The document summarizes key events in the Pakistan Movement from 1940 to 1947, including the Lahore Resolution of 1940 which called for independent Muslim states in the northwest and northeast of South Asia, the failure of negotiations like the Cripps Mission and Gandhi-Jinnah talks to resolve Hindu-Muslim tensions, and the Simla Conference of 1945 where representation issues prevented an agreement between the Indian National Congress and All-India Muslim League.

1. PAKISTAN MOVEMENT
(1940-1947)
 PAKISTAN RESOULTION(23rd March 1940)
 CRIPPS MISSION(22nd March 1942)
 QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT(8th August 1942)
 JINNAH- GANDHI TALKS(1944)
 SIMLA CONFERENEC(May 1945)
 GENERAL ELECTIONS TO CENTRAL AND PROVENCAL
LAGESLATURE(1945-1946)
 CABINET MISSION PLAN(24th March 1946)
 3RD JUNE PLAN (1947)
 TWO NATION THEORY

2. PAKISTAN RESOLUTION (22-24TH MARCH 1940)
Annual session of All India Muslim League
22nd to 24th March at Iqbal park Lahore
Session was headed by Quaid-e-Azam
Quaid-e-Azam narrated the events from last few months and presented his own
solution of the Muslim problem.
In the words of Quaid-e-Azam Hindus and the Muslims belong to two different
religions, philosophies, social customs and literature. they belong to two different
civilizations that are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions. Their
concepts on life and of life are different.”
Because of these reasons Muslim leadership felt the need for a separate
homeland for Muslims and made practical step for this need in form of Pakistan
Resolution.
 Chief Minister of Bengal A.K Fazl-ul-Haq moved the historical resolution
known as Pakistan resolution.

3. . The Resolution declared: “No constitutional plan would be workable or acceptable to
the Muslims unless geographical contiguous units are demarcated into regions which
should be so constituted with such territorial readjustments as may be necessary
It further reads, “That adequate, effective and mandatory safeguards shall be specifically
provided in the constitution for minorities in the units and in the regions for the protection
of their religious, cultural, economic, political, administrative and other rights of the
minorities, with their consultation
The Resolution repudiated the concept of United India and recommended the creation of
an independent Muslim state consisting of Punjab, N. W. F. P., Sindh and Baluchistan in
the northwest, and Bengal and Assam in the northeast. The Resolution was seconded by
Maulana Zafar Ali Khan from Punjab, Sardar Aurangzeb from the N. W. F. P., Sir Abdullah
Haroon from Sindh, and Qazi Esa from Baluchistan, along with many others.
Continue………
Main Points of Pak Resolution:

4. BRITISH OFFER OFAUGUST 1940
On August 8, 1940 the British Government issued a White Paper that after the
war a constituent assembly would be formed in India. The August Offer showed
a clear change in the approach of the British towards the constitutional problems
of India. For the first time it promised the formation of a Constituent Assembly
for Indian representatives. It was also said that in the proposed assembly the
rights of all the minorities especially the Muslims would be safeguarded.
The All India Muslim League Working Committee discussed the August Offer
on September 1. The session was presided over by Quaid-i-Azam. The
Committee expressed satisfaction about the offer. The Viceroy and Secretary of
State had talked about the ‘national unity’ in their speeches. The Working
Committee stated that throughout the history ‘national unity’ had been non-
existant in India. So such remarks must be avoided as they gave birth to doubts
and confusions. The Muslim League Committee declared that the partition of
India was the only solution to the problems of the country.

5. The Congress reacted against the August Offer and its President Abul Kalam
Azad refused to hold talks with British Government on this issue. They
completely rejected it and alleged the Government for not being sincere to the
cause of Indian independence. It was also added that the Government was
using the minority issue for delaying the independence of India.
The Viceroy regretted that the August Offer was not accepted by all the
parties. The offer was not withdrawn and could be implemented as and when
it would get the maximum support but for the time being the expansion of the
Executive Council was suspended by the British Government.
Continue………….

6. CIVIAL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT
On October 13, 1940 Gandhi declared his line of action in the Working Committee of
Congress. The plan was to start ‘individual satyagrah’ according to it few people chosen
by Gandhi would offer civil disobedience and court arrest. The second stage of the
campaign began on the November 17 and it was termed as the ‘representative satyagrah’.
Individuals were selected from groups and they were assigned to raise anti war slogans in
the streets and got themselves arrested. By the end of the year, five to six hundred
persons were imprisoned. Although some top most Congress leaders were arrested during
the campaign but it was not turned into a national revolt.
The Muslims of South Asia were not in favour of the Congress policies. Firstly they
were not willing to change one master for another. Secondly Muslim League wanted to
consolidate and popularize the idea of Pakistan and for that they didn’t want to have a
complete break with the British Government. Thirdly the Congress campaign of civil
disobedience was untimely. It was clear to all that any movement violent or non-violent
was not going to persuade the British to grant Indian independence in the middle of the
Second World War. In November 1940 Quaid-i-Azam in his speech at Delhi clearly said
that Congress had wrongly claimed that its campaign had been launched for the freedom
of India, it was clear to all that it was intended to pressurize the British Government to
recognize Congress as the only authoritative and representative organization of the
Indian people.

