Body fluids are divided into intracellular fluid, extracellular fluid and transcellular fluid compartments. Extracellular fluid further divides into plasma and interstitial fluid. Homeostasis of body fluids is important for transport, metabolism, tissue shape and temperature regulation. Fluid balance is maintained by daily fluid intake and output. Disruptions can cause edema in extracellular spaces or potential spaces, risking health. Tight regulation of osmotic equilibrium between fluid compartments is needed.
https://userupload.net/8mky0eijld91
An understanding of the physiology of body fluids is essential when considering appropriate fluid resuscitation and fluid replacement therapy in critically-ill patients. In healthy humans, the body is composed of approximately 60% water, distributed between intracellular and an extracellular compartments. The extracellular compartment is divided into intravascular, interstitial and transcellular compartments. The movement of fluids between the intravascular and interstitial compartments, is classically described as being governed by Starling forces, leading to a small net efflux of fluid from the intravascular to the interstitial compartment. More recent evidence suggests that a model incorporating the effect of the endothelial glycoclayx layer, a web of glycoproteins and proteoglycans that are bound on the luminal side of the vascular endothelium, better explains the observed distribution of fluids. The movement of fluid to and from the intracellular compartment and the interstitial fluid compartment, is governed by the relative osmolarities of the two compartments. Body fluid status is governed by the difference between fluid inputs and outputs; fluid input is regulated by the thirst mechanism, with fluid outputs consisting of gastrointestinal, renal, and insensible losses. The regulation of intracellular fluid status is largely governed by the regulation of the interstitial fluid osmolarity, which is regulated by the secretion of antidiuretic hormone from the posterior pituitary gland. The regulation of extracellular volume status is regulated by a complex neuro-endocrine mechanism, designed to regulate sodium in the extracellular fluid.
Hypoxia :types , causes,and its effects Aqsa Mushtaq
hypoxia :oxygen defecincy at tissue level.in these slides you are going to in touch with its types ,causes effects.share whatever you wanted to say comment us .
these notes are provided by our loving mam MAM SANIA .thanks to teach us mam :)
This is a presentation about splanchinc circulation.
Done by year 3 medical students at the University of Science and Technology, Sana'a, Republic of Yemen.
Spring semester of 2010.
For More Medicine Free PPT - http://playnever.blogspot.com/
For Health benefits and medicine videos Subscribe youtube channel - https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLKg-H-sMh9G01zEg4YpndngXODW2bq92w
Topic 1. body fluid & water homeastasisAyub Abdi
it's very nice to me for preparing this presentation for medical student who interesting to understanding the value of body fluid and how it's regulated
https://userupload.net/8mky0eijld91
An understanding of the physiology of body fluids is essential when considering appropriate fluid resuscitation and fluid replacement therapy in critically-ill patients. In healthy humans, the body is composed of approximately 60% water, distributed between intracellular and an extracellular compartments. The extracellular compartment is divided into intravascular, interstitial and transcellular compartments. The movement of fluids between the intravascular and interstitial compartments, is classically described as being governed by Starling forces, leading to a small net efflux of fluid from the intravascular to the interstitial compartment. More recent evidence suggests that a model incorporating the effect of the endothelial glycoclayx layer, a web of glycoproteins and proteoglycans that are bound on the luminal side of the vascular endothelium, better explains the observed distribution of fluids. The movement of fluid to and from the intracellular compartment and the interstitial fluid compartment, is governed by the relative osmolarities of the two compartments. Body fluid status is governed by the difference between fluid inputs and outputs; fluid input is regulated by the thirst mechanism, with fluid outputs consisting of gastrointestinal, renal, and insensible losses. The regulation of intracellular fluid status is largely governed by the regulation of the interstitial fluid osmolarity, which is regulated by the secretion of antidiuretic hormone from the posterior pituitary gland. The regulation of extracellular volume status is regulated by a complex neuro-endocrine mechanism, designed to regulate sodium in the extracellular fluid.
Hypoxia :types , causes,and its effects Aqsa Mushtaq
hypoxia :oxygen defecincy at tissue level.in these slides you are going to in touch with its types ,causes effects.share whatever you wanted to say comment us .
these notes are provided by our loving mam MAM SANIA .thanks to teach us mam :)
This is a presentation about splanchinc circulation.
Done by year 3 medical students at the University of Science and Technology, Sana'a, Republic of Yemen.
Spring semester of 2010.
