The document provides an overview of quality assurance and reliability (QAR). It discusses key concepts like quality control, statistical quality control, quality assurance, reliability, and the responsibilities of different departments in ensuring quality. Statistical tools for quality control include control charts, sampling distributions, measures of central tendency and dispersion. The document also covers cost of quality, hidden costs, quality losses, and techniques to reduce quality issues like following the Rule of Tens.
Quality assurance is a wide-ranging concept covering all matters that individually or collectively influence the quality of a product. It aims to ensure that pharmaceutical products are of the quality required for their intended use. Key aspects of quality assurance include providing evidence that quality activities are being performed effectively, ensuring products meet given quality requirements, and initiating actions to dispose of non-conforming products. Quality assurance plays an important role in industries like pharmaceuticals where human safety is critical.
This document provides an overview of quality management principles and philosophies. It discusses definitions of quality, approaches like Total Quality Management, and techniques including statistical process control, quality circles, Six Sigma, and kaizen. The origins and evolution of quality management are traced from early craftsmanship to modern philosophies developed by Deming, Juran, Crosby and others that emphasize continuous improvement, reducing defects, and achieving total customer satisfaction.
Quality Definition by Joseph Juran, Philip Crosby, William Stevenson, David Bentley, Characteristics of Quality, Performance,Features, Reliability, Conformance, Durability, Serviceability, Aesthetics, Perceived Quality, Quality Control, Statistical Quality control (SQC), Sampling Inspection, Consumer’s Risk, Producer’s risk,
What is Quality?
History of Quality Methodology.
Deming’s Principles.
Taguchi’s Contributions And Philosophy.
Total Quality Management.
Quality Improvement Tools.
Costs related to quality.
Benefits/Drawbacks.
Definitions of the quality are as follows.
Transcendent definition: excellence.
Realistic but demanding STANDARDS;
Getting things RIGHT FIRST TIME; ‘It costs less to prevent a problem than it does to correct it’.
Influences the relationship with CUSTOMERS;
Influences how COMPLAINTS are dealt with;
Something to do with how things LOOK and FEEL.
Product-based definition: quantities of product attributes.
User-based definition: fitness for intended use; meeting or exceeding user expectations.
Value-based definition: quality vs. price.
Manufacturing-based definition: conformance to specifications.
This document discusses quality by design and provides definitions and elements of quality. It explains that quality is measured by how well something meets requirements or specifications. Quality requirements can be based on a customer's needs or by comparison to past products. The document lists several characteristics used to evaluate quality, including appearance, aesthetics, reliability, and measurable properties. It also provides definitions of quality from various sources that reference concepts like meeting wants, conforming to specifications, and fitness for use.
2. pengertian dasar perencanaan & pengendalian kualitasDiery Sipayung
This document discusses concepts of quality management. It begins by defining quality from various perspectives such as fitness for use, conformance to requirements, and value perceived by the customer. It then outlines the evolution of quality management approaches from inspection to quality control to quality assurance to total quality management. Key thinkers in quality such as Deming, Juran, Crosby, Ishikawa, Garvin and others are discussed. Deming's famous 14 points for management are also summarized. The document provides an overview of the history and fundamental principles of quality management.
Quality assurance is a wide-ranging concept covering all matters that individually or collectively influence the quality of a product. It aims to ensure that pharmaceutical products are of the quality required for their intended use. Key aspects of quality assurance include providing evidence that quality activities are being performed effectively, ensuring products meet given quality requirements, and initiating actions to dispose of non-conforming products. Quality assurance plays an important role in industries like pharmaceuticals where human safety is critical.
This document provides an overview of quality management principles and philosophies. It discusses definitions of quality, approaches like Total Quality Management, and techniques including statistical process control, quality circles, Six Sigma, and kaizen. The origins and evolution of quality management are traced from early craftsmanship to modern philosophies developed by Deming, Juran, Crosby and others that emphasize continuous improvement, reducing defects, and achieving total customer satisfaction.
Quality Definition by Joseph Juran, Philip Crosby, William Stevenson, David Bentley, Characteristics of Quality, Performance,Features, Reliability, Conformance, Durability, Serviceability, Aesthetics, Perceived Quality, Quality Control, Statistical Quality control (SQC), Sampling Inspection, Consumer’s Risk, Producer’s risk,
What is Quality?
History of Quality Methodology.
Deming’s Principles.
Taguchi’s Contributions And Philosophy.
Total Quality Management.
Quality Improvement Tools.
Costs related to quality.
Benefits/Drawbacks.
Definitions of the quality are as follows.
Transcendent definition: excellence.
Realistic but demanding STANDARDS;
Getting things RIGHT FIRST TIME; ‘It costs less to prevent a problem than it does to correct it’.
Influences the relationship with CUSTOMERS;
Influences how COMPLAINTS are dealt with;
Something to do with how things LOOK and FEEL.
Product-based definition: quantities of product attributes.
User-based definition: fitness for intended use; meeting or exceeding user expectations.
Value-based definition: quality vs. price.
Manufacturing-based definition: conformance to specifications.
This document discusses quality by design and provides definitions and elements of quality. It explains that quality is measured by how well something meets requirements or specifications. Quality requirements can be based on a customer's needs or by comparison to past products. The document lists several characteristics used to evaluate quality, including appearance, aesthetics, reliability, and measurable properties. It also provides definitions of quality from various sources that reference concepts like meeting wants, conforming to specifications, and fitness for use.
