This document summarizes the history and generations of microprocessors from the early 1970s to the 2000s. It describes the key features and specifications of important processors like the Intel 4004, 8088, 286, 386, 486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium 4 and Itanium. Each generation brought performance improvements through higher clock speeds, increased transistor counts, cache memory, pipelining and other architectural enhancements. The document also discusses competing processors from AMD, Cyrix and others.
The Pentium III was a desktop and mobile CPU produced by Intel between 1999-2003. It had clock speeds between 400 MHz to 1.4 GHz and included features like MMX and SSE instructions. There were several stepping of the Pentium III including Katmai at 0.25 μm, Coppermine at 0.18 μm, Coppermine T at 0.18 μm, and Tualatin at 0.13 μm. Each stepping improved performance through higher clock speeds, larger caches, and support for newer instruction sets. Optimizing code for the Pentium III microarchitecture required techniques like scheduling instructions to maximize decoder throughput, balancing usage of execution units, and minimizing register dependencies. The Pentium III was also notable for including
The Pentium Pro was a sixth generation x86 microprocessor introduced by Intel on November 1, 1995. It contained 5.5 million transistors and had an 8KB + 8KB L1 cache and 256KB, 512KB, or 1024KB L2 cache clocked at CPU speed. The Pentium Pro had a Socket 8 connection and used a 60-66MHz front side bus with a 3.1-3.3V core and was fabricated at 0.50 or 0.35 microns, clocking at 150-200MHz.
The document discusses the history and specifications of Intel Pentium processors from 1993 to the present. It describes the original Pentium processor and subsequent models including the Pentium II, Pentium III, and Pentium IV. It also discusses dual-core and Core 2 Duo processors, and provides details on the different Intel Core i3, i5, and i7 processors.
This presentation discussed the Pentium Processor Family as requirement of the Micro-controller Course in Technological University of the Philippines. It covers the history of Pentium family of processors, list of Intel processors, features of the processors, architecture, modes, pipeline and trends.
The document discusses the system requirements for two different software applications. For the Pentium 3 game, the requirements include Windows XP or Vista, a Pentium 3 800 MHz processor or faster, 32 MB RAM, and 51 MB hard drive space. It also lists various graphics cards and features supported. For the Oldenburg Measurement Applications (OMA) software, the minimum requirements are Windows 98/ME/2000/XP/Vista, a Pentium 3 1 GHz processor, 256 MB RAM, 1 GB hard drive space, and various peripheral hardware depending on the specific measurement tasks. It supports multiple hardware modules and uses a shared Borland Paradox database.
The document provides details about the Pentium II processor, including its 64-bit data bus, 32-bit address size supporting 4GB of addressable memory, and dual integer pipelines. It describes changes in Pentium II such as moving the level 2 cache closer to the microprocessor to reduce costs and improve efficiency. Finally, it outlines new instructions for fast system calls and restoring MMX state that improved performance.
The Pentium III was a desktop and mobile CPU produced by Intel between 1999-2003. It had clock speeds between 400 MHz to 1.4 GHz and included features like MMX and SSE instructions. There were several stepping of the Pentium III including Katmai at 0.25 μm, Coppermine at 0.18 μm, Coppermine T at 0.18 μm, and Tualatin at 0.13 μm. Each stepping improved performance through higher clock speeds, larger caches, and support for newer instruction sets. Optimizing code for the Pentium III microarchitecture required techniques like scheduling instructions to maximize decoder throughput, balancing usage of execution units, and minimizing register dependencies. The Pentium III was also notable for including
The Pentium Pro was a sixth generation x86 microprocessor introduced by Intel on November 1, 1995. It contained 5.5 million transistors and had an 8KB + 8KB L1 cache and 256KB, 512KB, or 1024KB L2 cache clocked at CPU speed. The Pentium Pro had a Socket 8 connection and used a 60-66MHz front side bus with a 3.1-3.3V core and was fabricated at 0.50 or 0.35 microns, clocking at 150-200MHz.
The document discusses the history and specifications of Intel Pentium processors from 1993 to the present. It describes the original Pentium processor and subsequent models including the Pentium II, Pentium III, and Pentium IV. It also discusses dual-core and Core 2 Duo processors, and provides details on the different Intel Core i3, i5, and i7 processors.
This presentation discussed the Pentium Processor Family as requirement of the Micro-controller Course in Technological University of the Philippines. It covers the history of Pentium family of processors, list of Intel processors, features of the processors, architecture, modes, pipeline and trends.
The document discusses the system requirements for two different software applications. For the Pentium 3 game, the requirements include Windows XP or Vista, a Pentium 3 800 MHz processor or faster, 32 MB RAM, and 51 MB hard drive space. It also lists various graphics cards and features supported. For the Oldenburg Measurement Applications (OMA) software, the minimum requirements are Windows 98/ME/2000/XP/Vista, a Pentium 3 1 GHz processor, 256 MB RAM, 1 GB hard drive space, and various peripheral hardware depending on the specific measurement tasks. It supports multiple hardware modules and uses a shared Borland Paradox database.
The document provides details about the Pentium II processor, including its 64-bit data bus, 32-bit address size supporting 4GB of addressable memory, and dual integer pipelines. It describes changes in Pentium II such as moving the level 2 cache closer to the microprocessor to reduce costs and improve efficiency. Finally, it outlines new instructions for fast system calls and restoring MMX state that improved performance.
Celeron is a line of lower-cost Intel CPUs targeted at budget PCs. Celeron CPUs have lower performance than similarly priced Intel brands due to having less cache memory or disabled features. The performance impact varies from significant to minor. Celeron was introduced in 1998 based on Pentium II and the latest design is based on Core 2 Duo. Celeron CPUs are suitable for everyday computing and were created in response to Intel losing the low-end market to other manufacturers. Features of Celeron CPUs include integrated L2 cache and support for instructions like SSE2 and MMX.
