 Database concepts such as data, information, fields, records, files and database models including flat, hierarchical and network models were discussed. Database architecture including schemas, instances, languages and interfaces were also covered.  A DVD rental database was provided as a real-life example to demonstrate database concepts and architecture.  A short quiz concluded the summary to test understanding of key terms introduced in the document.

1. WEEK 1 FUNDAMENTAL OF DATABASE SYSTEMS
Objectivities of this class
1. Learn the Differentiate different terms used in Database System
2. Learn the Database System Concepts
3. Learn the Database Architecture
This class is lecturing in order of above objectivities.

2. 0. Introduction
1) Basic Terms of DB Systems
2) Database Management System
1. Database System Concepts
1) Data Model
2) Database Model
2. Database Architecture
1) Schemas vs. Instances
2) DB Languages and Interfaces

3. ◈ Database:
Integrated collection of stored operational data used
by the application systems of a particular enterprise.
★ Examples:
Retail sector-department stores, Food outlets,
Mass storage-weather records,
Health industry - patient records, etc.

4. ◈ Data vs. Information
★Data:
* Raw facts, concepts, characters, analog quantitie
* A formalized manner suitable for communication or
processing by humans.
* Data items to supply some information about an entity.
★Information:
Meaning that a human assigns to data by means of the
known conventions used in their representation.

5. ◈ Data vs. Information
Data
Information

6. ◈ Field, Columns, Record, Row, File
Field:
Group of characters with specific meaning.
Columns:
Columns corresponding to the attributes of the object.
Record:
Logically connected fields that describe a person, place, or thing.
Row:
A row consists of one set of attributes (or one tuple) corresponding
to one instance of the entity that a table schema describes.
File:
Collection of related records.

7. Definition:
A collection of programs that enables users to create and maintain
the database.
Advantages of DBMS:
Providing storage structure for efficient query processing.
Restricting unauthorized users.
Providing concurrency, backup and recovery.
Enforcing integrity constraints.
Disadvantages of DBMS:
Centralization
Reporting features may not be available in rDBMS.

8. Definition of Data model:
* A set of concepts that can be used to describe the structure of
a database:
- data types, relationships, constraints,
semantics and operational behaviour.
* It is a tool for data abstraction.
Data model operations :
Specifying database retrievals and updates by referring to the
concepts of the data model.

9. Categories of data models
Conceptual data model
Logical data model
Physical data model

10. • Identifying the business concepts (entities)
• Relationships between these concepts in order to gain, reflect, and
document understanding of the organization’s business from a data
perspective.

11. • Describes the data in as much detail as possible

12. • Specification all tables and columns.
• Foreign keys are used to identify relationships between tables.

13. Categories of database models
Flat database model
Hierarchical database model
Network database model
Relational database model

14. • Consists of a single, two-dimensional array of data elements.

15. • Data is organized into a tree-like structure, implying a single upward link
in each record to describe the nesting.
• A sort field to keep the records in a particular order in each same-
level list.

16. • Organizes data using two fundamental constructs, called records and sets.
• Records contain fields hierarchically.

17. • Allows the definition of data structures, storage and retrieval operations
and integrity constraints
• Organised in tables which is a collection of records and each record in a
table contains the same fields.

18. Schema:
- Logical structure of the database
Database Schema
- Described in a formal language by the DBMS
- Be able to create a blueprint of how a database
will be constructed
Schema Diagram
- A diagrammatic display of (some aspects of) a
database schema

19. Schema Diagram Example:

20. Definition:
The set of specifications, rules, processes
-- dictate how data is stored in a database
-- how data is accessed by components of a system.
Includes data types, relationships, and naming conventions.
Describes the organization of all database objects and how they
work together.
Affects integrity, reliability, scalability, and performance.
Involves anything that defines the nature, the structure of the data,
or how the data flows.

21. Database Independence :
Logical data independence
The capacity to change the conceptual schema without having to
change external schema or application programs.
Ex: employee (e#, name, address, salary)
Physical data independence
The capacity to change the internal schema without having to
change the conceptual (or external) schema.