7. CRIPPS MISSION (March 1942)
Period of 2nd world war.
War was reaching Indian borders.
British's wanted people of sub-continent to stand with them
in this war.
For this cooperation of Indians, some proposals were offered
to them, by Sir Stafford Cripps on behalf of British
government.
Proposals were:
1. General elections were held as the war ended.
2. India would be given dominion statue
3. Provinces not joining domination, could form their own separate union.
4. Minorities will be protected.
Congress and Muslim League rejected these proposals. Jinnah opposed the plan, as it
did not concede Pakistan. Thus the plan came to nothing.

8. QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT (8TH AUGUST 1942)
Just after Cripps Mission, All India Congress Committee
passed its ‘Quit India’ resolution on August 8, 1942. The
demand was to declare India immediately as an independent
country. Then a provisional government would be formed
with the cooperation of the major parties whose primary duty
would be defence of India and resistance against aggression.
Actually Gandhi was having negotiations with Japan and
Jawaherlal Nehru was “thrilled” by the thought of the
Japanese invasion of India. So in their attempt to take power
from the British, the Congress leaders were not averse to
employing tactics, which were hardly respectable and
possible. It can also be said that the Congress feared that if
independence would be delayed the divided India would
become a reality. They wanted to stop the emergence of
Pakistan

9. Because of this movement Congress was declared as unlawful body
throughout India and their leaders were arrested.
As a result violence broke out in all Hindu majority provinces.
As Gandhi’s demand was withdrawal of British power from India, but
Quaid-e-Azam realized the situation and asked the Muslims to refrain from
this movement. Because Gandhi wanted to break the tempo of Pakistan
movement by this rebellious movement.
So Quaid-e-Azam changed the slogan of the movement to “Divide and Quit
or “internecine civil war”.
Continue…………..

10. JINNAH GANDHI TALKS (1944)
The talks between the two great leaders of the Sub-
continent began in response to the general public’s desire for
a settlement of Hindu-Muslim differences
The Gandhi-Jinnah talks began in Bombay on September
19, 1944, and lasted till the 24th of the month.
Gandhi’s real purpose behind these talks was to extract
from Jinnah an admission that the whole proposition of
Pakistan was absurd.
Quaid-i-Azam painstakingly explained the basis of the demand of Pakistan.
“We maintain”, he wrote to Gandhi, “that Muslims and Hindus are two major
nations by any definition or test of a nation. We are a nation of a 100 million.
We have our distinctive outlook on life and of life. By all the cannons of
international law, we are a nation”. He added that he was “convinced that the
true welfare not only of the Muslims but of the rest of India lies in the
division of India as proposed in the Lahore Resolution”.

11. On the other hand Gandhi’s meant, that power over the whole of
India should first be transferred to Congress, which thereafter would
allow Muslim majority areas that voted for separation to be
constituted, not as independent sovereign state but as part of an Indian
federation
Gandhi contended that his offer gave the substance of the Lahore
Resolution. Quaid-i-Azam did not agree to the proposal and the talks
ended.
Continue……………..

12. SIMLA CONFERENCE (1945)
In May 1945, Lord Wavell, the Viceroy of India,
went to London and discussed his ideas about the
future of India with the British administration. The
talks resulted in the formulation of a plan of action
that was made public in June 1945. The plan is
known as Wavell Plan.
The plan suggested reconstruction of viceroy’s
Executive Council in which viceroy was to select
persons nominated by political parties.
To discuss these matters a conference was held at
Simla on 25 June 1945, both the parties attended
the conference.

13. However, differences arose between the leadership of the two parties
on the issue of representation of the Muslim community. The Muslim
League claimed that it was the only representative party of the Muslims
in India and thus all the Muslim representatives in the Viceroy’s
Executive Council should be the nominees of the party. Congress, which
had sent Maulana Azad as the leader of their delegation, tried to prove
that their party represented all the communities living in India and thus
should be allowed to nominate Muslim representative as well
Congress also opposed the idea of parity between the Cast-Hindus and
the Muslims. All this resulted in a deadlock
Finally, Wavell announced the failure of his efforts on July 14. Thus
the Simla Conference couldn’t provide any hope of proceeding further.
Continue…………..

