This document provides information on various production diseases affecting cattle, horses, pigs and poultry. It discusses the etiology, epidemiology, clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment of post-parturient haemoglobinuria in cattle, azoturia in horses, lactation tetany in mares, porcine stress syndrome, and baby pig disease. The document contains detailed descriptions of these diseases with the goal of teaching veterinary students.
This document discusses production diseases of cattle. It begins by defining production diseases as those induced by management practices, with metabolic diseases being typical examples. It then discusses several specific production diseases of cattle in detail, including milk fever/parturient paresis, ketosis/acetonemia, and fatty liver syndrome, covering the etiology, epidemiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of each disease.
أمراض التمثيل الغذائى فى حيوانات المزرعةhamed attia
This document discusses metabolic diseases in animals. It provides information on several conditions including hypocalcemia (milk fever), ketosis, fatty liver syndrome, retained placenta, and hypomagnesaemia (grass tetany). For each condition, it describes the definition, causes, clinical signs, treatment, and important factors for successful treatment. Diagnosis, proper treatment methods, drug choice and administration route, and treatment duration are highlighted as key to achieving a good outcome. The case emphasizes the importance of obtaining a thorough case history, clinical examination and laboratory tests for accurate diagnosis.
1) Parturient paresis, also known as milk fever, is a hypocalcemia condition in cattle, sheep, and goats around the time of giving birth, characterized by weakness, recumbency, and potentially death without treatment.
2) It occurs due to a failure to maintain normal blood calcium levels as demand for calcium increases for lactation, despite regulatory hormones like parathyroid hormone.
3) Clinical signs progress from head tremors to recumbency in three stages - standing, sternal recumbency, and lateral recumbency. Treatment involves rapid intravenous calcium supplementation.
This document discusses equine colic, a common cause of death in horses characterized by abdominal pain. It covers the epidemiology, risk factors, classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment of colic. Key points include that colic has an incidence of 3.5-30% in horses and a mortality rate of 0.5-0.7%, risk factors include diet, housing, exercise patterns, and parasite control, and treatment involves analgesics, spasmolytics, laxatives, fluid therapy, and sometimes surgery to address the underlying cause. Preventive measures include parasite control, appropriate feeding and exercise, access to water, and dental care.
This document discusses equine colic, a common cause of death in horses characterized by abdominal pain. It covers the epidemiology, risk factors, classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment of colic. Key points include that colic has an incidence of 3.5-10.6% in horses, risk factors include diet, housing, exercise and parasite control. Clinical signs include restlessness, sweating, and abdominal pain. Diagnosis involves physical exam, clinical pathology, and imaging. Treatment focuses on fluid therapy, analgesics, spasmolytics, laxatives and addressing the underlying cause. Prevention emphasizes parasite control, appropriate feeding and exercise, and dental care.
Metabolic disorders of cow by DVM student Hamza JawadDr Hamza Jawad
Metabolic disorders in dairy animals can occur around the time of calving due to hormonal and dietary changes. Common disorders include displaced abomasum, bloat, grain overload, ketosis, milk fever, and pregnancy toxemia. Clinical signs may include decreased appetite, milk production, weakness, and low blood glucose or calcium levels. Treatment involves fluid therapy, anti-acid drugs, calcium supplements, and glucose to correct electrolyte and energy imbalances. Changing diets gradually and meeting nutritional needs can help prevent some metabolic disorders.
This document discusses several metabolic diseases that can affect large ruminants, with a focus on milk fever. Milk fever is a hypocalcemia condition seen around the time of calving, characterized by muscle weakness and depression. It is caused by a severe drop in blood calcium levels due to increased calcium demands of lactation. The document outlines the risk factors, stages of clinical signs, diagnosis through calcium testing, and treatment using calcium supplements. Prevention focuses on dietary management of calcium and phosphorus levels before and after calving.
This document discusses production diseases of cattle. It begins by defining production diseases as those induced by management practices, with metabolic diseases being typical examples. It then discusses several specific production diseases of cattle in detail, including milk fever/parturient paresis, ketosis/acetonemia, and fatty liver syndrome, covering the etiology, epidemiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of each disease.
أمراض التمثيل الغذائى فى حيوانات المزرعةhamed attia
This document discusses metabolic diseases in animals. It provides information on several conditions including hypocalcemia (milk fever), ketosis, fatty liver syndrome, retained placenta, and hypomagnesaemia (grass tetany). For each condition, it describes the definition, causes, clinical signs, treatment, and important factors for successful treatment. Diagnosis, proper treatment methods, drug choice and administration route, and treatment duration are highlighted as key to achieving a good outcome. The case emphasizes the importance of obtaining a thorough case history, clinical examination and laboratory tests for accurate diagnosis.
1) Parturient paresis, also known as milk fever, is a hypocalcemia condition in cattle, sheep, and goats around the time of giving birth, characterized by weakness, recumbency, and potentially death without treatment.
2) It occurs due to a failure to maintain normal blood calcium levels as demand for calcium increases for lactation, despite regulatory hormones like parathyroid hormone.
3) Clinical signs progress from head tremors to recumbency in three stages - standing, sternal recumbency, and lateral recumbency. Treatment involves rapid intravenous calcium supplementation.
This document discusses equine colic, a common cause of death in horses characterized by abdominal pain. It covers the epidemiology, risk factors, classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment of colic. Key points include that colic has an incidence of 3.5-30% in horses and a mortality rate of 0.5-0.7%, risk factors include diet, housing, exercise patterns, and parasite control, and treatment involves analgesics, spasmolytics, laxatives, fluid therapy, and sometimes surgery to address the underlying cause. Preventive measures include parasite control, appropriate feeding and exercise, access to water, and dental care.