2. pengertian dasar perencanaan & pengendalian kualitasDiery Sipayung
This document discusses concepts of quality management. It begins by defining quality from various perspectives such as fitness for use, conformance to requirements, and value perceived by the customer. It then outlines the evolution of quality management approaches from inspection to quality control to quality assurance to total quality management. Key thinkers in quality such as Deming, Juran, Crosby, Ishikawa, Garvin and others are discussed. Deming's famous 14 points for management are also summarized. The document provides an overview of the history and fundamental principles of quality management.
A details introduction of quality, its elements, Cost of Poor Quality and difference in Quality Control and Quality Assurance.
To download these slides please visit my site:
http://www.xubitech.com/
This document discusses product quality. It begins by defining product quality as the features and characteristics of a product that determine its desirability and can be controlled by the manufacturer. It notes that product quality is a product's ability to meet the expectations of end users. The document then discusses important factors for product quality like raw materials, production technologies, and manpower skills. It also covers specifications and characteristics of products as well as the need for product quality testing to ensure products meet standards and customer expectations.
In this presentation, we will discuss the concept of quality management with specific importance on quality assurance, quality control and different views of quality, types of quality, levels of quality and quality determinants. We will also talk about the industrial revolution and beginning of quality control methods.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit: http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
Introduction to Quality Engineering / Quality ControlAFAQAHMED JAMADAR
Quality Control Introduction,
Definition and concept of quality,
Quality control,
Set up policy and objectives of quality control
Quality of design and quality of conformance
Compromise between quality & cost
Quality cost and planning for quality
This document discusses quality control and quality assurance in construction. It provides definitions of quality control as ensuring products meet requirements and standards, while quality assurance ensures quality fulfillment through planned activities. The document outlines the history and importance of QC/QA for owners, contractors, and consultants. It also describes QC/QA plans, specifications including performance, prescriptive and proprietary types, and universal systems like ISO and Six Sigma which aim to reduce errors and improve processes.
This document discusses quality control techniques, including statistical quality control. It covers topics such as quality characteristics that can be measured, sources of variation in manufacturing processes, controlling variation, objectives of quality control programs, concepts of inspection and statistical quality control, benefits of quality control programs, and basic terminology used in statistical quality control like frequency distributions and histograms. The overall goal of quality control techniques is to ensure products meet specifications and customer expectations by monitoring processes for variation and taking actions to prevent defects.
This document discusses the concepts of total quality management and the dimensions of quality. It defines quality as fitness for use at the most economical level. Quality is the most important thing for any organization. High quality reduces the need for additional services like verification and warranty work. The definition of quality has evolved over time from fitness to standard, to fitness of use, to fitness of cost, and finally fitness to latent requirements. Quality has nine dimensions including performance, features, conformance, reliability, durability, service, response, aesthetics, and reputation. There are also dimensions specific to manufacturing quality and service quality. The costs associated with quality are known as quality costs, which include costs of prevention, appraisal, internal failures, and
Lecture 2 (quality methodology and quality control)RAJ BAIRWA
in this lecture i will discuss the quality methodology and quality control concept. it is very important in term of quality management and quality control purpose in any industrial applications.
i hope,,,this ppt will be more helpful for every fresher textile engineer....that provide the basic concept of quality for the product or service,,,,,,
This document discusses key concepts relating to quality. It defines quality from several perspectives including customers, production, and modern definitions. It outlines the dimensions of quality according to Garvin and discusses views on quality from various quality pioneers like Deming, Juran, Crosby and others. It describes the responsibilities of different functions like marketing, design engineering, production, inspection and others in ensuring product quality. It emphasizes the critical role of top management leadership in quality.
The document provides an overview of various quality management concepts and tools including:
- Total Quality Management (TQM) which aims to design high quality products and ensure consistent production.
- Six Sigma which seeks to reduce process variation and eliminate defects through tools like DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control).
- ISO 9000 standards for quality management systems which many companies adopt for global competitiveness.
- Various analytical tools used in quality improvement like control charts, flow diagrams and cause-and-effect diagrams.
This document discusses various topics relating to software quality management. It defines quality management as ensuring the required level of quality is achieved in a software product by defining quality standards and procedures. It discusses what quality means for software and some challenges in specifying quality requirements. It also covers the scope and key activities of quality management including quality assurance, planning, and control. Quality standards, reviews, and metrics are described as important aspects of quality management.
The document discusses the concept of "cost of quality", which refers to the costs associated with defects and poor quality rather than just the costs of creating a quality product. It provides examples of costs increasing due to work being redone, such as reworking a manufactured item. There are generally four categories of quality costs: external failure costs from defects found after delivery to customers, internal failure costs from pre-delivery defects, inspection costs to determine conformance to requirements, and prevention costs to avoid poor quality.
Statistical quality control applied industrial and manufacturing operations. Case study regarding the use of these tools. Description of statistical tools used in quality control and inspection.
This document discusses key concepts in quality management. It defines quality according to several experts and standards, including Deming, Juran, ISO 9000. It outlines dimensions of quality, levels of quality management from organizational to process to performance. It also discusses statistical quality control tools like control charts and acceptance sampling. Finally, it provides a brief history of quality management approaches from inspection to total quality management.
This document provides an introduction to quality standards and definitions. It discusses that there are different views of quality, including degree of fulfillment of requirements, fitness for use, and meeting customer expectations. It also summarizes that quality is not achieved by accident but requires understanding customer requirements and having a plan to meet them. Quality involves a continuous improvement cycle of plan, do, check, act. Finally, it notes that quality management systems, like ISO 9001, provide requirements for organizations to direct quality in a systematic way.