This document summarizes key aspects of computer hardware and architecture. It discusses nodes and networks that make up computer systems. It describes different types of computer instruction sets like CISC and RISC. It outlines various microarchitecture features for high performance computing like superscalar, pipelining, out-of-order execution, and branch prediction. It also covers cache memory organization and algorithms.
FP
Instru
stors
uced
oc
ster
s
mor
he
Ty
che
Sp
U
ctions
k
Size
Wi
y
pe
ee
dth
d
The document discusses processor specifications including speed, width of internal registers, data and address buses. It describes how early processors lacked cache memory but it was added starting at 16MHz. It details the evolution of L1 and L2 cache, moving from external chips to being integrated on the processor die for better speed. Tables list specifications for Intel and other processor families, noting clock speeds, cache
The document provides information about processors from Intel and AMD. It discusses the evolution of processors from early 4-bit and 8-bit processors like the Intel 4004 and 8008 to modern 64-bit multi-core processors. Key points covered include the introduction of Pentium, Celeron, Athlon and other brands by Intel and AMD over the years, along with the various socket types used by their processors as internal clock speeds increased.
The document provides information on several Intel processors from 1971 to 2006 including their production years, manufacturers, speeds, instruction sets, sockets, and notable features. It describes the Intel 4004 as the first microprocessor with 2,250 transistors and the Intel 8080 as the first 8-bit CPU. It also summarizes the introduction of 16-bit processors like the 8086 and 80286 as well as 32-bit processors such as the 80386, 486, and Pentium series that established the x86 instruction set.
The document discusses the evolution of microprocessors from the Intel 4004 to the Intel Pentium IV. It begins with the first microprocessor, the Intel 4004 from 1971, and progresses through early 4-bit and 8-bit processors like the 8008, 8080, and 8085. It then covers the introduction of 16-bit processors like the 8086 and 32-bit processors such as the 80386, 80486, and various Pentium models. The document also includes block diagrams and descriptions of the architecture and features of the 8085 microprocessor.
The document provides a brief history of Intel processors from 1971 to 2000. It summarizes each processor model, highlighting key specs and their impact. The 4004 was Intel's first microprocessor, powering calculators. The 8008 was twice as powerful. The 8080 was used in the Altair, inspiring the PC revolution. The 8088 powered the IBM PC. Later chips like the 286, 386, and 486 added more power and capabilities. The Pentium brought multimedia and became a household name. Advances continued with models like the Celeron, Xeon, and Pentium 4, bringing more performance for applications like video and internet use.
Intel 8th generation and 7th gen microprocessor full details especially for t...Chessin Chacko
Charles Babbage invented the first mechanical computer called the Babbage Engine in the 19th century. The Babbage Engine's processor, called the Mill, is considered a precursor to the modern computer processor. A processor is an electronic circuit that executes computer programs and contains a processing unit to perform calculations along with a control unit. Modern processors like those from Intel continue to evolve with each new generation bringing performance improvements through increased cores, cache sizes, and integration of more components onto a single chip or die.
This document provides a history of microprocessors from 1971 to present. It describes the major developments including early 4-bit and 8-bit processors from Intel like the 4004 and 8080. It outlines the introduction of 16-bit processors like the 8086 and 32-bit processors such as the 80386. It discusses the evolution of Intel processors including the Pentium, Core i3, i5 and i7 lines and the transition to 64-bit architecture. The document presents details on the specifications and impact of these pivotal microprocessors over several decades of computing technology advancement.
The document discusses different types of processors made by Intel. It provides details on Intel Core i3, i5 and i7 processors which are designed for mainstream desktops and laptops. It also mentions Intel Celeron, Atom and Pentium processors which are more affordable and used in budget laptops and desktops. The document further discusses other Intel processors like Core 2 Duo, Xeon and Core Extreme which are used for more intensive workloads and applications.
This document is a student's report on the history of microprocessors from 4-bit to 64-bit models. It outlines the major microprocessor models released by Intel from the 4004 in 1971 to the current multi-core 64-bit Core i7 models. For each generation of processors, details are given on specifications like clock speed, transistor count, cache memory and capabilities. The report provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution of microprocessor technology and performance over decades.
The document summarizes the evolution of Intel microprocessors from 1971 to 1999. It describes key microprocessors including the 4004, 8008, 8080, 8088, 286, 386, 486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III, and Celeron. With each generation, transistors increased and features improved to enable more powerful personal computing. The Intel microprocessors established Intel as the dominant force in the PC market and fueled the growth of the personal computer industry.
The document provides details about the Pentium II processor, including that it is part of the P6 family of processors and utilizes Intel's MMX technology. It has multiple low power states for energy efficiency and utilizes a multi-processing system bus like the Pentium Pro. The processor uses a 12-stage pipeline and superscalar architecture to achieve high clock rates. It has an L2 cache in a Single Edge Contact cartridge packaging and uses the same dynamic execution microarchitecture as other P6 family processors.
this presentation is a great to deliver in classrooms, stage or also can be used to deliver lecture on "Evolution of processor".
it is also very helpful to learn about microprocessor, directly we can say its a self pack containing all about microprocessor.
this ppt contains evolution not only on the basis of generations but also on the basis of their invention.
must gothrough it
This document provides an overview of Intel processor history and details about the Intel i7 microprocessor. It outlines the evolution of Intel processors from 1978 to 2013, including models like the 8086, 80386, Pentium, and Core i series. The document then describes key features of the Intel i7 including its quad-core design, support for multiple threads, integrated memory controller, cache structure, and technologies like hyper-threading, turbo boost, and virtualization support. Diagrams of the i7 architecture and its registers are also included.
The document provides an overview of the evolution of Intel processors from early 16-bit processors like the 8086 and 8088 through to the Pentium processor. It describes the key features and architectural changes introduced at each generation, including protected mode and segmentation in the 286, 32-bit registers and virtual memory support in the 386, pipelining and caching in the 486, and superscalar processing and branch prediction in the Pentium.