This document discusses equine colic, a common cause of death in horses characterized by abdominal pain. It covers the epidemiology, risk factors, classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment of colic. Key points include that colic has an incidence of 3.5-10.6% in horses, risk factors include diet, housing, exercise and parasite control. Clinical signs include restlessness, sweating, and abdominal pain. Diagnosis involves physical exam, clinical pathology, and imaging. Treatment focuses on fluid therapy, analgesics, spasmolytics, laxatives and addressing the underlying cause. Prevention emphasizes parasite control, appropriate feeding and exercise, and dental care.
Metabolic disorders of cow by DVM student Hamza JawadDr Hamza Jawad
Metabolic disorders in dairy animals can occur around the time of calving due to hormonal and dietary changes. Common disorders include displaced abomasum, bloat, grain overload, ketosis, milk fever, and pregnancy toxemia. Clinical signs may include decreased appetite, milk production, weakness, and low blood glucose or calcium levels. Treatment involves fluid therapy, anti-acid drugs, calcium supplements, and glucose to correct electrolyte and energy imbalances. Changing diets gradually and meeting nutritional needs can help prevent some metabolic disorders.
This document discusses several metabolic diseases that can affect large ruminants, with a focus on milk fever. Milk fever is a hypocalcemia condition seen around the time of calving, characterized by muscle weakness and depression. It is caused by a severe drop in blood calcium levels due to increased calcium demands of lactation. The document outlines the risk factors, stages of clinical signs, diagnosis through calcium testing, and treatment using calcium supplements. Prevention focuses on dietary management of calcium and phosphorus levels before and after calving.
Salmonella spp are motile, gram-negative rods that can infect both humans and animals. They are transmitted primarily through contaminated food or water, especially undercooked eggs, poultry, and meats. In humans, Salmonella bacteria attach to intestinal cells using a type III secretion system and effector proteins that manipulate the host's actin, allowing the bacteria to invade cells. This can cause diarrhea, stomach cramps, fever and headache. While antibiotics are usually not needed for healthy individuals, treatment may involve rehydration or antibiotics if the infection spreads. Thorough cooking and cleaning can help prevent transmission.
Lecture 2 : Animal Diseases for Veterinary ScienceWiseAcademy
This document provides an overview of indigestion in cattle. It defines indigestion and classifies it into different types including simple indigestion, alkaline indigestion, and acid indigestion. For each type, the document discusses etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment. It also briefly covers other topics like dehydration, stroke, and poisoning in cattle.
Pregnancy toxemia in sheep is a metabolic disease that occurs late in pregnancy. It is caused by a negative energy balance where the ewe's energy demands for her growing fetuses exceeds her energy intake. Affected ewes experience hypoglycemia, ketonemia, and low liver glycogen levels. Treatment involves parenteral glucose and electrolytes supplementation, corticosteroids, and in some cases caesarean section to remove the fetal glucose demand if the ewe is very advanced in disease. Prevention focuses on proper nutrition and avoiding overfat or underweight body condition in pregnant ewes.
This document discusses bovine ephemeral fever, a viral disease affecting cattle. It is transmitted by biting insects like sand flies and midges. Symptoms include sudden high fever, lameness, decreased milk production, and muscle stiffness. The disease has an incubation period of 2-10 days and most animals recover within 3 days, though milk production may take longer to return to normal. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and can be confirmed via virus isolation or serological tests. Treatment focuses on pain relief and addressing calcium levels. Vaccination is recommended in endemic areas to protect valuable cattle.
This document discusses calcium metabolism and provides details on calcium homeostasis, absorption, excretion, and the roles of parathyroid hormone and vitamin D. It also covers hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia, defining each condition and describing causes, clinical manifestations, diagnostic workup, and treatment approaches. Hypocalcemia can result from neonatal issues, vitamin D deficiency, hypoparathyroidism, or other causes. Hypercalcemia has causes including parathyroid hormone excess, malignancy, vitamin D excess, and genetic conditions.
Lactation tetany of mares is a metabolic neurologic disease characterized by hypocalcemia in lactating mares, typically occurring 10 days after foaling or 1-2 days after weaning. Clinical signs include stiffness, sweating, muscle spasms, and difficulty moving. Laboratory tests show low serum calcium levels between 4-8 mg%. Treatment involves intravenous calcium solutions which usually results in full recovery, though some horses may require repeated treatments over several days. Prevention focuses on proper nutrition, vitamin D supplementation, and minimizing stress during transport or lactation.
HYPEREMESIS GRAVIDARUM
Hyperemesis Gravidarum is excessive nausea and vomiting during pregnancy.
This pernicious vomiting is differentiated from the more common and more normal morning sickness by the fact that it is of greater intensity and extends beyond the first trimester.
Hyperemesis gravidarum may occur in any of the three trimesters. It is a condition affecting one in 1,000 pregnancies.
Hyperemesis gravidarum is a complication of pregnancy that is characterized by severe nausea and vomiting such that weight loss occur. The exact cause of hyperemesis gravidarum is not known. Risk factors include the first pregnancy, multiple pregnancy, obesity or family history of hyperemesis gravidarum.
DEFINITION
Hyperemesis Gravidarum is defined as extreme, excessive, and persistent vomiting in early pregnancy that may lead to dehydration and malnutrition.
INCIDENCE-
There has been marked fall in the incidence during the last 30years. It is now a rarity in hospital practice ( less than 1 in 1000 pregnancies). (a)Better application of family planning knowledge which reduces the number of unplanned pregnancies,(b) Early visit to the antenatal clinic and (c) Potent antihistaminic, antiemetic drugs.