14. GENERAL ELECTIONS (1945-1946)
On 21st of August viceroy announced to hold the elections
in central and provincial legislature.
All India Muslim League contested with two elementary
points that:
1. It represent all Indian Muslims
2. Pakistan is the only solution of Indian problem
Indian National Congress stood on two exactly opposed
points that:
1) Congress represent all Indians
2) India will remain one country
Muslim League won 100% (30) seats in central legislature while in
Bengal 113/119, in Punjab 79/80 but in NWFP could not get
majority and won 17/86.

15. Cabinet Mission 1946
All of the British government had failed to make
a peace between the two political parties
congress and Muslim league.
After the election of 1945-46 the political
parties wanted to find a solution of political
deadlock.
 To solve this political deadlock, the British
government sent a special mission of Cabinet
ministers to India.

16. Main body of cabinet mission:
 Cabinet mission was proposed by
 Lord pethic Lawrence.
 Sir staffed Cripps.
 A.V Alexander.
Purpose of mission:
• Preparatory discussions with elected representatives of British
India and the Indian states in order to secure agreement as to
the method of framing the constitution.
• Setting up of a constitutional body.
• Setting up an Executive Council with the support of the main
Indian parties.

17. Main proposals of mission:
• There would be a union of India comprising both
British India and the Indian States that would deal
with foreign affairs, defense and communications.
The union would have an Executive and a
Legislature.
• All residuary powers would belong to the provinces.
• All provinces would be divided into three sections.
Provinces can be join of any group after the first
general elections.
• There would also be an interim government having
the support of the major political parties.

18. 3rd JUNE PLANE 1947
 In May 1947, Lord Mount Batten replaced by Lord Wavell
as viceroy for India with the plan of division of India.
 The plan was finalized in the Governor’s Conference in
April 1947, and was then sent to Britain in May where the
British Government approved it.
 The plane was to divide the sub continent into Indo-Pak
and was actually authored by the congress and Muslim
league.
 Lord mount batten announced the plan in June 1947 . The
plan was made public on June 3rd, and is thus known as
the June 3rd Plan.

19. The main Clauses of plane are
• The Provincial Legislative Assemblies of Punjab and Bengal were
to meet in two groups, i.e., Muslim majority districts and non-
Muslim majority districts. If any of the two decided in favor of the
division of the province, then the Governor General would appoint
a boundary commission to demarcate the boundaries of the
province on the basis of ascertaining the contiguous majority areas
of Muslims and non-Muslims.
• The Legislative Assembly of Sindh (excluding its European
Members) was to decide either to join the existing Constituent
Assembly or the New Constituent Assembly.

20. Continue . . .
• In order to decide the future of the North West Frontier
Province, a referendum was proposed. The Electoral
College for the referendum was to be the same as the
Electoral College for the provincial legislative
assembly in 1946.
• Baluchistan was also to be given the option to express
its opinion on the issue.
• If Bengal decided in favor of partition, a referendum
was to be held in the Sylhet District of Assam to decide
whether it would continue as a part of Assam, or be
merged with the new province of East Bengal.

21.  The concept of two nation theory was first point out by
ABU REHAN ALBERUNI when he visited India with
MEHMOOD GHAZNI.
 He wrote a book during his visit to Sub-continent named
“KITAB-UL-HIND”, in this book he wrote that:
Hindus are different from Muslims in all aspects. They
don’t accept the Muslim beliefs.
Hindus think that if they eat or sit together they will
bhrusht(impure) and don’t want to make any contact with
them.
TWO NATION THEORY

22. ACCORDING TO SIR SYED AHMED
 Sir Syed ahmed khan first time proclaimed in India in
1867 the Muslims are a separate nation.
 When congress leaders invited him to join the Indian
congress he replied: “our culture, life style, and
language are different from one and other; we can’t
live together”.
 He also advised the muslims on the basis of his
thoughts that not to join the indian congress.

23. ACCORDING TO ALLAMA IQBAL
 In the beginning in 1930 the Muslim leaders didn’t
pay attention or not took his suggestion seriously.
 He suggested that the India should be divided into
two different states.
 He became successful in arousing the Islamic sprit
amongst the Muslim.
 The Muslim began to think over the suggestion of
IQBAL by the end of 1930.

24. TWO NATION CONCEPT EXPLAIN BY FATHER
OF NATION
• The father of nation QUID-E-AZAM
MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH comprehend the
depth of thoughts of Sir syed and Allama iqbal.
• He declared at last that there were two separate
nation living in India.
• He explained the two nation theory deeply.
• The britishers and most of Hindus were
compelled to accept the Muslim league and its
demand for Pakistan.