infiltration , nerve block
- develops in 5 mint, lasts for 1 hr.
- non-irritating.
2. Amethocaine hydrochloride-
- 5-10 times more powerful than procaine.
- 1 % local infiltration, 2% surface application.
- commonly used for surface anaesthesia.
3. Lignocaine hydrochloride-
- effective both for surface app. 4% and local application 2%.
- solutions stable and not decomposed easily.
27. COMMOMLY USED L.A’s
27
4. Cocaine-
- can be used for local iinfiltration 2-4 %
- very toxic
- toxic doses can cause convulsions,
respiratory depressions.
28. 2) REGIONAL ANALGESIA
28
• In this, analgesic is injected over the main nerve block
supplying a given area or region.
• Epidural anaesthesia also comes under it because the
effect is brought about by the analgesic solution coming
in contact with the spinal nerves at their origin in the
vertebral canal.
34. GENERAL ANAESTHESIA
(CLASSIFICATION)
34
Mainly classified as –
A) Inhalational Anaesthetics-
a. GAS- Nitrous oxide.
b. Volatile liquids- halothane, methoxyflurane,
enflurane, isoflurane, sevoflurane, desflurane.
B) Intravenous Anaesthetics-
a. Fast inducers- Thiopental, propofol, etomidate
b. Slow inducers- Diazepam, lorazepam,
midazolam