THEORY
• Endocrine theory :high levels of hCG & estrogen during pregnancy
• Metabolic theory :vitamin B6 deficiency
• Psychological theory : Psychological stress increase the symptoms
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION-
From the management and prognostic point of view the clinical manifestation divided in to two types-
• EARLY
• LATE (moderate to severe)
1)Early- Vomiting occurs throughout the day. Normal day to day activities are curtailed. There is no evidence of dehydration or starvation.
2)late-(Evidence of dehydration and starvation are present).
o Tachycardia.
o Hypotension.
o Rise in temperature.
o Poor appetite.
o Poor nutritional intake.
o Loss of more than 25% of body weight.
o Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance.
o Rapid pulse and low blood pressure.
o Occasionally, jaundice develops in severe cases.
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION-
• Opthalmoscopic examination: Required if the patient is seriously ill. Retinal hemorrhage and detachment of the retina are the most unfavorable signs.
• ECG: When there is abnormal serum potassium level.
COMPLICATION
Weight loss
Dehydration
Metabolic acidosis from starvation
Hypokalemia (electrolyte imbalance)
MANAGEMENT-
Women with hyperemesis gravidarum are admitted to the hospital. Initially nothing is given by mouth. Hypovolemia and electrolyte imbalance are corrected by intravenous infusion. Vitamin supplements are given parenterally. Fluids and diet are gradually introduced as the woman’s condition improves.
principles of management :
• To control vomiting.
• To correct the fluids and electrolytes imbalance.
• To correct metabolic disturbances(acidosis or alkalosis).
• To prevent the serious complications of severe vomiting.
Hospitalization-
HYPEREMESIS GRAVIDARUM
Hyperemesis Gravidarum is excessive nausea and vomiting during pregnancy.
This pernicious vomiting is differentiated from the more common and more normal morning sickness by the fact that it is of greater intensity and extends beyond the first trimester.
Hyperemesis gravidarum may occur in any of the three trimesters. It is a condition affecting one in 1,000 pregnancies.
Hyperemesis gravidarum is a complication of pregnancy that is characterized by severe nausea and vomiting such that weight loss occur. The exact cause of hyperemesis gravidarum is not known. Risk factors include the first pregnancy, multiple pregnancy, obesity or family history of hyperemesis gravidarum.
DEFINITION
Hyperemesis Gravidarum is defined as extreme, excessive, and persistent vomiting in early pregnancy that may lead to dehydration and malnutrition.
INCIDENCE-
There has been marked fall in the incidence during the last 30years. It is now a rarity in hospital practice ( less than 1 in 1000 pregnancies). (a)Better application of family planning knowledge which reduces the number of unplanned pregnancies,(b) Early visit to the antenatal clinic and (c) Potent antihistaminic, antiemetic drugs.
THEORY
• Endocrine theory :high levels of hCG & estrogen during pregnancy
• Metabolic theory :vitamin B6 deficiency
• Psychological theory : Psychological stress increase the symptoms
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION-
From the management and prognostic point of view the clinical manifestation divided in to two types-
• EARLY
• LATE (moderate to severe)
1)Early- Vomiting occurs throughout the day. Normal day to day activities are curtailed. There is no evidence of dehydration or starvation.
2)late-(Evidence of dehydration and starvation are present).
o Tachycardia.
o Hypotension.
o Rise in temperature.
o Poor appetite.
o Poor nutritional intake.
o Loss of more than 25% of body weight.
o Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance.
o Rapid pulse and low blood pressure.
o Occasionally, jaundice develops in severe cases.
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION-
• Opthalmoscopic examination: Required if the patient is seriously ill. Retinal hemorrhage and detachment of the retina are the most unfavorable signs.
• ECG: When there is abnormal serum potassium level.
COMPLICATION
Weight loss
Dehydration
Metabolic acidosis from starvation
Hypokalemia (electrolyte imbalance)
MANAGEMENT-
Women with hyperemesis gravidarum are admitted to the hospital. Initially nothing is given by mouth. Hypovolemia and electrolyte imbalance are corrected by intravenous infusion. Vitamin supplements are given parenterally. Fluids and diet are gradually introduced as the woman’s condition improves.
principles of management :
• To control vomiting.
• To correct the fluids and electrolytes imbalance.
• To correct metabolic disturbances(acidosis or alkalosis).
• To prevent the serious complications of severe vomiting.
Hospitalization-
Cyclophosphamide is a synthetic antineoplastic drug that is converted in the liver to active forms with chemotherapeutic activity. It is an alkylating agent that alters DNA structure and interferes with cell growth. Cyclophosphamide is used to treat various cancers such as lymphoma, multiple myeloma, leukemia, and retinoblastoma. It has potential adverse effects including nausea, vomiting, alopecia, hemorrhagic cystitis, and bone marrow suppression. Nursing care involves frequent monitoring of blood counts and symptoms as well as educating patients about contraception and potential side effects.
Lactation tetany of mares is a metabolic disease characterized by hypocalcemia that typically affects lactating mares around 10 days after foaling or 1-2 days after weaning. Clinical signs include muscle tremors, stiffness, and potentially tetanic spasms as calcium levels drop below 8 mg%. Diagnosis is based on history, clinical signs, and low serum calcium levels below normal ranges. Treatment involves intravenous calcium injections to rapidly resolve symptoms, while prevention focuses on vitamin D supplementation after foaling and weaning.
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. It affects tropical and subtropical regions below 1500 meters in altitude. The life cycle involves the parasite replicating in both the human and mosquito hosts. In humans, the parasites multiply in the liver and blood, causing symptoms like fever, chills and anemia. Untreated P. falciparum malaria can progress to severe complications involving multiple organ systems. Diagnosis involves blood smear microscopy and treatment depends on the Plasmodium species and severity of infection. Prevention involves antimalarial drugs, insect repellents and mosquito nets.