This document discusses the different categories and types of quality costs, including:
1) Visible costs like scrap, rework, and warranty costs and hidden costs like inefficient resource use.
2) Quality costs are divided into costs of conformance (prevention and appraisal) and costs of non-conformance (internal and external failure).
3) Prevention costs focus on designing quality in from the beginning while appraisal costs check for defects. Internal failures are detected before delivery while external failures are detected after.
This document discusses Highly Accelerated Stress Screening (HASS), which is used to identify new failure modes that may be introduced during production or sustaining processes. HASS involves subjecting products to stresses beyond operational limits in a precipitation screen to induce failures, followed by a detection screen near operational limits while functionally testing. The stress levels are based on limits found during prior Highly Accelerated Life Testing (HALT), with vibration reduced 50% and thermal excursions reduced 20% as starting points. HASS uses similar equipment to HALT but with fixtures that can accommodate production quantities undergoing quick, simultaneous vibration and temperature stresses.
A details introduction of quality, its elements, Cost of Poor Quality and difference in Quality Control and Quality Assurance.
To download these slides please visit my site:
http://www.xubitech.com/
This document discusses product quality. It begins by defining product quality as the features and characteristics of a product that determine its desirability and can be controlled by the manufacturer. It notes that product quality is a product's ability to meet the expectations of end users. The document then discusses important factors for product quality like raw materials, production technologies, and manpower skills. It also covers specifications and characteristics of products as well as the need for product quality testing to ensure products meet standards and customer expectations.
In this presentation, we will discuss the concept of quality management with specific importance on quality assurance, quality control and different views of quality, types of quality, levels of quality and quality determinants. We will also talk about the industrial revolution and beginning of quality control methods.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit: http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
Introduction to Quality Engineering / Quality ControlAFAQAHMED JAMADAR
Quality Control Introduction,
Definition and concept of quality,
Quality control,
Set up policy and objectives of quality control
Quality of design and quality of conformance
Compromise between quality & cost
Quality cost and planning for quality
This document discusses quality control and quality assurance in construction. It provides definitions of quality control as ensuring products meet requirements and standards, while quality assurance ensures quality fulfillment through planned activities. The document outlines the history and importance of QC/QA for owners, contractors, and consultants. It also describes QC/QA plans, specifications including performance, prescriptive and proprietary types, and universal systems like ISO and Six Sigma which aim to reduce errors and improve processes.
This document discusses quality control techniques, including statistical quality control. It covers topics such as quality characteristics that can be measured, sources of variation in manufacturing processes, controlling variation, objectives of quality control programs, concepts of inspection and statistical quality control, benefits of quality control programs, and basic terminology used in statistical quality control like frequency distributions and histograms. The overall goal of quality control techniques is to ensure products meet specifications and customer expectations by monitoring processes for variation and taking actions to prevent defects.
This document discusses the concepts of total quality management and the dimensions of quality. It defines quality as fitness for use at the most economical level. Quality is the most important thing for any organization. High quality reduces the need for additional services like verification and warranty work. The definition of quality has evolved over time from fitness to standard, to fitness of use, to fitness of cost, and finally fitness to latent requirements. Quality has nine dimensions including performance, features, conformance, reliability, durability, service, response, aesthetics, and reputation. There are also dimensions specific to manufacturing quality and service quality. The costs associated with quality are known as quality costs, which include costs of prevention, appraisal, internal failures, and
Lecture 2 (quality methodology and quality control)RAJ BAIRWA
in this lecture i will discuss the quality methodology and quality control concept. it is very important in term of quality management and quality control purpose in any industrial applications.
i hope,,,this ppt will be more helpful for every fresher textile engineer....that provide the basic concept of quality for the product or service,,,,,,
This document discusses key concepts relating to quality. It defines quality from several perspectives including customers, production, and modern definitions. It outlines the dimensions of quality according to Garvin and discusses views on quality from various quality pioneers like Deming, Juran, Crosby and others. It describes the responsibilities of different functions like marketing, design engineering, production, inspection and others in ensuring product quality. It emphasizes the critical role of top management leadership in quality.
The document provides an overview of various quality management concepts and tools including:
- Total Quality Management (TQM) which aims to design high quality products and ensure consistent production.
- Six Sigma which seeks to reduce process variation and eliminate defects through tools like DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control).
- ISO 9000 standards for quality management systems which many companies adopt for global competitiveness.
- Various analytical tools used in quality improvement like control charts, flow diagrams and cause-and-effect diagrams.
This document discusses various topics relating to software quality management. It defines quality management as ensuring the required level of quality is achieved in a software product by defining quality standards and procedures. It discusses what quality means for software and some challenges in specifying quality requirements. It also covers the scope and key activities of quality management including quality assurance, planning, and control. Quality standards, reviews, and metrics are described as important aspects of quality management.
The document discusses the concept of "cost of quality", which refers to the costs associated with defects and poor quality rather than just the costs of creating a quality product. It provides examples of costs increasing due to work being redone, such as reworking a manufactured item. There are generally four categories of quality costs: external failure costs from defects found after delivery to customers, internal failure costs from pre-delivery defects, inspection costs to determine conformance to requirements, and prevention costs to avoid poor quality.
Statistical quality control applied industrial and manufacturing operations. Case study regarding the use of these tools. Description of statistical tools used in quality control and inspection.