This document discusses several public key cryptosystems based on discrete logarithms, including Diffie-Hellman key exchange, ElGamal encryption, and ElGamal digital signatures. It provides examples of how each system works using mathematical operations like exponentiation modulo a prime number. Diffie-Hellman allows two parties to securely generate a shared secret key over an insecure channel. ElGamal encryption and signatures extend this idea to allow public key encryption and digital signatures based on the difficulty of solving discrete logarithms.
The document discusses several common vulnerabilities: buffer overflows, incomplete mediation, command injection attacks, inference, and cross-site scripting. Buffer overflows occur when a program writes more data to a buffer than it was designed to hold, overwriting adjacent memory and potentially changing execution. Incomplete mediation involves exposing sensitive data without checks. Command injection attacks involve inserting commands through user input. Inference involves deriving sensitive data from non-sensitive data. Cross-site scripting involves injecting client-side scripts to hijack user sessions. The document provides examples and implications of each vulnerability.
Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) improve user experience by reducing latency, packet loss, and jitter. They also increase scalability and fault tolerance. FirstPoint is a traffic management system that directs users to optimal mirrored websites. It uses topology discovery to cluster nameservers and importance sampling for congestion measurement to map users to the closest mirrors.
This document provides an introduction to Rational Rose, a visual modeling tool for object-oriented software development. It outlines the objectives of learning to use Rational Rose, including getting familiar with its general functions and creating UML diagrams. The key aspects of Rational Rose covered include its interface elements like the toolbar, browser, and diagram window; the different views it provides for modeling a system; and the types of diagrams that can be created such as use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and statechart diagrams. The tutorial concludes by explaining how to access, start, and create models in Rational Rose.
The document introduces Visual Studio 2010, an integrated development environment from Microsoft. It includes tools like Visual Studio, Team Foundation Server, Team Explorer, and Test Manager that work together to support the entire application development lifecycle. Team Foundation Server acts as a central hub, providing version control, work tracking, build management, reporting, and connecting the various tools. The document describes the components of Visual Studio 2010 and how they integrate with each other and other technologies to enable effective software development by teams.
Celeron is a line of lower-cost Intel CPUs targeted at budget PCs. Celeron CPUs have lower performance than similarly priced Intel brands due to having less cache memory or disabled features. The performance impact varies from significant to minor. Celeron was introduced in 1998 based on Pentium II and the latest design is based on Core 2 Duo. Celeron CPUs are suitable for everyday computing and were created in response to Intel losing the low-end market to other manufacturers. Features of Celeron CPUs include integrated L2 cache and support for instructions like SSE2 and MMX.
This document summarizes key aspects of computer hardware and architecture. It discusses nodes and networks that make up computer systems. It describes different types of computer instruction sets like CISC and RISC. It outlines various microarchitecture features for high performance computing like superscalar, pipelining, out-of-order execution, and branch prediction. It also covers cache memory organization and algorithms.
FP
Instru
stors
uced
oc
ster
s
mor
he
Ty
che
Sp
U
ctions
k
Size
Wi
y
pe
ee
dth
d
The document discusses processor specifications including speed, width of internal registers, data and address buses. It describes how early processors lacked cache memory but it was added starting at 16MHz. It details the evolution of L1 and L2 cache, moving from external chips to being integrated on the processor die for better speed. Tables list specifications for Intel and other processor families, noting clock speeds, cache
The document provides information about processors from Intel and AMD. It discusses the evolution of processors from early 4-bit and 8-bit processors like the Intel 4004 and 8008 to modern 64-bit multi-core processors. Key points covered include the introduction of Pentium, Celeron, Athlon and other brands by Intel and AMD over the years, along with the various socket types used by their processors as internal clock speeds increased.
The document provides information on several Intel processors from 1971 to 2006 including their production years, manufacturers, speeds, instruction sets, sockets, and notable features. It describes the Intel 4004 as the first microprocessor with 2,250 transistors and the Intel 8080 as the first 8-bit CPU. It also summarizes the introduction of 16-bit processors like the 8086 and 80286 as well as 32-bit processors such as the 80386, 486, and Pentium series that established the x86 instruction set.
The document discusses the evolution of microprocessors from the Intel 4004 to the Intel Pentium IV. It begins with the first microprocessor, the Intel 4004 from 1971, and progresses through early 4-bit and 8-bit processors like the 8008, 8080, and 8085. It then covers the introduction of 16-bit processors like the 8086 and 32-bit processors such as the 80386, 80486, and various Pentium models. The document also includes block diagrams and descriptions of the architecture and features of the 8085 microprocessor.
The document provides a brief history of Intel processors from 1971 to 2000. It summarizes each processor model, highlighting key specs and their impact. The 4004 was Intel's first microprocessor, powering calculators. The 8008 was twice as powerful. The 8080 was used in the Altair, inspiring the PC revolution. The 8088 powered the IBM PC. Later chips like the 286, 386, and 486 added more power and capabilities. The Pentium brought multimedia and became a household name. Advances continued with models like the Celeron, Xeon, and Pentium 4, bringing more performance for applications like video and internet use.
Intel 8th generation and 7th gen microprocessor full details especially for t...Chessin Chacko
Charles Babbage invented the first mechanical computer called the Babbage Engine in the 19th century. The Babbage Engine's processor, called the Mill, is considered a precursor to the modern computer processor. A processor is an electronic circuit that executes computer programs and contains a processing unit to perform calculations along with a control unit. Modern processors like those from Intel continue to evolve with each new generation bringing performance improvements through increased cores, cache sizes, and integration of more components onto a single chip or die.