This document discusses renal system diseases including glomerular diseases and nephrotic syndrome. It defines nephrotic syndrome as a manifestation of glomerular disease characterized by nephrotic range proteinuria, edema, hypoalbuminemia, and hyperlipidemia. It describes the types of nephrotic syndrome as idiopathic, secondary, and congenital. It also discusses hemolytic-uremic syndrome which is characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and renal insufficiency.
This document discusses foodborne diseases, focusing on Bacillus cereus and Brucella. It provides details on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of infections caused by these bacteria. B. cereus can cause two types of gastrointestinal illness through emetic or diarrheal toxins. Brucella causes brucellosis, a zoonotic disease most common in areas where animals like cattle and goats are infected. Proper food handling and cooking can prevent growth of these bacteria and toxins.
This document discusses azoturia, also known as exertional rhabdomyolysis or "tying-up", which is a metabolic muscular disorder commonly affecting draft horses. It is characterized by stiffness, lameness, and dark red-brown urine containing myoglobin. The condition occurs when horses exercise heavily after a period of at least two days rest, causing a buildup of lactic acid in the muscles that leads to degeneration and myoglobin release. Treatment focuses on keeping affected horses standing through sedation and fluid therapy to prevent kidney damage from myoglobinuria. Prognosis is good if horses can remain standing, but recumbency risks sepsis and kidney failure.
This document provides an overview of diarrhoea and constipation. It begins with an introduction defining the two conditions and their prevalence. It then discusses the causes, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and various treatment approaches for both diarrhoea and constipation. For diarrhoea, it covers infectious and non-infectious causes. It describes approaches for oral rehydration and antimicrobial therapy. For constipation it discusses dietary and lifestyle causes and provides options for both non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic management. The role of the pharmacist in educating patients on prevention and self-management is also highlighted.
Hypoglycemic agent and Thyroid hormone lecture notes-Dr.Jibachha SahDr. Jibachha Sah
Hypoglycemic agent and Thyroid hormone,lecturer notes,Dr.Jibachha Sah,M.V.Sc(Veterinary Pharmacology)Lecture ,College of veterinary Science ,Nepal Poly-technique,Bharatpur,Chitwan,Nepal lecturer notes on ,AUTONOMIC AND SYSTEMIC PHARMACOLOGY SIXTH SEMESTER.This lecture notes also useful for other veterinary college students.Please send me your comments & suggestion.jibachhashah@gmail.com,Mob.00977-9845024121
Milk fever, also known as parturient paresis, is a hypocalcemia condition in dairy cows and buffaloes around the time of calving. It is caused by a sharp decrease in blood calcium levels, which leads to muscular weakness. Clinical signs include stages of excitement, sternal recumbency, and lateral recumbency. Treatment involves intravenous calcium supplementation, with calcium borogluconate being the standard treatment. Proper dietary management before and after calving can help prevent milk fever.
Periodic paralysis hypokalemia in patient with tumor suprasella.pptNur Laila Fitria
This case presentation describes an 11-year-old female patient who presented with sudden onset weakness in both arms and legs. Her medical history included a suprasellar tumor, hypothyroidism, and diabetes insipidus. On examination, she had hypokalemia with a potassium level of 2.0 mEq/L. Based on her history of periodic attacks requiring hospitalization and hypokalemia, she was diagnosed with periodic paralysis hypokalemia. She was treated with intravenous and oral potassium supplementation. Periodic paralysis hypokalemia is characterized by attacks of muscle weakness caused by low serum potassium levels, often triggered by exercise or meals. It can be primary or secondary to other conditions like the patient's
This document summarizes common blood parasites found in dogs and cats, including Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, Babesia, Cytauxzoon, hemoplasmas, Hepatozoon, and Trypanosoma. It describes the clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment for each parasite. Key information provided includes the life cycles, hosts, transmission methods, affected blood cell types, common lab abnormalities, recommended diagnostic tests such as blood smears and PCR, and treatment protocols.
This document provides an overview of three infectious diseases that affect livestock: Theileriosis, Avian Pasteurellosis, and Fowl Typhoid. For each disease, it discusses the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and control. Theileriosis is caused by Theileria parasites transmitted by ticks and affects cattle. Avian Pasteurellosis is caused by Pasteurella multocida bacteria and affects poultry, causing acute septicemic disease. Fowl Typhoid is caused by Salmonella gallinarum bacteria and also affects poultry, characterized by acute manifestation and high mortality.
Salmonella spp are motile, gram-negative rods that can infect both humans and animals. They are transmitted primarily through contaminated food or water, especially undercooked eggs, poultry, and meats. In humans, Salmonella bacteria attach to intestinal cells using a type III secretion system and effector proteins that manipulate the host's actin, allowing the bacteria to invade cells. This can cause diarrhea, stomach cramps, fever and headache. While antibiotics are usually not needed for healthy individuals, treatment may involve rehydration or antibiotics if the infection spreads. Thorough cooking and cleaning can help prevent transmission.
Lecture 2 : Animal Diseases for Veterinary ScienceWiseAcademy
This document provides an overview of indigestion in cattle. It defines indigestion and classifies it into different types including simple indigestion, alkaline indigestion, and acid indigestion. For each type, the document discusses etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment. It also briefly covers other topics like dehydration, stroke, and poisoning in cattle.
Pregnancy toxemia in sheep is a metabolic disease that occurs late in pregnancy. It is caused by a negative energy balance where the ewe's energy demands for her growing fetuses exceeds her energy intake. Affected ewes experience hypoglycemia, ketonemia, and low liver glycogen levels. Treatment involves parenteral glucose and electrolytes supplementation, corticosteroids, and in some cases caesarean section to remove the fetal glucose demand if the ewe is very advanced in disease. Prevention focuses on proper nutrition and avoiding overfat or underweight body condition in pregnant ewes.
