This document provides an overview of data resource management and file organization concepts. It discusses key terms like binary, bit, byte, field, record, and file. It explains different file organization methods like traditional file environments and database management systems. It also summarizes different types of databases like relational, hierarchical, network, and object-oriented databases. Finally, it discusses database design, management, querying, distribution, warehousing, and trends like linking databases to the web.

1. DATA
RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT
Presented by:
Dr. Akhlas Ahmed
Lecture # 04
Preston University

2. File Organization:
Terms & Concept

Binary: means composed of two pieces or
two parts and may refer to:
Mathematics:
Binary number, a representation for numbers using only two digits
(0 and 1)
Binary relation, a mathematical relation involving two elements
Binary function, a function in mathematics that takes two
arguments
Computing
Binary file, composed of something other than human-readable text
Executable, a type of binary file that contains machine code for the
computer to execute
Binary code, the digital representation of text and data

3. File Organization:
Terms & Concept
Multiples of bits
Decimal
Value
1000
10002
10003
10004
10005
10006
10007
10008
Value
1024
10242
10243
10244
10245
10246
10247
8
Metric
kbit
Mbit
Gbit
Tbit
Pbit
Ebit
Zbit
Ybit
Kbit
Mbit
Gbit
-
kilobit
megabit
gigabit
terabit
petabit
exabit
zettabit
yottabit
Binary
JEDEC
kilobit
megabit
gigabit
-
Kibit
Mibit
Gibit
Tibit
Pibit
Eibit
Zibit
IEC
kibibit
mebibit
gibibit
tebibit
pebibit
exbibit
zebibit

4. File Organization:
Terms & Concept
•



Bit: A bit is the basic unit of information in
computing and digital communications. A bit
can have only one of two values, and may
therefore be physically implemented with a twostate device. The most common representation
of these values are 0and1. The term bit is a
contraction of binary digit.
Smallest unit of data; binary digit (0,1)
Byte: Group of bits that represents a single
character
Field: Group of words or a complete number

5. File Organization:
Terms & Concept

Record: Group of related fields

File: Group of records of same type

Database: Group of related files

6. Data Hierarchy:
in a Computer System
Figure 7-1

7. File Organization:
Terms & Concept

Entity: Person, place, thing, event about
which information is maintained

Attribute: Description of a particular entity

Key field: Identifier field used to retrieve,
update, sort a record

8. ORGANIZING DATA:
IN A TRADITIONAL FILE
ENVIRONMENT
Figure 7-2

9. Problems with the Traditional File
Environment

Data redundancy
Data redundancy occurs in database systems which have a field
that is repeated in two or more tables.
o
Program-Data dependence
A Flow dependency, also known as a data dependency or
true dependency or read-after-write (RAW), occurs when
an instruction depends on the result of a previous
instruction:
1. A = 3 2. B = A 3. C = B



Lack of flexibility
Poor security
Lack of data-sharing and availability

10. Traditional File Processing
Figure 7-3

11. Database Management System
(DBMS)
• Creates and maintains databases
• Eliminates requirement for data definition
statements
• Acts as interface between application
programs and physical data files
• Separates logical and physical views of
data

12. The Contemporary Database
Environment

13. Components of DBMS
• Data definition language: Specifies
content and structure of database and
defines each data element
• Data manipulation language:
Manipulates data in a database
• Data dictionary: Stores definitions of
data elements, and data characteristics

14. Sample Data Dictionary Report
Figure 7-5

15. Types of Databases
• Relational DBMS
• Hierarchical and Network DBMS
• Object-Oriented Databases

16. Relational DBMS
• Represents data as two-dimensional tables
called relations
• Relates data across tables based on common
data element
• Examples: DB2, Oracle, MS SQL Server

17. Relational Data Model
Figure 7-6

18. Three Basic Operations in a
Relational Database
• Select: Creates subset of rows that meet
specific criteria
• Join: Combines relational tables to provide
users with information
• Project: Enables users to create new tables
containing only relevant information

19. Three Basic Operations in a
Relational Database
Figure 7-7

20. Hierarchical and Network DBMS
Hierarchical DBMS
• Organizes data in a tree-like structure
• Supports one-to-many parent-child
relationships
• Prevalent in large legacy systems

21. Hierarchical DBMS
Figure 7-8

22. Hierarchical and Network DBMS
Network DBMS
• Depicts data logically as many-to-many
relationships

23. Network DBMS
Figure 7-9

24. Hierarchical and Network DBMS
Disadvantages

Outdated

Less flexible compared to RDBMS

Lack support for ad-hoc and English
language-like queries

25. Object-Oriented Databases
 Object-oriented
DBMS: Stores data and
procedures as objects that can be retrieved
and shared automatically
 Object-relational
DBMS: Provides
capabilities of both object-oriented and
relational DBMS

26. Querying Databases:
Elements of SQL
Basic SQL Commands
 SELECT:
 FROM:
Specifies columns
Identifies tables or views
 WHERE:
Specifies conditions

27. Results of SELECT Statement

28. Results of Conditional Selection
137
150
Door latch
Door seal
22.50
6.00

29. Projection from Joining PART and
SUPPLIER Tables

30. Designing Databases
 Conceptual
design: Abstract model of
database from a business perspective
 Physical
design: Detailed description of
business information needs

31. Designing Databases
 Entity-relationship
diagram: Methodology for
documenting databases illustrating relationships
between database entities
 Normalization:
Process of creating small stable
data structures from complex groups of data

32. CREATING A DATABASE
ENVIRONMENT

33. CREATING A DATABASE
ENVIRONMENT

34. CREATING A DATABASE
ENVIRONMENT
An Normalized Relation of ORDER
Figure 7-15

35. Distributing Databases
Centralized database

Used by single central processor or multiple
processors in client/server network

36. Distributing Databases
Distributed database

Stored in more than one physical location

Partitioned database

Duplicated database

37. Distributing Databases
Figure 7-16

38. Management Requirements for
Database Systems
Key elements in a database environment:

Data Administration

Data Planning and Modeling Methodology

Database Technology and Management

Users

39. Management Requirements for
Database Systems
Figure 7-17

40. Multidimensional Data Analysis
On-line analytical processing (OLAP)

Multidimensional data analysis

Supports manipulation and analysis of large
volumes of data from multiple
dimensions/perspectives

41. Multidimensional Data Model
Figure 7-18

42. Data Warehousing and Datamining
Data warehouse

Supports reporting and query tools

Stores current and historical data

Consolidates data for management analysis
and decision making

43. Components of Data Warehouse
Figure 7-19

44. Data Warehouse and data mining
Data mart

Subset of data warehouse

Contains summarized or highly focused
portion of data for a specified function or
group of users

45. Data Warehouse and data mining
Datamining

Tools for analyzing large pools of data

Find hidden patterns and infer rules to predict
trends

46. Benefits of Data Warehouse

Improved and easy accessibility to
information

Ability to model and remodel the data

47. Database and the web
Hypermedia database
• Organizes data as network of nodes
• Links nodes in pattern specified by user
• Supports text, graphic, sound, video and
executable programs

48. Database Trends
A Hypermedia Database
Figure 7-20

49. Database Trends
Databases and the Web
Database server

Computer in a client/server environment runs
a DBMS to process SQL statements and
perform database management tasks
Application server

Software handling all application operations

50. Database Trends
Linking Internal Databases to the Web
Figure 7-21

51. Thank You