This document provides a history of microprocessors from 1971 to present. It describes the major developments including early 4-bit and 8-bit processors from Intel like the 4004 and 8080. It outlines the introduction of 16-bit processors like the 8086 and 32-bit processors such as the 80386. It discusses the evolution of Intel processors including the Pentium, Core i3, i5 and i7 lines and the transition to 64-bit architecture. The document presents details on the specifications and impact of these pivotal microprocessors over several decades of computing technology advancement.
The document discusses different types of processors made by Intel. It provides details on Intel Core i3, i5 and i7 processors which are designed for mainstream desktops and laptops. It also mentions Intel Celeron, Atom and Pentium processors which are more affordable and used in budget laptops and desktops. The document further discusses other Intel processors like Core 2 Duo, Xeon and Core Extreme which are used for more intensive workloads and applications.
This document is a student's report on the history of microprocessors from 4-bit to 64-bit models. It outlines the major microprocessor models released by Intel from the 4004 in 1971 to the current multi-core 64-bit Core i7 models. For each generation of processors, details are given on specifications like clock speed, transistor count, cache memory and capabilities. The report provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution of microprocessor technology and performance over decades.
The document summarizes the evolution of Intel microprocessors from 1971 to 1999. It describes key microprocessors including the 4004, 8008, 8080, 8088, 286, 386, 486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III, and Celeron. With each generation, transistors increased and features improved to enable more powerful personal computing. The Intel microprocessors established Intel as the dominant force in the PC market and fueled the growth of the personal computer industry.
The document provides details about the Pentium II processor, including that it is part of the P6 family of processors and utilizes Intel's MMX technology. It has multiple low power states for energy efficiency and utilizes a multi-processing system bus like the Pentium Pro. The processor uses a 12-stage pipeline and superscalar architecture to achieve high clock rates. It has an L2 cache in a Single Edge Contact cartridge packaging and uses the same dynamic execution microarchitecture as other P6 family processors.
this presentation is a great to deliver in classrooms, stage or also can be used to deliver lecture on "Evolution of processor".
it is also very helpful to learn about microprocessor, directly we can say its a self pack containing all about microprocessor.
this ppt contains evolution not only on the basis of generations but also on the basis of their invention.
must gothrough it
This document provides an overview of Intel processor history and details about the Intel i7 microprocessor. It outlines the evolution of Intel processors from 1978 to 2013, including models like the 8086, 80386, Pentium, and Core i series. The document then describes key features of the Intel i7 including its quad-core design, support for multiple threads, integrated memory controller, cache structure, and technologies like hyper-threading, turbo boost, and virtualization support. Diagrams of the i7 architecture and its registers are also included.
The document provides an overview of the evolution of Intel processors from early 16-bit processors like the 8086 and 8088 through to the Pentium processor. It describes the key features and architectural changes introduced at each generation, including protected mode and segmentation in the 286, 32-bit registers and virtual memory support in the 386, pipelining and caching in the 486, and superscalar processing and branch prediction in the Pentium.
This document discusses several public key cryptosystems based on discrete logarithms, including Diffie-Hellman key exchange, ElGamal encryption, and ElGamal digital signatures. It provides examples of how each system works using mathematical operations like exponentiation modulo a prime number. Diffie-Hellman allows two parties to securely generate a shared secret key over an insecure channel. ElGamal encryption and signatures extend this idea to allow public key encryption and digital signatures based on the difficulty of solving discrete logarithms.
The document discusses several common vulnerabilities: buffer overflows, incomplete mediation, command injection attacks, inference, and cross-site scripting. Buffer overflows occur when a program writes more data to a buffer than it was designed to hold, overwriting adjacent memory and potentially changing execution. Incomplete mediation involves exposing sensitive data without checks. Command injection attacks involve inserting commands through user input. Inference involves deriving sensitive data from non-sensitive data. Cross-site scripting involves injecting client-side scripts to hijack user sessions. The document provides examples and implications of each vulnerability.
Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) improve user experience by reducing latency, packet loss, and jitter. They also increase scalability and fault tolerance. FirstPoint is a traffic management system that directs users to optimal mirrored websites. It uses topology discovery to cluster nameservers and importance sampling for congestion measurement to map users to the closest mirrors.
This document provides an introduction to Rational Rose, a visual modeling tool for object-oriented software development. It outlines the objectives of learning to use Rational Rose, including getting familiar with its general functions and creating UML diagrams. The key aspects of Rational Rose covered include its interface elements like the toolbar, browser, and diagram window; the different views it provides for modeling a system; and the types of diagrams that can be created such as use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and statechart diagrams. The tutorial concludes by explaining how to access, start, and create models in Rational Rose.
The document introduces Visual Studio 2010, an integrated development environment from Microsoft. It includes tools like Visual Studio, Team Foundation Server, Team Explorer, and Test Manager that work together to support the entire application development lifecycle. Team Foundation Server acts as a central hub, providing version control, work tracking, build management, reporting, and connecting the various tools. The document describes the components of Visual Studio 2010 and how they integrate with each other and other technologies to enable effective software development by teams.
This document discusses access control and protection states. It provides an overview of access control matrices, which represent protection states by defining the access rights of subjects over objects. Protection state transitions occur through commands that modify the access control matrix using primitive operations like creating/destroying subjects/objects and adding/deleting rights. Conditional commands and special rights like ownership are also covered. The principle of attenuation of privilege restricts giving rights that a subject does not possess.
This document provides information for a lab course on Object Oriented Software Engineering at Galgotias University. It outlines the course code, faculty details, syllabus, objectives, and activities. The course aims to teach students various object oriented modeling tools and techniques for designing and implementing software projects. Key topics covered in the syllabus include UML diagrams, software engineering processes, and project management. Students will complete assignments modeling various systems using UML diagrams. The document provides context and guidelines for the lab course.