This document discusses bovine ephemeral fever, a viral disease affecting cattle. It is transmitted by biting insects like sand flies and midges. Symptoms include sudden high fever, lameness, decreased milk production, and muscle stiffness. The disease has an incubation period of 2-10 days and most animals recover within 3 days, though milk production may take longer to return to normal. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and can be confirmed via virus isolation or serological tests. Treatment focuses on pain relief and addressing calcium levels. Vaccination is recommended in endemic areas to protect valuable cattle.
This document discusses calcium metabolism and provides details on calcium homeostasis, absorption, excretion, and the roles of parathyroid hormone and vitamin D. It also covers hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia, defining each condition and describing causes, clinical manifestations, diagnostic workup, and treatment approaches. Hypocalcemia can result from neonatal issues, vitamin D deficiency, hypoparathyroidism, or other causes. Hypercalcemia has causes including parathyroid hormone excess, malignancy, vitamin D excess, and genetic conditions.
Lactation tetany of mares is a metabolic neurologic disease characterized by hypocalcemia in lactating mares, typically occurring 10 days after foaling or 1-2 days after weaning. Clinical signs include stiffness, sweating, muscle spasms, and difficulty moving. Laboratory tests show low serum calcium levels between 4-8 mg%. Treatment involves intravenous calcium solutions which usually results in full recovery, though some horses may require repeated treatments over several days. Prevention focuses on proper nutrition, vitamin D supplementation, and minimizing stress during transport or lactation.
HYPEREMESIS GRAVIDARUM
Hyperemesis Gravidarum is excessive nausea and vomiting during pregnancy.
This pernicious vomiting is differentiated from the more common and more normal morning sickness by the fact that it is of greater intensity and extends beyond the first trimester.
Hyperemesis gravidarum may occur in any of the three trimesters. It is a condition affecting one in 1,000 pregnancies.
Hyperemesis gravidarum is a complication of pregnancy that is characterized by severe nausea and vomiting such that weight loss occur. The exact cause of hyperemesis gravidarum is not known. Risk factors include the first pregnancy, multiple pregnancy, obesity or family history of hyperemesis gravidarum.
DEFINITION
Hyperemesis Gravidarum is defined as extreme, excessive, and persistent vomiting in early pregnancy that may lead to dehydration and malnutrition.
INCIDENCE-
There has been marked fall in the incidence during the last 30years. It is now a rarity in hospital practice ( less than 1 in 1000 pregnancies). (a)Better application of family planning knowledge which reduces the number of unplanned pregnancies,(b) Early visit to the antenatal clinic and (c) Potent antihistaminic, antiemetic drugs.
THEORY
• Endocrine theory :high levels of hCG & estrogen during pregnancy
• Metabolic theory :vitamin B6 deficiency
• Psychological theory : Psychological stress increase the symptoms
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION-
From the management and prognostic point of view the clinical manifestation divided in to two types-
• EARLY
• LATE (moderate to severe)
1)Early- Vomiting occurs throughout the day. Normal day to day activities are curtailed. There is no evidence of dehydration or starvation.
2)late-(Evidence of dehydration and starvation are present).
o Tachycardia.
o Hypotension.
o Rise in temperature.
o Poor appetite.
o Poor nutritional intake.
o Loss of more than 25% of body weight.
o Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance.
o Rapid pulse and low blood pressure.
o Occasionally, jaundice develops in severe cases.
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION-
• Opthalmoscopic examination: Required if the patient is seriously ill. Retinal hemorrhage and detachment of the retina are the most unfavorable signs.
• ECG: When there is abnormal serum potassium level.
COMPLICATION
Weight loss
Dehydration
Metabolic acidosis from starvation
Hypokalemia (electrolyte imbalance)
MANAGEMENT-
Women with hyperemesis gravidarum are admitted to the hospital. Initially nothing is given by mouth. Hypovolemia and electrolyte imbalance are corrected by intravenous infusion. Vitamin supplements are given parenterally. Fluids and diet are gradually introduced as the woman’s condition improves.
principles of management :
• To control vomiting.
• To correct the fluids and electrolytes imbalance.
• To correct metabolic disturbances(acidosis or alkalosis).
• To prevent the serious complications of severe vomiting.
Hospitalization-
HYPEREMESIS GRAVIDARUM
Hyperemesis Gravidarum is excessive nausea and vomiting during pregnancy.
This pernicious vomiting is differentiated from the more common and more normal morning sickness by the fact that it is of greater intensity and extends beyond the first trimester.
Hyperemesis gravidarum may occur in any of the three trimesters. It is a condition affecting one in 1,000 pregnancies.
Hyperemesis gravidarum is a complication of pregnancy that is characterized by severe nausea and vomiting such that weight loss occur. The exact cause of hyperemesis gravidarum is not known. Risk factors include the first pregnancy, multiple pregnancy, obesity or family history of hyperemesis gravidarum.
DEFINITION
Hyperemesis Gravidarum is defined as extreme, excessive, and persistent vomiting in early pregnancy that may lead to dehydration and malnutrition.
INCIDENCE-
There has been marked fall in the incidence during the last 30years. It is now a rarity in hospital practice ( less than 1 in 1000 pregnancies). (a)Better application of family planning knowledge which reduces the number of unplanned pregnancies,(b) Early visit to the antenatal clinic and (c) Potent antihistaminic, antiemetic drugs.