For More Medicine Free PPT - http://playnever.blogspot.com/
For Health benefits and medicine videos Subscribe youtube channel - https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLKg-H-sMh9G01zEg4YpndngXODW2bq92w
Topic 1. body fluid & water homeastasisAyub Abdi
it's very nice to me for preparing this presentation for medical student who interesting to understanding the value of body fluid and how it's regulated
Sodium metabolism and its clinical applicationsrohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on Sodium Metabolism and its clinical significance for MBBS, BDS, B Pharm & Biotechnology students to facilitate self- study.
Common medication used for anesthesia, there action; dosage; adverse effect; duration of action.
They Include {inhalation + Induction + Muscle relaxant + Anticholinergic + Analgesic + Resuscitation}
in this presentation lecture we gone take a hypo and hyper thyrodism that affect the human cell because both situation may increase or decrease the basal metabolic rate.
When the pituitary Gland it' s function is increased whether the cause are?
Both anterior and Posterior gland secretions are increased the most causes are ADENOMAS
in this presentation you will be learn the different drug form that all medical health workers prescribing the medication.
the medical student should have a good knowledge and keep in mind these drug forms based on medical administration the drugs are classified into invasive (injection and transdermal implantation) and non invasive (oral, inhalers, suppository)
Medical equipment and tools are crucial to saving a person's life or performing any procedure.
i presented here the most and commonly equipment used by medical student to improve their skills
This note paper is short notes of general physiology for medical students who which to understand the concept of the physiology, physiology is the mother of medicine.
A summary of skeletal muscle contraction and relaxationAyub Abdi
it consist for 4 pages and cover all the steps that occur during muscle contraction and relaxation, I does not take a time just 5 minute is enough to read. I hope it's interesting.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
The POPPY STUDY (Preconception to post-partum cardiovascular function in prim...
Lecture 6 (body fluid)
1. The Body Fluid Compartments:
Extracellular and Intracellular
Fluids; Edema
2. SIGNIFICANCE OF BODY
FLUIDS:
1. Homeostasis.
2. Transport mechanism.
3. Metabolic reactions.
4. Texture (shape) of tissues.
5. Temperature regulation.
3. COMPOSITION OF BODY FLUIDS:
• Body fluids contain water and solids.
• Solids are organic and inorganic substances.
• „ORGANIC SUBSTANCES:
1. glucose,
2. amino acids and other proteins,
3. fatty acids and other lipids,
4. hormones
5. enzymes.
• „INORGANIC SUBSTANCES:
1. sodium,
2. potassium,
3. calcium,
4. magnesium,
5. chloride,
6. bicarbonate,
7. phosphate
8. sulfate.
4. • Fluid intake and output are balanced during steady-state
conditions.
• DAILY INTAKE OF WATER:
1. It is ingested in the form of liquids or water in food (2L).
2. It is synthesized in the body by oxidation of
carbohydrates, adding about 200 ml/day.
• DAILY LOSS OF BODY WATER:
1. Insensible Water Loss.
2. Fluid Loss in Sweat.
3. Water Loss in Feces.
4. Water Loss by the Kidneys.
5.
6.
7. BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS:
1. Intracellular fluid
2. Extracellular fluid (interstitial
fluid and the blood plasma).
3. Transcellular fluid (synovial,
peritoneal, pericardial, and
intraocular spaces,
cerebrospinal fluid).
• In a 70-kilogram adult man, the
total body water is about 60
percent of the body weight, or
about 42 liters.
• This percentage depends on
age, gender, and degree of
obesity.
8.
9. • Intracellular fluid compartment (28L).
• Extracellular fluid compartment(14L) which divided into:
plasma (3L) & interstitial (11L).
• BLOOD VOLUME:
• Blood contains both extracellular fluid (the fluid in plasma)
and intracellular fluid (the fluid in the red blood cells).
• blood is considered to be a separate fluid compartment.
• The average blood volume of adults is about 5 liters.
• About 60 % of the blood is plasma and 40 % is red blood
cells, but these percentages can vary considerably in
different people, depending on gender, weight, and other
factors.
10.
11. IONIC COMPOSITION OF PLASMA AND
INTERSTITIAL FLUID IS SIMILAR:
• Because the plasma and interstitial fluid are
separated only by highly permeable capillary
membranes, their ionic composition is similar.
• The most important difference between these
two compartments is the higher concentration of
protein in the plasma; because the capillaries
have a low permeability to the plasma proteins,
only small amounts of proteins are leaked into
the interstitial spaces in most tissues.