This document discusses key concepts in quality management. It defines quality according to several experts and standards, including Deming, Juran, ISO 9000. It outlines dimensions of quality, levels of quality management from organizational to process to performance. It also discusses statistical quality control tools like control charts and acceptance sampling. Finally, it provides a brief history of quality management approaches from inspection to total quality management.
This document provides an introduction to quality standards and definitions. It discusses that there are different views of quality, including degree of fulfillment of requirements, fitness for use, and meeting customer expectations. It also summarizes that quality is not achieved by accident but requires understanding customer requirements and having a plan to meet them. Quality involves a continuous improvement cycle of plan, do, check, act. Finally, it notes that quality management systems, like ISO 9001, provide requirements for organizations to direct quality in a systematic way.
This document discusses the different categories and types of quality costs, including:
1) Visible costs like scrap, rework, and warranty costs and hidden costs like inefficient resource use.
2) Quality costs are divided into costs of conformance (prevention and appraisal) and costs of non-conformance (internal and external failure).
3) Prevention costs focus on designing quality in from the beginning while appraisal costs check for defects. Internal failures are detected before delivery while external failures are detected after.
This document discusses Highly Accelerated Stress Screening (HASS), which is used to identify new failure modes that may be introduced during production or sustaining processes. HASS involves subjecting products to stresses beyond operational limits in a precipitation screen to induce failures, followed by a detection screen near operational limits while functionally testing. The stress levels are based on limits found during prior Highly Accelerated Life Testing (HALT), with vibration reduced 50% and thermal excursions reduced 20% as starting points. HASS uses similar equipment to HALT but with fixtures that can accommodate production quantities undergoing quick, simultaneous vibration and temperature stresses.
This document provides an introduction and overview of various accelerated life testing methods, including HALT (Highly Accelerated Life Testing), HASS (Highly Accelerated Stress Screening), HASA (Highly Accelerated Stress Auditing), and CALT (Calibrated Accelerated Life Testing). It describes the basic principles, equipment, step stress approaches, benefits, and limitations of each method. The goal of these accelerated testing methods is to identify product weaknesses and failures earlier in the design process in a more time-efficient and cost-effective manner compared to traditional reliability testing.
This document discusses using Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA), Design Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (DFMEA), Design for Reliability (DFR), testing, and failure analysis in lean new product development. It covers key elements of lean NPD like defining value from the customer perspective, front-loading processes with knowledge, and eliminating waste. Methods like functional block diagrams, boundary diagrams, parameter diagrams, and process flow diagrams can help focus lean FMEAs on new design elements. Characteristics critical to customer value should be identified. Accelerated testing and failure analysis capture knowledge for continuous improvement.
The document describes examples of queueing and inventory simulation models. It provides examples of simulations of the able-baker queueing model, a dental clinic queue, and inventory systems with probabilistic demand and lead times. For each simulation example, it provides the relevant probability distributions and random numbers used to calculate metrics like average wait times and inventory levels.
This document discusses simulation of queueing systems. It includes key elements like customers, servers, arrival and service processes. It also discusses queue behaviors, disciplines, assumptions made in simulations, and provides examples to simulate grocery store, book stall and dentist clinic queues. The examples show generating random numbers for inter-arrival and service times and calculating metrics like average wait times.
The document discusses simulation as a technique for modeling real-world systems with uncertain inputs. It defines simulation as using models to represent systems over time to understand their behavior. The key aspects covered include:
- Components of a simulation model including inputs, calculations, and outputs
- Types of simulation like time-dependent vs time-independent and corporate/financial simulations
- Major applications in queuing systems and analyzing waiting times
- Steps of the simulation process from identifying the problem to evaluating results
- Components and structures of queuing systems like arrivals, queues, service, and departure.
Queuing theory is the mathematical study of waiting lines. It is commonly used to model systems where customers arrive for service, such as at cafeterias, banks, and libraries. The key components of queuing systems include arrivals, service times, queues, and servers. Common assumptions in queuing theory include Poisson arrivals and exponential service times. Formulas can be used to calculate values like average queue length, waiting time, and number of customers in the system. Queuing models help analyze real-world systems and identify ways to reduce waiting times.
This document discusses simulation examples of queueing systems. It describes three key steps in simulations: 1) determining input characteristics, 2) constructing a simulation table, and 3) generating input values and evaluating responses over repetitions. It then provides details on simulating a single-channel queue, including modeling arrivals and services as probability distributions and tracking events in a simulation table. The document concludes with an example simulation of customers arriving at and being served by a single checkout counter.
This document provides an introduction to queuing models and simulation. It discusses key characteristics of queuing systems such as arrival processes, service times, queue discipline, and performance measures. Common queuing notations are also introduced, including the widely used Kendall notation. Examples of queuing systems from various applications are provided to illustrate real-world scenarios that can be modeled using queuing theory.
Queueing theory studies waiting line systems where customers arrive for service but servers have limited capacity. This document outlines components of queueing models including: arrival processes, queue configurations, service disciplines, service facilities, and analytical solutions. Key points are that customers wait in queues when demand exceeds server capacity, and queueing formulas provide expected wait times and number of customers in the system based on arrival and service rates.
The document discusses using simulation to model queuing problems with random numbers. It describes queuing systems as having arrivals, a waiting line, service, and departure components. A single queue-single service point queuing structure is examined, with first-come, first-served queue discipline and random inter-arrival and service times. An example problem simulates 10 customer arrivals at a retail store using random numbers to estimate average waiting time and server idle time percentage. The solution shows calculating arrival and service time probabilities, simulating customer service, and finding total 4 minutes of waiting time and 12 minutes of idle time over 53 minutes.