THEORY
• Endocrine theory :high levels of hCG & estrogen during pregnancy
• Metabolic theory :vitamin B6 deficiency
• Psychological theory : Psychological stress increase the symptoms
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION-
From the management and prognostic point of view the clinical manifestation divided in to two types-
• EARLY
• LATE (moderate to severe)
1)Early- Vomiting occurs throughout the day. Normal day to day activities are curtailed. There is no evidence of dehydration or starvation.
2)late-(Evidence of dehydration and starvation are present).
o Tachycardia.
o Hypotension.
o Rise in temperature.
o Poor appetite.
o Poor nutritional intake.
o Loss of more than 25% of body weight.
o Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance.
o Rapid pulse and low blood pressure.
o Occasionally, jaundice develops in severe cases.
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION-
• Opthalmoscopic examination: Required if the patient is seriously ill. Retinal hemorrhage and detachment of the retina are the most unfavorable signs.
• ECG: When there is abnormal serum potassium level.
COMPLICATION
Weight loss
Dehydration
Metabolic acidosis from starvation
Hypokalemia (electrolyte imbalance)
MANAGEMENT-
Women with hyperemesis gravidarum are admitted to the hospital. Initially nothing is given by mouth. Hypovolemia and electrolyte imbalance are corrected by intravenous infusion. Vitamin supplements are given parenterally. Fluids and diet are gradually introduced as the woman’s condition improves.
principles of management :
• To control vomiting.
• To correct the fluids and electrolytes imbalance.
• To correct metabolic disturbances(acidosis or alkalosis).
• To prevent the serious complications of severe vomiting.
Hospitalization-
Cyclophosphamide is a synthetic antineoplastic drug that is converted in the liver to active forms with chemotherapeutic activity. It is an alkylating agent that alters DNA structure and interferes with cell growth. Cyclophosphamide is used to treat various cancers such as lymphoma, multiple myeloma, leukemia, and retinoblastoma. It has potential adverse effects including nausea, vomiting, alopecia, hemorrhagic cystitis, and bone marrow suppression. Nursing care involves frequent monitoring of blood counts and symptoms as well as educating patients about contraception and potential side effects.
Lactation tetany of mares is a metabolic disease characterized by hypocalcemia that typically affects lactating mares around 10 days after foaling or 1-2 days after weaning. Clinical signs include muscle tremors, stiffness, and potentially tetanic spasms as calcium levels drop below 8 mg%. Diagnosis is based on history, clinical signs, and low serum calcium levels below normal ranges. Treatment involves intravenous calcium injections to rapidly resolve symptoms, while prevention focuses on vitamin D supplementation after foaling and weaning.
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. It affects tropical and subtropical regions below 1500 meters in altitude. The life cycle involves the parasite replicating in both the human and mosquito hosts. In humans, the parasites multiply in the liver and blood, causing symptoms like fever, chills and anemia. Untreated P. falciparum malaria can progress to severe complications involving multiple organ systems. Diagnosis involves blood smear microscopy and treatment depends on the Plasmodium species and severity of infection. Prevention involves antimalarial drugs, insect repellents and mosquito nets.
This document discusses renal system diseases including glomerular diseases and nephrotic syndrome. It defines nephrotic syndrome as a manifestation of glomerular disease characterized by nephrotic range proteinuria, edema, hypoalbuminemia, and hyperlipidemia. It describes the types of nephrotic syndrome as idiopathic, secondary, and congenital. It also discusses hemolytic-uremic syndrome which is characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and renal insufficiency.
This document discusses foodborne diseases, focusing on Bacillus cereus and Brucella. It provides details on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of infections caused by these bacteria. B. cereus can cause two types of gastrointestinal illness through emetic or diarrheal toxins. Brucella causes brucellosis, a zoonotic disease most common in areas where animals like cattle and goats are infected. Proper food handling and cooking can prevent growth of these bacteria and toxins.
This document discusses azoturia, also known as exertional rhabdomyolysis or "tying-up", which is a metabolic muscular disorder commonly affecting draft horses. It is characterized by stiffness, lameness, and dark red-brown urine containing myoglobin. The condition occurs when horses exercise heavily after a period of at least two days rest, causing a buildup of lactic acid in the muscles that leads to degeneration and myoglobin release. Treatment focuses on keeping affected horses standing through sedation and fluid therapy to prevent kidney damage from myoglobinuria. Prognosis is good if horses can remain standing, but recumbency risks sepsis and kidney failure.
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Hypoglycemic agent and Thyroid hormone lecture notes-Dr.Jibachha SahDr. Jibachha Sah
Hypoglycemic agent and Thyroid hormone,lecturer notes,Dr.Jibachha Sah,M.V.Sc(Veterinary Pharmacology)Lecture ,College of veterinary Science ,Nepal Poly-technique,Bharatpur,Chitwan,Nepal lecturer notes on ,AUTONOMIC AND SYSTEMIC PHARMACOLOGY SIXTH SEMESTER.This lecture notes also useful for other veterinary college students.Please send me your comments & suggestion.jibachhashah@gmail.com,Mob.00977-9845024121
Milk fever, also known as parturient paresis, is a hypocalcemia condition in dairy cows and buffaloes around the time of calving. It is caused by a sharp decrease in blood calcium levels, which leads to muscular weakness. Clinical signs include stages of excitement, sternal recumbency, and lateral recumbency. Treatment involves intravenous calcium supplementation, with calcium borogluconate being the standard treatment. Proper dietary management before and after calving can help prevent milk fever.