22. Database Language :
Data Definition Language (DDL)
Used to specify the conceptual schema of a database.
For defining internal and external schemas(view).
* In some DBMSs, separate storage definition language (sdl) and
view definition language (vdl) are used to define internal and
external schemas.
Data Manipulation Language (DML)
Used to specify database retrievals and updates.
DML commands can be embedded in a general-purpose
programming language (host language), such as COBOL, C .
Data Control Language (DML)
High/Low level or Procedural/non-procedural languages.

23. Definition :
The aggregate of means by which people interact with the database.
- Input : users to manipulate a system
- Output : to produce the effects of the users' manipulation.
Examples :
Stand-alone query language interfaces.
Programmer interfaces.
* Pre-compiler approach
* Procedure (subroutine) call approach
User-friendly interfaces.
* Menu-based, popular for browsing on the web
* Forms-based, designed for naïve users
* Graphics-based (point and click, drag and drop etc.)
* Natural language: requests in written English

24. Week 1 Database System Concepts and Architecture:
summary
Real-life example
 Database Basic Concepts:
 DB Models:
 Schema:
 DB Architecture:
 DB Language:
 DB Interfaces:
quiz

25. Week 1 Database System Concepts and Architecture:
summary
Real-life example
quiz
 DVD Rental Database
A business on DVD Rental is a real life example of database application.
For instance the enterprise may track information about DVDs, employees,
customers and their phone numbers and the movies they offer along with details
such as their genre, addresses, ages...
Without the use of the database system the rental shop has to maintain scattered
DVD records and customer information. A centralized database will help to
provide general accessibility to this information as well as ensuring that the data
is preserved more securely.
The system may provide not only the features stated above and some other
features .

26. Week 1 Database System Concepts and Architecture:
summary
Real-life example
quiz
• Database schema for DVD Rental
DVD
DVD Id
Title
Published Year
Customer
Customer Id
Last Name
Director Id
Last Name
First Name
Sex
Address
Phone No
Address
Phone No
Director
First Name
Sex
Actor
Actor Id
Last Name
First Name
Sex
Address
Phone No

27. Week 1 Database System Concepts and Architecture:
summary
Real-life example
quiz
Introduction to Database Systems
1. A representations of raw facts, concepts, or instructions in a formalized manner
suitable for communication, interpretation, or processing by humans or by
automatic means is known as:
A. A field
B. Data
C. Information
D. A database
E. A record
2. The basic unit of data entry is called:
A. A field
B. A character
C. A bit
D. A kilobit
E. A cell
Enter answer,,,.

28. Week 1 Database System Concepts and Architecture:
summary
Real-life example
quiz
Introduction to Database Systems
1. A representations of raw facts, concepts, or instructions in a formalized manner
suitable for communication, interpretation, or processing by humans or by
automatic means is known as:
A. A field
B. Data
C. Information
D. A database
E. A record
2. The basic unit of data entry is called:
A. A field
B. A character
C. A bit
D. A kilobit
E. A cell
answer is:
1. B
2. A

29. Week 1 Database System Concepts and Architecture:
summary
Real-life example
quiz
3. A collection of related records is:
A. A character
B. A file
C. A bit
D. A kilobit
E. A cell
4.. A set of programs supporting the creation, maintenance and operation of
a database is called:
A. SQL SERVER
B. DBMS
C. BROWSER
D. WORD PROCESSOR
E. MS ACCESS
Enter answer,,,.

30. Week 1 Database System Concepts and Architecture:
summary
Real-life example
quiz
3. A collection of related records is:
A. A character
B. A file
C. A bit
D. A kilobit
E. A cell
4.. A set of programs supporting the creation, maintenance and operation of
a database is called:
A. SQL SERVER
B. DBMS
C. BROWSER
D. WORD PROCESSOR
E. MS ACCESS
answer is:
3. C
4. B