This document discusses simulation examples and simulation of queuing systems. It provides three key steps to carry out a simulation: 1) determine input characteristics, 2) construct a simulation table to track the system state over time, and 3) initialize and run the simulation. It then gives an example of simulating a single-channel queue, including generating random interarrival and service times from distributions and constructing a simulation table. Key performance measures like average wait time and server idle time are calculated from the table.
This document provides an overview of queuing theory, which is used to model waiting lines. It discusses key concepts like arrival processes, service systems, queuing models and their characteristics. Some examples where queuing theory is applied include telecommunications, traffic control, and manufacturing layout. Common elements of queuing systems are customers, servers and queues. The document also presents examples of single and multiple channel queuing models.
Validity refers to a test accurately measuring what it intends to. Content validity means a test samples relevant skills, while criterion-related validity compares test scores to external criteria. Reliability means a test gives consistent results. Key factors for reliability include multiple test items, clear instructions, uniform administration conditions, and scorer reliability through objective scoring and scorer training. While reliability ensures consistent results, a test may be reliable without being valid if it does not accurately measure the target construct. Both validity and reliability are important for effective test design and interpretation.
This document discusses key concepts related to validity and reliability in measurement devices. It defines validity as measuring what the device is intended to measure, and reliability as consistency of measurement. The document outlines several types of validity including content, construct, criterion (concurrent and predictive), and face validity. It also discusses reliability in terms of equivalency, stability, internal consistency, and interrater reliability. Validity and reliability are closely related but a test can be reliable without being valid. The document also notes sources of error in measurements and the backwash effect of test design on teaching.
The document describes a Total Quality Management training program that teaches attendants about TQM principles and practices. The program covers topics like quality concepts, testing, the history of TQM, globalization, visualization analysis, common misconceptions about TQM, and factors for TQM success. It also discusses ISO quality standards and provides certification.
Chapter 1 (Lecture 1-3)-Basic Concept of Quality and Quality Control.pptxVandaMnica1
This document discusses key concepts related to quality and quality control. It defines quality as the characteristics of a product or service that determine its ability to meet customer demands. Aspects of quality include performance, conformance, reliability, durability, innovative features, serviceability, ease of use, and aesthetics. Factors that affect quality are the customer, processes, employees, and materials/suppliers. Poor quality can lead to lower productivity, material loss, loss of business, and liability issues. Quality control involves checking and regulating quality through verification activities, while quality assurance focuses on preventing defects through proactive processes and audits.
Chapter 1 (Lecture 1-3)-Basic Concept of Quality and Quality Control.pptxMohammedAbuBakkerSid2
This document discusses key concepts related to quality and quality control. It defines quality as the characteristics of a product or service that determine its ability to meet customer demands. Aspects of quality include performance, conformance, reliability, durability, innovative features, serviceability, ease of use, and aesthetics. Factors that affect quality are the customer, processes, employees, and materials/suppliers. Poor quality can lead to lower productivity, material loss, loss of business, and liability issues. Quality control involves checking and regulating quality through verification activities, while quality assurance focuses on preventing defects through proactive processes and audits.
This document provides an overview of basic quality management concepts including total quality management (TQM). It discusses key aspects of TQM such as the customer and supplier focus, benefits which include lower costs and satisfied customers, and costs such as prevention and inspection costs. Historical contributors to TQM are also summarized, including Deming's emphasis on statistical process control and prevention of errors, Juran's quality trilogy approach, and Crosby's zero defects philosophy.
This document provides an overview of basic quality management concepts and tools. It discusses key topics such as the concept of quality, quality dimensions, product and service quality, inspection, statistical quality control, quality assurance, total quality management, and the contributions of quality pioneers like Deming, Juran, Crosby, and Taguchi. Common quality management tools are also defined, including check sheets, histograms, scatter diagrams, Pareto charts, control charts, cause-and-effect diagrams, five whys, 5S's, kaizen, JIT, quality circles, Gantt charts, and balanced scorecards.
Definition of Quality, Dimensions of Quality, Quality costs, Top Management Commitment, Quality Council, Quality Statements, Barriers to TQM Implementation, Contributions of Deming, Juran, Crosby, Feigenbaum, Ishikawa, Taguchi techniques, Team Balancing, Concepts of Quality circle, Japanese 5S principles and 8D methodology.TQM Principles- Customer satisfaction – Customer Perception of Quality, Customer Complaints, Service Quality, Customer Retention, Continuous Process Improvement,5S, Kaizen, Just-In-Time and TPS.
This document provides an overview of total quality management (TQM). It discusses key dimensions of quality for manufacturing and service organizations. It also defines costs associated with quality including prevention, appraisal, internal failure, and external failure costs. The evolution of TQM is traced from early quality gurus like Shewhart, Deming, Juran, and Ishikawa to the development of concepts like statistical process control, quality awards and standards, and implementing TQM across an organization.
This document provides an overview of quality concepts and definitions. It discusses definitions of quality as fitness for use and conforming to specifications. It describes key quality characteristics like technological, psychological, time-oriented, contractual, and ethical characteristics. It also discusses the quality function and costs of quality, categorizing quality costs into costs of prevention, appraisal, internal failures, and external failures. The document aims to define quality and its important dimensions from different perspectives.