Periodic paralysis hypokalemia in patient with tumor suprasella.pptNur Laila Fitria
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Lecture 4 : Animal Diseases for Veterinary Scienceal.pptxWiseAcademy
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Lecture 1 : Animal Diseases for Veterinary ScienceWiseAcademy
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বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
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How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
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Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
5. DISEASES OF CATTLE
(cntd…)
PPH ( POST- PARTURIENT
HAEMOGLOBINURIA /
HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA)
The post-parturient haemoglobinuria (PPH) is an acute
disease of high yielding buffaloes and cows. The
disease occurs immediately after parturition and
characterized by rapid intravascular haemolysis,
anaemia, haemoglobinuria, weakness, marked
decrease in milk production and death in untreated
cases.
6. ETIOLOGY
The disease is usually associated with dietary phosphorus
deficiency. and occasionally due to feeding of cruciferous
plants. It may also be related to copper and selenium
content in the diet.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
• High yielding cows and buffaloes in their third lactation are
most commonly affected, particularly after 2-5 week of calving.
• Exposure to extremely cold weather and ingestion of cold
water may precipitate haemoglobinuria.
• The disease is more commonly recorded in buffaloes reared
in rural areas.
7. CLINICAL SIGNS / SYMPTOMS
1. There is sudden onset of haemoglobinuria (red or
coffee coloured urine), inappetance, weakness and
severe reduction in milk yield.
2. Animal becomes dehydrated.
3. Faeces are dry and scantly.
4. Dyspnoea and moderate rise in temperature may be
present in cows but seldom seen in buffaloes.
5. The jaundice is seen in late state and animal becomes
progressively weak and recumbent.
6. Respiratory distress/ shortness of breath.
8. 8
DIAGNOSIS
Clinical signs of dark urine and anaemia are suggestive of
PPH.
Clinical signs
Estimation of Phosphorus level in blood.
The serum inorganic phosphorus concentration in PPH is
markedly reduced (0.5-3.0 mg/dl) as compared to normal level
(4.0-7.0 mg/dl).
The disease needs to be differentiated from leptospirosis, water or
salt poisoning, chronic copper intoxication etc.
9. Treatment and
prevention
1. Transfusion of large quantity of whole blood (4-5 litre for a 450 kg
cow or buffalo) is highly effective treatment.
2. Intravenous copper glycinate (1.5 mg/kg body weight,) or oral
copper sulphate .
3. Intravenous sodium acid phosphate solution can check
haemolysis.
4. Correction of mineral imbalance and adequate provision of
phosphorus in the diet are recommended to prevent occurrence of
the disease.
5. Ascorbic acid (7.5 g in 500 ml normal saline intravenously)
along with mineral mixture is effective in treatment of PPH in
buffaloes.
10. PRODUCTION DISEASES IN
HORSES
AZOTURIA IN HORSES / MONDAY-MORNING SICKNESS
Paralytic myoglobinuria is a disease of horse, occurring during
exercise after a period of inactivity on full ration. The disease is
characterized by myoglobinuria and muscle degeneration.
ETIOLOGY
Horses taken off the track work because of minor injuries or illness
are often maintained on full working rations and become affected
when taken back to work ,major parts of grains remain stored in
muscles as glycogen. On Monday, during exercise the problem
starts with the onset of the disease. So, the disease is most
commonly known as "Monday morning disease."
11. EPIDEMIOLOGY
• The disease is mostly confined to equidae family.
• Healthy horse is very much susceptible to the
disease.
• Occurring particularly in race horses fed heavily on
grain.
• In most instances there is a history of a period of
complete inactivity for 2 or more days immediately
preceding the onset of the disease.
13. CLINICAL
SIGNS
▪ Signs develop within 15 minutes to one hour after the beginning of
exercise, which need not be vigorous.
▪ Perhaps even only simple walking may cause the condition.
The condition is mainly seen in animals in good condition when first
worked or put into training.
(a) One limb or all the four may be affected but the common finding is
involvement of both hind legs. There is sudden cramp of the muscles of
the hindquarters. Muscles of hind limbs (quadri-ceps, femoris and
gluteus muscles) are stiff, hard and board like. There is lameness;
soreness over the rump, crouching and great restriction of movement of
hind limbs.
(b) Severe pain and distress are accompanied by stiffness of the gait,
struggling, restlessness and repeated attempts to rise.
14. CLINICAL SIGNS
14
c ) Profuse sweating
d) Respirations are rapid, pulse small and hard.
e) Temp. may rise to 40.5 deg.c in later stages. (severe cases)
f) Urine is coffee colored/ deep red brown due to presence of
myoglobin.
g) Appetite, water-intake are often normal.
16. DIAGNOSIS
▪ Severe cases present no major difficulty in diagnosis.
▪ The disease is diagnosed by history, clinical findings and clinical
pathology.
▪ The disease is differentiated with following diseases :
▪ (a) Similar lameness may occur in laminitis in which there is a history
of engorgement with grain, no discolouration of urine, sensitive
lamina of hoof is inflammed due to histamine release.
▪ (b) Reddish discolouration of the urine is more common in
haemoglobinurea over paralytic myoglobinurea .
▪ (c) Illiac thrombosis: Can be detected on rectal palpation.
17. TREATMENT
1. All possible cares should be taken so that animal is able to stand.
2. Further exercise should be avoided and slinging may be advisable
in some cases.
3. Rest must be absolute until the horse gains complete muscular
control.
4. Narcosis with chloral hydrate or (tranquilisers) may be
necessary if pain is severe or the horse makes repeated efforts to
rise. Tranquilisers may be better than chloral hydras.
5. Corticosteroids in fairly large doses are to be administered
intravenously. Thiamine hydrochloride (Vit B) is the most specific
drug because thiamine helps in lactate metabolism @ Dose. 0.5-1
g 1/m followed by 100-200 thrice daily orally.
6. The injection of Vitamin E and selenium is also recommended.
18. LACTATION TETANY IN MARES
Lactation tetany of mares (eclampsia, transit tetany) Hypocalcaemia
in mares causes lactation tetany, which is characterized by
abnormal behaviour, incoordination and tetany.
