Body fluid forms over 2/3 of the total body weight and is made up mainly of water. Water plays a key role in many physiological processes through its role in circulation, metabolism, temperature regulation and waste removal. The total body water is distributed between two main compartments - intracellular fluid making up 40% of body weight, and extracellular fluid making up 20% of body weight. Movement of fluid between compartments is driven by hydrostatic and osmotic pressures across selectively permeable membranes.
The lymphatic system is part of the immune system. It also maintains fluid balance and plays a role in absorbing fats and fat-soluble nutrients.
The lymphatic or lymph system involves an extensive network of vessels that passes through almost all our tissues to allow for the movement of a fluid called lymph. Lymph circulates through the body in a similar way to blood.
There are about 600 lymph nodes in the body. These nodes swell in response to infection, due to a build-up of lymph fluid, bacteria, or other organisms and immune system cells.
A person with a throat infection, for example, may feel that their "glands" are swollen. Swollen glands can be felt especially under the jaw, in the armpits, or in the groin area. These are, in fact, not glands but lymph nodes.
The lymphatic system is a network of tissues and organs that help rid the body of toxins, waste and other unwanted materials. The primary function of the lymphatic system is to transport lymph, a fluid containing infection-fighting white blood cells, throughout the body.
The lymphatic system is part of the immune system. It also maintains fluid balance and plays a role in absorbing fats and fat-soluble nutrients.
The lymphatic or lymph system involves an extensive network of vessels that passes through almost all our tissues to allow for the movement of a fluid called lymph. Lymph circulates through the body in a similar way to blood.
There are about 600 lymph nodes in the body. These nodes swell in response to infection, due to a build-up of lymph fluid, bacteria, or other organisms and immune system cells.
A person with a throat infection, for example, may feel that their "glands" are swollen. Swollen glands can be felt especially under the jaw, in the armpits, or in the groin area. These are, in fact, not glands but lymph nodes.
The lymphatic system is a network of tissues and organs that help rid the body of toxins, waste and other unwanted materials. The primary function of the lymphatic system is to transport lymph, a fluid containing infection-fighting white blood cells, throughout the body.
Body fluids and blood
Body fluids, composition and functions of blood, hemopoeisis, formation of
hemoglobin, anemia, mechanisms of coagulation, blood grouping, Rh factors,
transfusion, its significance and disorders of blood, Reticulo endothelial system.
Blood is a body fluid in humans and other animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells. In vertebrates, it is composed of blood cells suspended in blood plasma.
What is lymph ?Tissue fluid (interstitial fluid) that enters the lymphatic vessels
Reabsorbs excess interstitial fluid:returns it to the venous circulationmaintain blood volume levelsprevent interstitial fluid levels from rising out of control.Transport dietary lipids:transported through lactealsdrain into larger lymphatic vesselseventually into the bloodstream.lymphocyte development, and the immune response.
Cardiovascular System, Heart, Blood Vessel, ECG, Hypertension, Arrhythmia Audumbar Mali
Cardiovascular System,
Human Anatomy and Physiology-I,
The Blood Vessels,
The Heart,
The Electrocardiogram,
The Vascular Pathways,
As per PCI syllabus,
Atherosclerosis,
Coronary bypass operation,
Heart Transplants and Artificial Hearts
Body fluids and blood
Body fluids, composition and functions of blood, hemopoeisis, formation of
hemoglobin, anemia, mechanisms of coagulation, blood grouping, Rh factors,
transfusion, its significance and disorders of blood, Reticulo endothelial system.
Blood is a body fluid in humans and other animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells. In vertebrates, it is composed of blood cells suspended in blood plasma.
What is lymph ?Tissue fluid (interstitial fluid) that enters the lymphatic vessels
Reabsorbs excess interstitial fluid:returns it to the venous circulationmaintain blood volume levelsprevent interstitial fluid levels from rising out of control.Transport dietary lipids:transported through lactealsdrain into larger lymphatic vesselseventually into the bloodstream.lymphocyte development, and the immune response.