The document is a tutorial for Rational Suite that provides an overview of the software, describes the included sample application for demonstrating the suite's capabilities, and provides instructions for getting started with the tutorial lessons and sample application. It discusses prerequisites, describes the included ClassicsCD.com sample application, and provides guidance on how to use the tutorial and sample application to learn about the key concepts and workflows supported by Rational Suite.
The document discusses various classical cryptography techniques including substitution ciphers, transposition ciphers, and product ciphers. It then describes specific classical ciphers such as the Caesar cipher, monoalphabetic ciphers, and the Playfair cipher. It also covers cryptanalysis techniques like frequency analysis that can be used to break some classical ciphers.
The document discusses Oracle Database Cloud services and whether they are suitable for different users' needs. It describes the differences between public and private database clouds offered by Oracle. The public database cloud provides instant provisioning but has limitations around storage capacity and customization options. The private database cloud allows more control and customization through options like RAC and pluggable databases but requires managing infrastructure.
The document provides instructions for setting up an Android development environment using IBM Worklight. It includes steps to install the Android SDK, Android Development Tools plugin for Eclipse, configure SDK platforms and virtual devices. It also describes how to deploy apps to Android devices and publish apps on the Google Play store.
This document is the final release specification for JAX-WS 2.0 from April 19, 2006. It was edited by Roberto Chinnici, Marc Hadley, and Rajiv Mordani. The specification grants a limited license for evaluation and distribution of compliant implementations. It includes definitions, terms of use, limitations of liability, and specifies that California law applies. Feedback provided may be used by Sun Microsystems.
This document discusses the importance of mobile marketing for businesses and provides 4 steps to start mobile marketing. It notes that over 140 million people in the US own smartphones, smartphone usage is growing 30% per year, and 52% of online time is spent on mobile devices. The 4 steps are: 1) Create a responsive mobile website for easy access and quick loading; 2) Set up business profiles on sites like Yelp, Facebook, Google Maps; 3) Encourage customer check-ins for discounts; 4) Advertise locally on Google searches for emergency services like dentistry. Following these steps can help businesses reach more customers on mobile.
The document discusses the evolution of microprocessors from the Intel 4004 to the Intel Pentium IV. It begins with the first microprocessor, the Intel 4004 from 1971, and progresses through early 4-bit and 8-bit microprocessors like the 8008, 8080, and 8085. It then covers the introduction of 16-bit microprocessors like the 8086 and 32-bit processors such as the 80386, 80486, and various Pentium models. The document also includes block diagrams and descriptions of the architecture and features of the 8085 microprocessor.
Comparison of pentium processor with 80386 and 80486Tech_MX
The document compares the 80386, 80486, and Pentium processors. It discusses the limitations of the 80286 that led to the development of the 80386, which was a 32-bit processor that could address over 4GB of memory. The 80486 provided improvements like an 8KB cache and integrated floating point unit. The Pentium provided further enhancements such as separate 8KB instruction and data caches, dual integer pipelines, and branch prediction logic. It also introduced the 64-bit memory system. These changes helped significantly increase the processing power and speed of successive processor generations.
This document describes the architecture and instruction set of a custom digital signal processor (DSP). The DSP contains a signal processing controller (SPC) that fetches and executes instructions. It has two multiplier-accumulator-RAM (MAR) units - one for real parts and one for imaginary parts - to perform complex arithmetic operations on digital signals. The SPC uses registers to address locations in the MARs and store complex numbers by separating the real and imaginary parts. Assembly code examples show how instructions implement operations like complex multiplication by manipulating data in the MARs.
The document describes a 1U rack-mounted network system that features an Intel Haswell processor, 32GB of memory, 7 copper Gigabit Ethernet ports, IPMI remote management, and expansion slots. It can support up to 15 GbE ports via expansion modules and includes storage, I/O ports, and remote management capabilities. The system is designed for high performance network applications in a small 1U form factor.
This document summarizes a 1U rack-mounted network system featuring an Intel Atom processor, support for up to 32GB RAM, 8 Gigabit Ethernet ports, SATA and compact flash storage, and expansion slots. Key features include Intel AES-NI for encryption/decryption, an AMI UEFI BIOS, and optional Intel QuickAssist technology for cryptographic acceleration. It has ports and connectors for local management including USB, serial, and LCD display with keypad. Optional expansion modules provide additional Ethernet ports or other functions.
The Intel 80486 microprocessor was an upgrade from the 80386 with improved performance and new features. It had an on-chip cache, floating point unit, and clock doubling capabilities. There were several variants including the 80486DX with an FPU, 80486SX without an FPU, and clock doubled 80486DX2. It had a 5-stage pipeline allowing one instruction per clock cycle. The integrated floating point unit and cache improved performance significantly over previous Intel processors.
This document discusses the evolution of CPUs from early 8-bit processors through modern Pentium and AMD chips. It covers key aspects like packaging, speeds, features added over time, and how CPUs have become more powerful with each generation. Early CPUs included the 8088, 80286, 80386, and 80486, while modern CPUs discussed are Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Celeron, AMD K6, and Pentium III/IV chips. The document provides details on internal workings, specifications, and packaging of different CPU models over the years.
Microprocessors and microcontrollers both have CPUs and are used for real-time applications, but they differ in key ways. Microprocessors are standalone chips that require external memory and I/O devices, have higher clock speeds, and are more versatile. Microcontrollers integrate CPU, memory, and I/O on a single chip, have lower clock speeds, and are cheaper and used for embedded systems. The 8085 was an early 8-bit microprocessor from Intel that had 40 pins, accessed 64KB of memory, and was used in early PCs and instruments.
The document summarizes the evolution of several Intel microprocessors from the 80186 in 1982 to the Pentium 4. It describes the key features and specifications of each processor including the Intel 80186, 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium III, and Pentium 4. Each generation brought improvements like increased memory addressing, inclusion of a floating point unit, larger caches, and support for new instruction sets.