Christy Allen, the manager of LuckWay supermarket, obtained the store's Sunday complaint records over the last eight weeks. The assistant recommends using tools of total quality management (TQM) like flow charts, check sheets, Pareto charts, and cause-and-effect diagrams to analyze the data. Open-ended comments should be categorized and survey data ranked to identify the biggest customer service issues. Recommendations would then focus on continuous improvement and tying actions to TQM principles like empowerment and benchmarking.
CH 3 Quality management and Control.pptxamanuel236786
The document provides an overview of quality management concepts including definitions of quality from different perspectives, dimensions of quality for both products and services, costs of quality, total quality management principles, statistical process control charts, and types of statistical sampling. Some key points summarized:
- Quality is defined as meeting or exceeding customer requirements now and in the future from the customer's perspective, and producing a product that meets specifications from the producer's perspective.
- Dimensions of quality include quality of design, quality of conformance, and abilities like reliability and maintainability. For services, dimensions include timeliness, completeness, and courtesy.
- Costs of quality include prevention costs, appraisal costs, internal failure costs, and external failure costs
The document provides an overview of quality management concepts including:
- Definitions of quality from different perspectives including consumers and producers
- Dimensions of quality for manufactured products and services
- Total quality management principles including customer focus, leadership, and continuous improvement
- Contributions of quality gurus like Deming, Juran, and Crosby
- Tools for quality improvement like quality circles, Deming's PDCA cycle, and Six Sigma
- Implications of quality management for strategy, employees, information technology, and costs
- Definition and dimensions of quality;
- Quality characteristics or critical-to-quality characteristics;
- Management aspect of quality improvement:
> Quality planning;
> Quality assurance;
> Quality control and improvement.
Project Quality Management is step by step . This presentation gives us a brief explanation about quality management of each project you may think you are going to undertake.
The document discusses the evolution and key concepts of Total Quality Management (TQM). It covers origins in inspection and quality control, evolving to quality assurance and TQM. TQM focuses on achieving excellence through managing the whole organization, involving all employees, and focusing on customer needs. Key elements include commitment to continuous improvement, scientific problem solving, and an organizational culture of quality.
This document provides an overview of quality concepts including definitions of quality, quality dimensions, quality control, statistical quality control, quality assurance, total quality management, and the historical development of quality. It discusses the responsibilities of various departments for quality like marketing, design engineering, procurement, production, inspection, packaging, and product service. It also covers the roles of quality assurance, the CEO, and using computers to support quality control.
This document provides an overview of quality concepts including definitions of quality, dimensions of quality, total quality management, quality costs, and quality circles. It defines quality as meeting customer expectations and fitness for use. Quality dimensions include performance, reliability, durability, serviceability, aesthetics, features, and conformance to standards. Total quality management focuses on continual improvement through customer satisfaction. Quality costs are categorized as prevention, appraisal, internal failure, and external failure costs. Quality circles involve voluntary employee groups that work to identify and solve quality problems. Basic quality circle steps and roles are outlined along with seven common quality tools.
This document discusses total quality management (TQM) and quality costs. It defines quality as meeting customer requirements and outlines Garvin's eight dimensions of quality: performance, features, reliability, conformance, durability, serviceability, aesthetics, and perceived quality. The document then defines quality costs as those associated with preventing, appraising, and addressing defects. Quality costs are categorized as prevention costs, appraisal costs, internal failure costs, external failure costs, and hidden costs. Prevention costs aim to avoid defects, while appraisal costs identify defects before products are shipped. Internal failure costs address defects before shipping, and external failure costs deal with defects after shipping. Hidden costs are more difficult to quantify and can include lost reputation and customer
2. NAMES OF BOOKS;
Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, Douglas C.
Montgomery, 2nd Edition, Wiley.
Charles E. Ebeling, An introduction to reliability and
maintainability engineering, Tata McGraw-Hill Education.
Quality Planning and Analysis, J.M.Juran and F.M. Gryna,
McGraw Hill
Quality Control, Dale H. Besterfield, 8th Edition,
Pearson/Prentice Hall
Statistical Quality Control, E. L. Grant and Richard S.
Leavenworth, Tata McGraw-Hill
Fundamentals of Quality Control and mprovement,
Amitava Mitra, 2nd Edition,Prentice Hall 1998
Design and Analysis of Experiments, 5th Edition, Douglas
C. Montgomery, Wiley-India 2007
3. QUALITY
“Quality product”- usually think
in terms of an excellent product or
service that fulfills our
expectations.
Expectations are based on
“fitness for use” and the selling
price of the product.*
4. DEFINITIONS
Quality is all of the features and
characteristics of product or
service that contribute to the
satisfaction of a customer’s needs.
These needs involve price, safety,
availability, maintainability,
reliability, and usability.
5. Conformance of the product or
service to these specifications
is measurable and provides a
quantifiable definition of quality.
Therefore, simply stated, quality
is conformance to
specifications and the degree of
conformance is the measure of
quality.
6. Quality control is the use of
techniques and activities to
achieve.
Sustain and improve the quality of
a product or service.
7. IT INVOLVES INTEGRATING THE FOLLOWING
RELATED TECHNIQUES AND ACTIVITIES:
Specifications of what is needed
Design of the product or service to
meet the specifications
Production or installation to meet the
full intent of the specifications
Inspection to determine conformance
to specifications
Review of usage to provide
information for the revision of
specifications is needed
8. STATISTICAL QUALITY CONTROL
It is a branch of quality control. It is
the collection, analysis and
interpretation of data for use in
quality control activities.