Cardiovascular System, Heart, Blood Vessel, ECG, Hypertension, Arrhythmia Audumbar Mali
Cardiovascular System,
Human Anatomy and Physiology-I,
The Blood Vessels,
The Heart,
The Electrocardiogram,
The Vascular Pathways,
As per PCI syllabus,
Atherosclerosis,
Coronary bypass operation,
Heart Transplants and Artificial Hearts
Body fluids are liquids originating from inside the bodies of living humans. They include fluids that are excreted or secreted from the body. Human blood, body fluids, and other body tissues are widely recognised as vehicles for the transmission of human disease.
water and electrolyte balance and imbalance.pdfDhoofOfficial
The Importance Of water and Electrolyte Balance and Imbalance Our health To Maintenance Minerals and Fluid Balance inside and Outside The Cells It is Main Role of Health balanced.
This topic Prepare Dr Ibrahim And Thank About Suggesting to Prepared And To choose Lecture Water and Electrolyte balance and Imbalance
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Comparative structure of adrenal gland in vertebrates
Lec. 6 body fluid.ppt
1. Body Fluid
Body is formed by solids and fluids; the fluid part forms more than 2/3 of
the whole body. Composition of the body fluids are essential for
homeostasis.
Water forms most of the fluid part of the body, plays a large part in
normal body functions. Drinking enough water is essential for physiological
processes such as circulation, metabolism, temperature regulation, and
waste removal. Water is the main constituent of cells, tissues and organs;
and is vital for life. It is the medium in which all transport systems function,
allowing exchanges between cells, interstitial fluid and capillaries. Water
maintains the vascular volume and allows blood circulation, which is
essential for the function of all organs and tissues.
2. Daily loss of body water
1- Insensible Water Loss:- Some water losses cannot be
specifically regulated. For example, humans experience a
continuous loss of water by evaporation from the respiratory tract
and diffusion through the skin
2- Insensible water loss through the skin:- occurs independently
of sweating and is present even in people who are born without
sweat glands; the average water loss by diffusion through the skin
is about 300 -400 ml/day.
3. 3- Fluid Loss in Sweat:- The amount of water lost by sweating is
highly variable, depending on physical activity and environmental
temperature.
4-Water Loss in Feces:- Only a small amount of water (100 ml/day)
normally is lost in the feces. This loss can increase to several liters a
day in people with severe diarrhea. For this reason, severe diarrhea can
be life threatening if not corrected in a few days.
5- Water Loss by the Kidneys: The remaining water loss from the body
occurs in the urine excreted by the kidneys.
4. Multiple mechanisms control the rate of urine excretion. In fact, the most
important means by which the body maintains a balance between water intake
and output, as well as a balance between intake and output of most
electrolytes in the body, is by controlling the rates at which the kidneys excrete
these substances.
5. Body fluid compartments
The total body water or body fluid represents approximately
60% (42 L) of the body weight of a person. It is distributed mainly
between two compartments:
1. Extracellular fluid (ECF) forming 20% of the total body weight
(14 L).
a. Plasma (intravascular fluid).
b. Interstitial fluid.
c. Other Fluids: trans cellular fluid.
2. Intracellular fluid (ICF) forming 40 % of the total body weight
(28L).
6.
7. In human beings, the total body water varies from (45-75) % of body
weight. In a 70kg adult man, the total body water is about (60- 65) % of the
body weight, or about 42 liters. This percentage depends on age, gender,
and degree of obesity (percentage of body fat). As a person grows older,
the percentage of total fluid gradually decreases. This decrease is due in
part to the fact that aging is usually associated with an increased
percentage of the body weight being fat, which decreases the percentage
of water in the body.
8. Because women normally have a greater percentage of body fat
compared with men, their total body water averages about (50- 55) %
of the body weight. In premature and newborn babies, the total body
water ranges from (70- 75) % of body weight.
9. Intracellular fluid compartment
About 28 of the 42 liters of fluid in the body are inside the cells and
are collectively called the intracellular fluid. Thus, the intracellular fluid
constitutes about 40% of the total body weight in an “average” person.