The document summarizes key details about the Pentium Pro processor. It has an 8KB instruction cache and consists of components like an 8KB code cache, 8KB data cache, TLB, BTB, and integer/floating point pipelines. It features out-of-order execution, a wider 34-bit address bus, and built-in floating point. Later, multiple core processors like Pentium D and Core 2 Duo were introduced with dual or quad cores, each with their own execution unit and cache.
The document traces the evolution of microprocessors from the 1971 Intel 4004, the first commercially available microprocessor, through several generations of increasing capabilities. Early microprocessors had 4-8 bit architectures and contained only a few thousand transistors. The 1980s saw the rise of 16-bit processors like the Intel 8086 and 32-bit processors like Motorola's 68000. RISC architectures like the MIPS R2000 emerged in the 1980s with integrated caches and pipelines. By the early 1990s, microprocessors like the MIPS R4000 and Intel Pentium had transitioned to 64-bit architectures with over a million transistors enabling over 50 million instructions per second.
The document traces the evolution of microprocessors from the early 4-bit Intel 4004 in 1971 to the 64-bit MIPS R4000 in 1991. It describes the key innovations of each generation including increased bit width, transistor count, and performance. The first generation from 1971-1978 had processors with less than 50k transistors and under 50k instructions per second. The second generation from 1979-1985 saw the introduction of 32-bit processors with over 50k transistors. The third generation from 1985-1989 included reduced instruction set computers with over 100k transistors. The fourth generation from 1990 onward introduced 64-bit architectures with over 1 million transistors and performance leadership.
This document summarizes a 1U rack-mounted network system. It supports Intel Core 2 processors and up to 4GB of RAM. It has 6 Gigabit Ethernet ports on the front with an option to expand to 14 ports total. Expansion slots include mini-PCI and PCI. Storage interfaces include one SATA hard drive bay and a CompactFlash socket. Dimensions and environmental specifications are provided.
The document discusses the AMD Athlon microprocessor. It describes the original Athlon, also called the Athlon Classic, as the first seventh-generation x86 processor to reach 1 GHz. It then discusses subsequent Athlon models including the Athlon 64, Athlon II, and various Athlon XP processors. Key details are provided on the architectures and specifications of the Thunderbird, Palomino, and other Athlon cores.
This 1U rackmount system features dual Intel Sandy/Ivy Bridge-EP Xeon E5-2600 series processors with support for up to 128GB RAM. It provides networking connectivity including 5 Gigabit Ethernet ports, 2 SFP Gigabit ports, and 12 10GbE SFP+ ports. Additional features include IPMI management, PCIe expansion slots, and a 750W redundant power supply.
This document provides information about the Microprocessors and Microcontrollers course EE8551. After completing the course, students will gain knowledge and be eligible for positions like Electronics Engineer, IOT Engineer, and Embedded Developer. The course will impart knowledge on topics like the architecture of 8085 and 8051 microprocessors and microcontrollers, addressing modes, interrupts, and programming in assembly language. It will develop the ability to explain microprocessor architecture and write assembly programs. The document then provides background information on microprocessors, their applications, evolution of Intel processors, architecture of 8085 processor, and interrupt concepts in 8085.
IBM System x3850 X5 Technical PresentationCliff Kinard
Detailed technical overview of a IBM's System x3850 x5 Intel processor-based server.
The x3850 X5 server allows freedom of choice with extremely flexible configurations plus memory expansion capabilities. A modular building block design lets you customize your system for current needs while providing the ability to react to changing workloads. Expand your 4-socket, 64-DIMM x3850 X5 to 4 sockets and 96 DIMMs or up to 8 sockets and 128 DIMMs. Reallocate resources as your environment changes. The x3850 X5 meets your needs today, while providing an easy, cost-effective upgrade path to change your environment when you’re ready.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Infrastructure Challenges in Scaling RAG with Custom AI modelsZilliz
Building Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems with open-source and custom AI models is a complex task. This talk explores the challenges in productionizing RAG systems, including retrieval performance, response synthesis, and evaluation. We’ll discuss how to leverage open-source models like text embeddings, language models, and custom fine-tuned models to enhance RAG performance. Additionally, we’ll cover how BentoML can help orchestrate and scale these AI components efficiently, ensuring seamless deployment and management of RAG systems in the cloud.
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
2. The First Microprocessor
• Intel created the first microprocessor 4004 in 1971.
• Ran at a clock speed of 108KHz
• Contained 2,300 transistors and was built on a
10-micron process.
• Then came the Z-80 by Zilog in 1976 used in
TRS-80
• 6502 by MOS Technologies used in Apple-I and II.
3. The First PC
• In 1981 IBM introduced the IBM PC, which was
based on a 4.77MHz Intel 8088 processor running
the Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS-DOS)
1.0
– 30,000 transistor at 4.77MHz
– 16 bit internal registers (IA-16) /8 bit external data bus
– 20 bit address bus could address upto ________Bytes?
• All Processors are backward compatible, like P4,
AMD Athlon, etc.
4. Generation of Microprocessors
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
First Generation (P1)
Second Generation (P2)
Third Generation (P3)
Fourth Generation (P4)
Fifth Generation (P5)
Fifth Generation (P5)
Sixth-Generation (P6)
Seventh-Generation Processors
Eighth-Generation Processors
5. First Generation (P1)
8088
• A 40 pin microprocessor with the attributes of an 8-bit
and 16-bit processor. Internally it works with 16 bits
but data bus is 8-bits.
• 20-bit address bus - capable of holding 1 Meg
memory.
• Ran in real mode only
• Companion Coprocessor - 8087
– 8086
• Same as above only data bus is 8-bits.
6. Second Generation (P2)
80286
–
–
–
–
68 pin chip in various packages.
Backwards compatible with 8088 but much faster.
True 16-bit microprocessor.
Designed for multi-user, multi-task.
• Has special memory protection/management circuitry that
protects the various running tasks from each other and the
operating system.