A number of different
techniques/tools are needed to
achieve
9. THESE TOOLS ARE;
Shewhart control charts for measurable
quality characteristics. Average and
Range charts, Sample Average and
Standard Deviation
Shewhart control charts for fraction
rejected, or p chart
Shewhart control charts for number of
nonconformities, or c chart
The portion of sampling theory that deals
with the quality protection given by any
specified sampling acceptance procedure.
10. QUALITY ASSURANCE
All the actions necessary to provide
adequate confidence that a product
or service will satisfy consumer
needs is called quality assurance.
It involves making sure that
effectiveness with a view to having
timely corrective measures and
feedback initiated where necessary.
11. QUALITY CONTROL AND QUALITY ASSURANCE.
Quality control is involved with the
activities of specification, design,
production or installation,
inspection, and review of usage.
These activities are the
responsibility of the functional
areas shown in slide no 16.
Quality assurance is involved with
these activities as well as the entire
quality system.
12. HISTORICAL REVIEW
Industrial Revolution- The concept of
specialization of labor
In 1924. W.A. Shewhart of Bell Telephone
Laboratories developed a statistical chart for
the control of product variables. H.F. Dodge
and H.G. Romig both of Bell Telephone
Laboratories, developed the area of
acceptance sampling as a substitute for
100% inspection.
Recognition of the value of statistical quality
control became apparent by 1942.
Unfortunately American managers failed to
recognize its value.
13. In 1946 the American Society for Quality
Control was formed (through its publications,
conferences, and training sessions has
promoted the use of quality control for all types
of production and service).
In 1950 W. Edwards Deming gave a series of
lectures on statistical methods to Japanese
Engineers and on quality responsibility to top
management.
Joseph M. Juran made his first trip to Japan in
1954, Japanese set the quality standards for
the rest of the world to follow.
14. In 1960 the first quality control circles
were formed for the purpose of quality
improvement. Simple statistical
techniques were learned and applied by
Japanese workers.
By the late 1970s and early 1980s
American managers were making
frequent trips to Japan to learn about the
Japanese miracle. Nevertheless a
quality renaissance began to occur in
America’s products and services.
15. RESPONSIBILITY FOR QUALITY
Departments Responsible
Quality is not the responsibility of any one
person or department: it is every one’s job.
Marketing
Marketing helps to evaluate the level of product
quality and the customer wants, needs, and is
willing to pay for. In addition, marketing
provides the customer with product quality
data and helps to determine quality
requirements.
16. Product Service
Packing and
Shipping
Inspection and
Test
Marketing
Product
Engineering
Purchasing
Quality Product
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Engineering
Departments Responsible for Quality
17. Product Engineering
Product engineering translates the
customer’s quality requirements into
operating characteristics, expect
specifications. (1)
Manufacturing Engineering
Manufacturing engineering has the
responsibility to develop process and
procedures that will produce a quality
product. (2)
18. Manufacturing
Manufacturing has the responsibility to
produce quality products. Quality cannot
be inspected into a product. It must be
build into the product.
Inspection and Test
Inspection and test has the responsibility to
appraise the quality of purchased and
manufactured items and to report the
results. The reports are used to other
departments to take corrective action when
needed.
19. Packaging and Shipping
Responsibility to preserve and protect
the quality of the product. Control of the
product quality must extend beyond
manufacturing to the distribution
installation and product.
Product Service
To provide the customer with the means
for fully realizing the intended function
of the product during its expected life.
This responsibility includes reaction,
maintenance, repair and replacement
parts service.
20. QUALITY ASSURANCE
The quality assurance or quality control
department does not have direct
responsibility for quality. It assists or
supports the other departments as they
carry out their quality control
responsibilities.
Quality assurance does have the direct
responsibility to continually evaluate the
effectiveness of the total quality system.
21. GENERIC ELEMENTS OF A TOTAL
QUALITY SYSTEM ARE:
Policy, planning and administration
Design assurance and design change
control.
Control of purchased material.
User contact and field performance.
Corrective action.
22. QUALITY POLICY AND OBJECTIVE
Quality Policy - overall intentions
and direction of an organisation
related to quality as formally
expressed by top management.
Quality Objective - something
sought, or aimed for related to
quality.
23. To differentiate in simple terms, the
Policy would say "The organisation
would strive to improve customer
satisfaction" - a direction laid down by
the management.
The Objective is a measurable derived
from the Policy. It could say something
like - "Improve on time delivery
performance".
24. THE MAIN PRINCIPLES OF CONTROL CHARTS
1. Measured quality of manufactured product
have always subject to a certain amount of
variation as the result of chance
2. Some constant system of chance causes is
inherent in any particular scheme of
production and inspection
3. Variation within this stable pattern is
inevitable
4. The reasons for variation outside this stable
pattern may be discovered and corrected
25. Computing Cost of Quality
Internal Failure
Scrap
Rework
Scrap/Rework - Supplier
Appraisal
Inspection
Test
Quality audits
Test equipment - initial cost &
maintenance
External Failure
Cost to customer
Warranty costs
Complaint adjustments
Returned material
Prevention
Quality planning
Process planning
Process control
Training
Note: The listed categories provides an understanding of the COQ structure. In
general, COQ is comprised of costs due to failure, appraisal, and prevention.
26. HIDDEN COST OF QUALITY
Internal
Troubleshooting and failure analysis
Evaluation to determine usability of off specification
material
Engineering changes, redesign, buy-offs
Costs of reviewing quality problems (i.e, replanning,
meetings, expediting, firefighting, reports, etc.)