The fluid of each cell contains its individual mixture of different
constituents, but the concentrations of these substances are similar
from one cell to another. In fact, the composition of cell fluids is
remarkably similar even in different animals, ranging from the most
primitive microorganisms to humans.
10. Extracellular fluid compartment
All the fluids outside the cells are collectively called the extracellular fluid.
Together these fluids account for about 20% of the body weight. The two largest
compartments of the extracellular fluid are:
1- The interstitial fluid
2- The plasma :- The plasma is the non-cellular part of the blood; it exchanges
substances continuously with the interstitial fluid through the pores of the capillary
membranes. These pores are highly permeable to almost all solutes in the
extracellular fluid except the proteins.
Therefore, the plasma and interstitial fluids have about the same composition
except for proteins, which have a higher concentration in the plasma.
11.
12. Also, there is small compartment of extracellular fluid that is
term to as trans cellular fluid, found in the cavities separated
from other extracellular fluids by epithelial or connective tissue
membranes, (constitute about 1-2 liters). Trans cellular fluid
includes fluid in:
1- The synovial.
2- Peritoneal.
3- Pericardial.
4- Intraocular spaces, as well as,
13. 5- The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); it is usually considered to be a
specialized type of extracellular fluid, although in some cases its
composition may differ markedly from that of the plasma or interstitial
fluid.
14. Constituents of extracellular and intracellular fluids
Extracellular fluid constituents Ionic composition of plasma and
interstitial fluid is similar, because the plasma and interstitial fluid are
separated only by highly permeable capillary membranes. The most
important difference between these two compartments is the higher
concentration of protein in the plasma; because the capillaries have a
low permeability to the plasma proteins, only small amounts of proteins
are leaked into the interstitial spaces. The extracellular fluid, including
the plasma and the interstitial fluid, contains large amounts of sodium
(Na+) and chloride ions (Cl-).
15. but only small quantities of potassium (K+), calcium (Ca++),
magnesium (Mg++), phosphate,(Po4-3) and organic acid ions . The
intracellular fluid is separated from the extracellular fluid by a cell
membrane that is highly permeable to water but is not permeable to
most of the electrolytes in the body.
16. Two major factors contribute to the movement of fluid from
one compartment to another:
1- hydrostatic pressure
2- osmotic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure
The pressure (or force) exerted by a fluid against a wall
at equilibrium, at a given point within the fluid, due to the force of
gravity causes movement of fluid between compartments.
Hydrostatic pressure increases in proportion to depth measured
from the surface because of the increasing weight of fluid
exerting downward force from above. The hydrostatic pressure
of blood is the pressure exerted by blood against the walls of
the blood vessels by the pumping action of the heart.
17. Osmotic pressure
Osmotic pressure is the minimum pressure which needs to be
applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of its pure solvent
across a semipermeable membrane. It is also defined as the measure
of the tendency of a solution to take in pure fluid by osmosis. For
example, tissue fluid and lymph, fluid leaves the interstitial spaces and
enters the lymph capillaries due to the hydrostatic pressure of the
interstitial fluid.
18. Basic principles of osmosis and osmotic pressure
Because cell membranes are relatively impermeable to most
solutes but are highly permeable to water (i.e., they are selectively
permeable), whenever there is a higher concentration of solute on one
side of the cell membrane, water diffuses across the membrane toward
the region of higher solute concentration. Thus, if a solute such as
sodium chloride is added to the extracellular fluid, water rapidly diffuses
from the cells through the cell membranes into the extracellular fluid until
the water concentration on both sides of the membrane becomes equal.
Conversely, if a solute such as sodium chloride is removed from the
extracellular fluid, water diffuses from the extracellular fluid through the
cell membranes and into the cells. The rate of diffusion of water is called
the rate of osmosis.
19. Osmolality and Osmolarity
Osmolality:- total moles of solute particles per
kilogram of solvent.
Osmolarity:-total moles of solute particles per liter
of solution.