in this lecture i will discuss the quality methodology and quality control concept. it is very important in term of quality management and quality control purpose in any industrial applications.

1. LECTURE – 2
QUALITY
METHODOLOGY
&
QUALITY CONTROL
By: Raj Kumar Bairwa,
Mechanical Engineering.
Assistant Professor (NPIU),
UD RTU, Kota.
Email : rkumar.npiu.me@rtu.ac.in

2. PURPOSE OF QUALITY IS TO CREATE
CUSTOMERS
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Quality and competitive advantage :
 Better price
 Lower production cost
 Faster response
 Reduced inventory
 Improved competitive position

3. HISTORY OF QUALITY METHODOLOGY
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 Reach back into antiquity, especially into China, India, Greece and the
Roman Empire : skilled craftsmanship.
 Industrial Revolution (18th century): need for more consistent products that
are mass-produced and needed to be interchangeable. Rise of inspection after
manufacturing completed and separate quality departments.
Science of modern quality methodology started by R. A. Fisher perfected
scientific shortcuts for shifting through mountains of data to spot key cause-
effect relationships to speed up development of crop growing methods.

4. HISTORY OF QUALITY METHODOLOGY
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 Statistical methods at Bell Laboratories: W. A. Shewhart transformed
Fisher’s methods into quality control discipline for factories (inspired W.E.
Deming and J. M. Juran); Control Charts developed by W. A. Shewhart;
Acceptance sampling methodology developed by H. F. Dodge and H. G.
Romig
World War II: Acceptance of statistical quality control concepts in
manufacturing industries (more sophisticated weapons demanded more careful
production and reliability); The American Society for Quality Control formed
(1946).

5. HISTORY OF QUALITY METHODOLOGY
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Quality in Japan: W.E. Deming invited to Japan to give lectures; G. Taguchi
developed “Taguchi method” for scientific design of experiments; The
Japanese Union of Scientists and Engineers (JUSE) established “Deming
Price” (1951); The Quality Control Circle concept is introduced by K.
Ishikawa (1960).
Quality awareness in U.S. manufacturing industry during 1980s: “Total
Quality Management”; Quality control started to be used as a management
tool.
Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award (1987)

6. HISTORY OF QUALITY METHODOLOGY
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International Standard Organization’s (ISO) 9000 series of standards: in
1980s Western Europe began to use; interest increase in US industry in 1990s;
Became widely accepted today: necessary requirement to world-wide
distribution of product and a significant competitive advantage.
Quality in service industries, government, health care, and education
Current and future challenge: keep progress in quality management alive
To sum up: A gradual transition
STATISTICAL
QUALITY
CONTROL
QUALITY
ASSURANCE
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

7. QUALITY GURUS
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Walter Shewart
– In 1920s, developed control charts – Introduced the term
“quality assurance”
W. Edwards Deming
– Developed courses during World War II to teach statistical
quality-control techniques to engineers and executives of
companies that were military suppliers
– After the war, began teaching statistical quality control to
Japanese companies
Joseph M. Juran
– Followed Deming to Japan in 1954 – Focused on strategic
quality planning

8. QUALITY GURUS
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Armand V. Feigenbaum ƒ
-In 1951, introduced concepts of total quality control
and continuous quality improvement ƒ
Philip Crosby ƒ
-In 1979, emphasized that costs of poor quality far
outweigh the cost of preventing poor quality ƒ
-In 1984, defined absolutes of quality
management—conformance to requirements,
prevention, and “zero defects” ƒ
Kaoru Ishikawa ƒ
-Promoted use of quality circles
-Developed “fishbone” diagram ƒ
-Emphasized importance of internal customer

9. QUALITY CONTROL
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Figure : Quality Control System

10. QUALITY CONTROL
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 Quality control (QC) is a procedure or set of procedures intended to ensure
that a manufactured product or performed service adheres to a defined set of
quality criteria or meets the requirements of the client or customer.
 QC is similar to, but not identical with, quality assurance (QA).
 While QA refers to the confirmation that specified requirements have been
met by a product or service, QC refers to the actual inspection of these
elements.
 QA is sometimes expressed together with QC as a single expression: quality
assurance and control (QA/QC).

11. QUALITY ASSURANCE
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 Quality Assurance is known as QA and focuses on preventing defect.
Quality Assurance ensures that the approaches, techniques, methods and
processes are designed for the projects are implemented correctly.
Figure : Quality System, Quality Assurance, and Quality Control Relationships

12. QUALITY ASSURANCE
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 Quality assurance activities monitor and verify that the processes used to manage and create the
deliverables have been followed and are operative.
 Quality Assurance is a proactive process and is Prevention in nature. It recognizes flaws in the
process. Quality Assurance has to complete before Quality Control.
INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVES ON QAAND QC :
For some service organizations, the concept of quality control may be foreign because there is
no tangible product to inspect and control.
The quality assurance function in a service organization may not include quality control of the
service but may include quality control of any products involved in providing the service.
A service may include products that are documents (such as a report, contract, or design) or
tangible products (such as a rental car or units of blood).
It may be necessary to control product quality in a service
organization to ensure that the service meets customer requirements.

13. QA, QC, AND INSPECTION
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 Inspection is the process of measuring, examining, and testing to gauge one
or more characteristics of a product or service and the comparison of these
with specified requirements to determine conformity.
 Products, processes, and various other results can be inspected to make sure
that the object coming off a production line, or the service being provided, is
correct and meets specifications.

14. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE IN QA/QC?
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 Many people think QA and QC are the same and interchangeable but this is
not true. Both are tightly linked and sometimes it is very difficult to identify
the differences.
 Fact is both are related to each other but they are different in origins. QA
and QC both are part of Quality Management however QA is focusing on
preventing defect while QC is focusing on identifying the defect.

15. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE IN QA/QC?
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16. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE IN QA/QC?
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