– Operates in two modes:
• Real Mode - runs single tasks, addresses REAL memory up to
1 Meg.
• Protected Mode - runs multiple tasks, address up to 16 Meg
physical memory, plus it can address virtual memory.
– Virtual memory is really hard disk space being used as RAM.
8. Third Generation (P3)
80386DX
– 32-bit (internally & externally) successor to
80286, 132-pins
– Had to do 16-bit and 8-bit I/O data transfers to
keep it compatible with older software and
peripherals.
– Could switch between real and protected memory
without a reboot.
9. Third Generation (P3)
This advanced memory management allow for ROM
shadowing, moving code out of ROM into faster
RAM.
– New addressing mode was developed called virtual
mode.
• Made the 80386 appear like multiple XT processors so multiple
programs could run at once.
• 80386SX
– 100 pin chip.
– Internally the same as a 80386DX, externally had 24-bit
address and 16-bit data bus.
10. Third Generation (P3)
Other Flavours of 80386
– 80386SL: used in laptops, had lower (L) power
consumption. Had external 32-bit address bus
like DX, but external 16-bit data bus like SX.
– AM80386SX and DX: AMD manufactured clone.
SX was like the SL.
11. Fourth Generation (P4)
80486DX:
– 168 pin
– Included
• math coprocessor
– synchronous with main processor and executes in fewer
cycles than previous math coprocessors
• 8KB Level 1 memory cache
– 90-95% zero wait states
• Reduced instruction-execution time
– average of two clock cycles per instruction compared to
previous of more than four clock cycles needed
• Burst-mode memory cycles
12. Fourth Generation (P4)
Other Flavours of 80486:
– 80486SX: same as DX except there is no
coprocessor. Companion coprocessor - 80487
– 80486DX2: the processor’s internal speed is
doubled.
– 80486DX4: the processor’s internal speed is
tripled.
– CX486SLC: Cyrix processor that is basically a
386SX.
– CX486DLC:Cyrix processor that is 486DX.
– CX486DRU2:Cyrix processor that is 486DX2.
13. Fourth Generation (P4)
AMD 486 (5x86)
• 486 that runs at 133MHz
• Some 486 motherboards support this chip
• Similar to Pentium 75
– AMD A80486DX2-80SV8B (40MHz x 2)
– AMD A80486DX4-100SV8B (33MHz x 3)
– AMD A80486DX4-120SV8B (40MHx x 3)
14. Fifth Generation (P5)
64-bit data bus
– 2 separate 8KB internal caches, 1 for instructions,
1 for data
– superscalar microprocessor, runs multiple
instructions simultaneously
• achieved by pipelining
– Pipelining breaks instruction cycle into small stages. Each
stage is capable of handling many instructions.
– Two pipelines in pentium, u-pipe and v-pipe
– Each pipeline has its own ALU
15. Pipelining
• Fetching and execution of each instruction is split
into many stages,
• all working in parallel.
• This allows the processing of up to five instructions
to be overlapped.
16. Pipelining
• In 8085 there was no pipelining.
• 8086 had enjoyed the first pipelining.
• In the 486 the pipeline stage is broken down even
further, to 5 stages as follows:
– 1. fetch (prefetch)
– 2. decode 1 (two stage decode)
– 3. decode 2
– 4. execute
– 5. register write-back (result goes to EAX)
20. heavily pipelining
• By heavily pipelining the fetching and
execution of instructions, many 486
instructions are executed in only 1 clock cycle
instead of in 3 clocks as in the 386.
21. Fifth Generation (P5)
Pentium First Generation:
– 273 pin package
– 60 & 66 MHz (same speed as motherboard)
– Same voltage as motherboard
Pentium Second Generation:
–
–
–
–
296 pin package
uses 3.3V
90/100/75120/133/150/166/200 MHz
could run simultaneously with second processor
• Symmetric Multi-Processing (SMP)
22. Fifth Generation (P5)
Pentium MMX:
–
–
–
–
Pentium Third Generation
Level 1 cache increased from 16 KB to 32 KB
External level 2 cache typically 256KB or 512KB
Addition of 57 instructions related to multimedia and
communication processing.
– Available in 166/200/266 MHz clock speeds.