12. Calculation of body Fluid
Compartment:
• Calculation of Intracellular Volume:
Intracellular volume = Total body water -
Extracellular volume.
• Calculation of Interstitial Fluid Volume:
Interstitial fluid volume = Extracellular fluid
volume - Plasma volume.
• Measurement of Blood Volume:
13. Regulation of fluid exchange and osmotic
equilibrium between intracellular and
extracellular fluid:
• A frequent problem in treating seriously ill patients is
maintaining adequate fluids in one or both of the
intracellular and extracellular compartments.
• The distribution of fluid between intracellular and
extracellular compartments, in contrast, is determined
mainly by the osmotic effect of the smaller solutes—
especially sodium, chloride, and other electrolytes—
acting across the cell membrane.
• The cell membranes are highly permeable to water but
relatively impermeable to even small ions such as
sodium and chloride.
14. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF OSMOSIS
AND OSMOTIC PRESSURE:
• If a solute such as sodium chloride is added to the
extracellular fluid, water rapidly diffuses from the
cells through the cell membranes into the
extracellular fluid until the water concentration
on both sides of the membrane becomes equal.
• Conversely, if a solute such as sodium chloride is
removed from the extracellular fluid, water
diffuses from the extracellular fluid through the
cell membranes and into the cells.
• The rate of diffusion of water is called the rate of
osmosis.
15. CONCENTRATION OF BODY
FLUIDS:
• Concentration of body fluids is expressed in
three ways:
1. Osmolality
2. Osmolarity
3. Tonicity.
16. 1- OSMOLALITY:
• it is the concentration of osmotically active
substance in the solution which can creative
osmotic pressure.
• Osmolality is expressed as the number of
particles (osmoles) per kilogram of solution
(osmoles/kg H2O).
17. 2- OSMOLARITY:
• Express the osmotic concentration.
• It is the number of particles (osmoles) per liter of
solution (osmoles/L).
• Often, these two terms are used interchangeably.
• Change in osmolality of ECF affects the volume of
both ECF and ICF.
• When osmolality of ECF increases, water moves
from ICF to ECF.
• When the osmolality decreases in ECF, water moves
from ECF to ICF.
• Water movement continues until the osmolality of
these two fluid compartments becomes equal.
18. • Mole and Osmole:
• A mole (mol) is the molecular weight of a
substance in gram.
• Millimole (mMol) is 1/1000 of a mole.
• One osmole (Osm) is the expression of
amount of osmotically active particles.
20. • Some of the different factors that can cause extracellular and
intracellular volumes to change markedly are:
1. Excess ingestion.
2. Renal retention of water.
3. Dehydration.
4. Intravenous infusion of different types of solutions.
5. Loss of large amounts of fluid from the gastrointestinal tract.
6. Loss of abnormal amounts of fluid by sweating or through the
kidneys.
Keep in mind that normally:
A. Water moves rapidly across cell membranes; therefore, the
osmolarities of intracellular and extracellular fluids remain
almost exactly equal to each other except for a few minutes
after a change in one of the compartments.
B. Cell membranes are almost completely impermeable to many
solutes, such as sodium and chloride; therefore, the number of
osmoles in the extracellular or intracellular fluid generally
remains constant unless solutes are added to or lost from the
extracellular compartment.
22. • Is the presence of excess fluid in the body tissues.
• In most instances, edema occurs mainly in the
extracellular fluid compartment, but it can involve
intracellular fluid as well (water intoxication).
• A large number of conditions can cause fluid
accumulation in the interstitial spaces by:
1. Abnormal leaking of fluid from the capillaries.
2. By preventing the lymphatics from returning fluid
from the interstitium back to the circulation.
25. SAFETY FACTORS THAT NORMALLY
PREVENT EDEMA:
1. The safety factor caused by low tissue
compliance in the negative pressure range is
about 3 mm Hg.
2. The safety factor caused by increased lymph
flow is about 7 mm Hg.
3. The safety factor caused by washdown of
proteins from the interstitial spaces is about 7
mm Hg.
27. • Some examples of “potential spaces” are the pleural
cavity, pericardial cavity, peritoneal cavity, and
synovial cavities, including both the joint cavities
and the bursae.
• Virtually all these potential spaces have surfaces
that almost touch each other, with only a thin layer
of fluid in between, and the surfaces slide over each
other.
• To facilitate the sliding, a viscous proteinaceous
fluid lubricates the surfaces.
• Edema Fluid in the Potential Spaces Is Called
Effusion.