Inventory costs on held material
Overtime because of quality problems
Late shipment premiums (delayed collections)
Material handling
Tool & fixture redesign
Machine wear
Fringe benefits on labor
Loss of productivity due to rework, scrap
27. HOW TO REDUCE QUALITY LOSSES
Rule of “Tens”
Eradicate Killer Re’s…Waste
Play Offense (Prevention) vs.
Defense (Detection)
28. RULE OF “TENS”
Not doing it right the first time
costs ten times as much to find and fix
each time errors escape to a
subsequent stage of handling.
$1 Design Effort
=$10 Production Cost
=$100 Assy/Test Cost
=$1000 Field Cost
30. STATISTICS AND SAMPLING
DISTRIBUTIONS
Statistical methods are used to make
decisions about a process
Is the process out of control?
Is the process average you were given
the true value?
What is the true process variability?
31. STATISTICS AND SAMPLING
DISTRIBUTIONS
Statistics are quantities calculated
from a random sample taken from
a population of interest.
The probability distribution of a
statistic is called a sampling
distribution.
32. DESCRIBING VARIATION
One of the proverb or truism of
manufacturing is that no two
objects are never made exactly
alike.
Variations –very large and
noticeable
Variations – very small and can be
noticed by precision instruments
33. Three categories of variations in piece
part production
1. Within – piece variation: like
surface finish of two portion of the
same piece
2. Piece to piece variation: within
pieces, produced in same time
3. Time-to-time variation: products
produced in different times of the day
34. FIVE CONTRIBUTING FACTORS OF
VARIATION
They are;
1. Processes
2. Material
3. Environment
4. Operators
5. Inspection
35. CHANCE CAUSES OF VARIATION AND
ASSIGNABLE CAUSES
As long as these five sources of
variation fluctuate in a normal or
expected manner, a stable pattern of
many chance causes of variation
develops.
Chance causes of variation are
inevitable and because they are very
small in magnitude. They are difficult
to identify.
36. Those causes of variation which are
large in magnitude, and therefore readily
identified, are classified as assignable
causes.
When only chance causes are present
in a process, the process is considered
to be in control.
However, when an assignable cause of
variation is also present, the variation
will be excessive and the process is
classified as out of control or beyond the
expected normal variation.
37. PATTERN OF VARIATION
As we discussed variations seems inevitable
in nature.
Now it is necessary to have some simple
methods of describing patterns of variation.
Statistician have developed such methods.
One useful method involves a frequency
distribution. Another involves the finding of a
measure of the central tendency of a
distribution (that is, an average) combined
with some measure of dispersion, or spread,
of the distribution.
38. FUNDAMENTALS OF STATISTICS
It has two generally accepted meanings:
A collection of quantitative data pertaining to
any subject or group, especially when the data
are systematically gathered and collated
examples of this meaning are blood pressure
statistics, statistics of a football game,
employment statistics etc.
The science that deals with the collection,
tabulation, analysis, interpretation, and
presentation of quantitative data.
39. The use of statistics in quality
control deals with the second and
broader meaning and involves the
divisions of collection, tabulating,
analyzing, interpreting and
presenting the quantitative data.
Each division is depended on the
accuracy and completeness of the
preceding one.
40. There are two phases of statistics:
Descriptive or deductive statistics,
which endeavors to describe and
analyze a subject or group.
Inductive statistics which endeavors to
determine from a limited amount of
data (sample) an important conclusion
about a much larger amount of data
(population).*
41. COLLECTION OF DATA
Data may be collected by
direct observation or indirectly
through written or verbal
questions*.
Data that are collected for
quality control purposes are
obtained by direct observation
and are classified as either
variables or attributes.
42. Variables are those quality
characteristics which are
measurable, such as a weight
measured in grams.
Attributes, on the other hand are
those quality characteristics
which are classified as either
conforming or not conforming to
specifications such as a “go / no
go gage”.
43. A variable that is capable of any degree
of subdivision is referred to as
continuous. The weight of a gray iron
casting which can be measured as 11 kg,
11.33 kg or 11.3398 kg (25 ib), depending
on the accuracy of the measuring
instrument, is an example of a continuous
variable.
Measurements such as meter (feet), liters
(gallons) and Pascal’s (pounds per
square inch) are examples of continuous
data.
44. Variables that exhibit gaps are
called discrete. The number of
defective rivets in a travel trailer
can be any whole number, such
as 0,3,5,10,96…..however, there
cannot be say 4.65 defective
rivets in a particular trailer.
In general, continuous data are
measurable, while discrete data
are countable.
45. Describing the Data
In industry, business and government
the mass of data that have been
collected is voluminous.
There are a number of different ways to
present the frequency distribution.
Two techniques are available to
accomplish the summarization of data-graphical
and analytical.
46. Graphical techniques is a plot or picture
of a frequency distribution, which is
summarization of how the data points
(observations) occurs within each
subdivision of observed values or groups
of observed values.
Analytical techniques summarize data by
computing a measure of central
tendency and a measure of the
dispersion.
47. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
UNGROUPED DATA-Comprise
a listing of the
observed values
GROUPED DATA- Lumping
together of the observed
values
51. GROUPED DATA
The construction of a frequency distribution for
grouped data is more complicated because
there are a large number of data values.
Process is as follows;
1. Collect data and construct a tally sheet
2. Determine the range
3. Determine the cell interval
4. Determine the cell midpoints
5. Determine the cell boundaries
6. Post the cell frequency