ETIOLOGY
It is very obscure disease, so actual etiology not well established but
some suggestions say that if the disease occurs within 2 weeks after
parturition, it may be due to hypoglycemia, and if late in lactation
period, them may be hypocalcemia. The condition also occurs in
horses after prolonged physical exertion or transport.
19. LACTATION TETANY IN
MARES
EPIDEMIOLOGY
The disease was more common when the draught horse breeding was
widely practised.
CLINICAL SIGNS
1. Increased excitability in mild cases.
2. Severely affected animals show profuse sweating.
3. Rapid laboured respiration.
4. Dilatation of nostrils accompanied with synchronous diaphragmatic
flutter.
5. Signs of tetany such as stiff gait, muscle tremors, inability to chew,
recumbency, convulsions and cardiac arrhythmias.
20. TREATMENT
1. In severe cases, the serum calcium is below 8 mg/dl.
Untreated lactating mares may sometime die within 24-
48 hours.
2. Slow intravenous administration of calcium
borogluconate (300-500 ml of 25% calcium
borogluconate solution) is effective in the treatment.
3. Voiding of large volume of urine is one of the early signs
of favourable response.
21. PRODUCTION DISEASES OF PIG
21
PORCINE STRESS SYNDROME
(Synonym: Malignant Hyperthermia)
It is a hypermetabolic problem in pigs affecting skeletal
muscles causing changes like rigidity of muscles,
accompanied by high rise of temperature, difficulty in
respiration, irregularity in beat followed by high mortality.
22. ETIOLOGY
22
This is related to inherited defect due to autosomal recessive gene. This
is called as sensitivity gene (HAL Gene). This gene is found in blood
groups of pigs having same chromosome.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
The lean and heavy muscled pigs are mostly susceptible.
Several factors have been incriminated for the precipitation of the
problem.
• Breed risk factor. Some animals are susceptible to halothene.
Halothene-positive a include, Landrace, Yorkshire, Duroc, Pietrain and
Poland
• Transport risk factor. Transportation for a long time having high
environmental temperature make the animals susceptible.
23. SYMPTOMS
23
Malignant hyperthermia which is observed in halotheme susceptible
animals are characterised by high rise of temperature with change in the
muscles.
Initially there is stiffness of muscles followed by rigor mortis. Along with
hyperthermia, tachycardia and tachyarrhythmia ensues resulting to death.
Excess post mortem glycolysis may produce huge lactic acid which in turn
lowers the pH.
As a result, the pale soft exudative pork develops.
There is atropy of the muscle and development of distinct spiral ridge.
24. Diagnosis
24
• This is based on history, clinical signs and laboratory analysis.
Genetic analysis-DNA analysis has been considered as a sensitive
test.
• This disease is required to be differentiated from(a) Mulberry
heart disease(b) Heat stroke(c) Viral encephalomyelitis.(d)
Septicaemic conditions (e) Hypocalcaemic tetany.
25. TREATMENT
25
The treatment for acute condition is not generally
undertaken.
(i) Specific treatment- At first attempt should be made to
eliminate the effect of stressor or anaesthetic. Dantrolene is
the drug of choice. It may be given @ 4-5 mg/kg body weight
through intravenous route.
26. TREATMENT
26
(ii) Supportive treatment-
(a) Fluid therapy has to be resorted.
(b) Sodium bicarbonate has to be administered to minimize acidosis.
(c) Cooling to be done to reduce temperature. Ice cool rectal enema
can be given.
(d) Atropine sulphate to reduce cardiac arrhythmia.
(e) Vitamin E and Vitamin-C can be supplemented to protect cell
membrane integrity.
27. HYPOGLYCEMIA / BABY-PIG
DISEASE / 3-day PIG DISEASE
27
Hypoglycaemia is one of the important
disease in new born pigs which occur due to
abrupt fall blood glucose level (less than 50
mg/dl). There is death of sizeable percentage
of piglets during first few days of life due to
acute hypoglycaemia.
28. ETIOLOGY
28
Any factors causing interference of food intake may predispose the
disease. Sows if not provided with high energy palatable ration during
gestation period may produce susceptible baby pigs. Agalactic and
dysgalatic condition of the sows will produce hypoglycaemic piglets.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
This condition may occur in calves and foals where hypoglycaemia is due
to secondary causes, septicaemia or hypothermia. Piglets in their initial
period of seven days used to suffer.
30. CLINICAL SIGNS
30
The disease is characterized by erection of hair.
Subnormal body temperature, anorexia, dullness and
excessive shivering. Torticollis, convulsion and ataxia may
be evident.
There is rigidity of head and neck muscles.
Finally coma supervenes and piglets die.
Death usually occurs within 24 to 36 hours following onset of
clinical manifestations.
31. DIAGNOSIS
31
• Characteristic clinical signs, history and estimation of
blood glucose level help to arrive at a precise diagnosis.
• The other diseases which lower the blood glucose level
should be ruled out from the diagnosis arena.
32. TREATMENT
32
• Affected piglets should be supplemented with glucose.
• 10 to 25 ml of 5% glucose should be given through
intraperitoneal route.
• This injection may be repeated at 4 to 6 hours interval till the
condition improves and piglets can suckle their mother.
• Attempt should be made to provide a warm environment
33. CONTROL
33
• Sows should be provided with rich carbohydrate diets
especially lactose diet.
• Sows fallen sick during gestation period should be treated
promptly.
• Sows should be put in warm farrowing pen during and
following farrowing.
• Sow should be selected from breeding stock in such a way
that they have higher lactational ability and very much
docile in nature.