– Requires different voltage level
• 3.3V for I/O
• 2.8V for core
23. Other Fifth-Generation Processors
• AMD
– K5
• Competes with Classic Pentium
• Offers an assortment of clock speeds and bus speeds
• Compatible with most motherboards that supported
Pentiums
– BIOS might need to be upgraded
– voltage level slightly different - 3.52V
• Available as:
– PR75, PR90, PR100, PR120, PR133, PR-166
24. Other Fifth-Generation Processors
Features:
•
•
•
•
•
16KB instruction cache
Dynamic execution
Five-stage RISC-like pipeline
FPU
Pin-selectable clock multiples of 1.5x & 2x
• IDT Centaur C6 Winchip
–
–
–
–
–
Socket-7 compatible
Speeds of 180, 200, 225, 240 MHz
Not superscalar
Slower with multimedia applications and games
Smaller, less power consumption
25. Sixth-Generation (P6)
Dynamic Execution
Dual Independent Bus Architecture
Better Superscalar Design
Pentium Pro:
– 387 pin package
– has on-board (included with the CPU but not
internal) L2 cache, either 256, 512KB or 1MB
running at full core speed
26. Sixth-Generation (P6)
Pentium Pro motherboards quite often have sockets
for two CPUs
– Recommended for applications that rely heavily on fast
access to cache memory
– Applications that focus on complex calculations, rather
than on servers, need this high-speed performance
– Does not perform well with older 16-bit legacy
applications written for DOS or Windows 3.x
27. Sixth-Generation (P6)
Pentium II
– Basically the same as Pentium Pro except
• Has MMX
• Same Level 1 cache size as Pentium MMX (32K)
• Package changed from PGA to Single Edge Contact (SEC)
cartridge
• L2 cache of 512KB at half core speed
SPEED
233 MHz
266 MHz
300 MHz
333 MHz
350 MHz
400 MHz
450 MHz
CPU CLOCK
3.5x
4x
4.5x
5x
3.5x
4x
4.5x
MOTHERBOARD SPEED
66 MHz
66 MHz
66 MHz
66 MHz
100 MHz
100 MHz
100 MHz
29. Sixth-Generation (P6)
Celeron
– P6 with no L2 cache
– Packaged in Single Edge Processor Package
(SEPP or SEP)
• almost the same as SEC, missing plastic cartridge
cover
– Celerons above 300 MHz also found in Plastic
Pin Grid Array packages (PPGA)
• it is recommend to get a motherboard with a Slot 1
processor connection as you can install a PPGA using
an adapter but you cannot install SEC/SEP in a
motherboard with a Socket PGA-370 connection
30. Sixth-Generation (P6)
• 7.5 million transistors in 300 MHz and below
• 19 million transistors above 300-A MHz
SPEED
233 MHz
266 MHz
300 MHz
300-A MHz
333 MHz
366 MHz
400 MHz
433 MHz
466 MHz
L2 Cache
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Package
SEP
SEP
SEP
SEP, PPGA
SEP, PPGA
SEP, PPGA
SEP, PPGA
SEP, PPGA
PPGA
31. Sixth-Generation (P6)
Pentium III
– P6 with SSE
• 70 new instructions
• improve on advanced imaging, 3D, streaming audio, video,
speech-recognition
– 9.5 million transistors
– 512KB of half-core speed L2 cache
• can cache up to 4GB of addressable memory
– self-reportable processor serial number
– Most packaged in Single Edge Contact Cartridge 2
(SECC2)
34. Other Sixth-Generation Processors
– Nexgen Nx586
• Not pin compatible with Pentiums
– normally soldered on motherboards
•
•
•
•
Had all fifth-generation features
Had sixth-generation feature of branch prediction
Had RISC core
Was discontinued after merger with AMD
– AMD-K6
• Competes with Pentium II
• Uses MMX technology
• In early tests, performed faster than Pentium II in normal
business applications
35. Processor Memory-Addressing Capabilities
AMD-K6
• Socket 7 interface
• Sixth-generation internal design, fifth-generation interface
– AMD-K6-2
• Higher clock speeds
• Higher bus speeds of up to 100MHz
• 3DNow; 21 new graphics and sound processing instructions
– AMD-K6-3
• 256KB of on-die full core speed L2 cache
36. Processor Memory-Addressing Capabilities
Motherboards must be able to support AMD voltages.
• Must have AMD-K6 processor ready BIOS
– AMD-K7 (Athlon)
• Cartridge type packaging, Slot A, not compatible with Pentium
II / III motherboards
• Speeds of 550 MHz and up
• 128KB L1 cache
• 512KB L2 cache, running at 1/2, 2/5, or 1/3 processor speed
depending model
• Athlon - Thunderbird has 256K on-processor cache
• does not support SSE instructions
– AMD Duron
• The same as the Athlon with a smaller L2 cache
37. Processor Memory-Addressing Capabilities
Cyrix MediaGX
• inexpensive
• soldered on motherboard
• do not need graphics or sound card - integrated into processor
and special motherboard
• more disposable than upgradable
• equivalent performance with Pentiums in the same speed range
• available at 166, 180 MHz, MMX-enhanced available in 200,
233MHz
• used in Compaq Presario 1220 notebooks
38. Processor Memory-Addressing Capabilities
Cyrix MX/MII
• compatible with MMX technology
• achieves higher performance and better value than competitive
processors
• not all motherboards can except this processor
39. Seventh-Generation Processors
Intel Pentium 4
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1.3Ghz -1.7Ghz and up
Forty-two million transistors
Software compatible with previous Intel processors
Processor front-side bus runs at 400Mhz
Arithmetic logic units run at twice the processor core frequency
20-stage pipeline
Very deep out-of-order instruction execution
Enhanced branch prediction
20KB L1 cache
L2 cache up to 4GB RAM, supports ECC
SSE2 instruction set, 144 new instructions
Enhanced floating-point unit
Multiple low-power states
40. Eighth-Generation Processor
Intel Itanium
• Designed primarily for servers
• 733 MHz and 800 MHz speeds
• Three levels of integrated cache
– 2 MB or 4 MB of on-cartridge L3 cache running at full-core speed
– 96 KB of L2 cache
– 32 KB of L1 cache
•
•
•
•
•
266 MHz, 64-bit wide CPU front-side bus with 2.1 GB/second bandwidth
25 million transistors
Sixteen TB physical memory addressing
Software compatible with previous versions
Explicitly parallel instruction computing (EPIC) technology-up to 20
operations per cycle
41. Processor Memory-Addressing Capabilities
Two integer and to memory units that can execute
four instructions per clock cycle
• Two floating-point multiply accumulate units with 82-bit
operands
• FMAC unit is capable of executing two floating-point
operations per clock
• Two additional MMX units
• Eight single-precision FP operations can be executed every
cycle
• 128 integer registers, 128 floating-point registers, 8 branch
registers, 64 predicate registers
• New cartridge type which includes processor and L3 cache
• Dedicated cartridge power connector
43. PC Hardware Links -by Chris Hare
http://users.erols.com/chare/main.htm
for processor sockets:
http://users.erols.com/chare/sockets.htm
44. Processor Sockets
http://users.erols.com/chare/sockets.htm
• Various 486 Sockets - Socket 1, 2, 3, and 6.
http://support.intel.com/support/processors/overdrive/pentium/20284.ht
m
• Various Pentium Sockets - Socket 4, 5, 7, and 8.
http://support.intel.com/support/processors/overdrive/pentium/20236.ht
m