Valutazione ecocardiografica del meccanismo e della severità dell'insufficienza valvolare aortica. Dr.ssa Rita Conti - Villa Maria Cecilia Hospital - Maggio 2009
Valutazione ecocardiografica del meccanismo e della severità dell'insufficienza valvolare aortica. Dr.ssa Rita Conti - Villa Maria Cecilia Hospital - Maggio 2009
1) Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography are important modalities for assessing atrial septal defects (ASDs). TTE can identify RV volume overload and septal flattening, while TEE precisely measures defect size and evaluates rim morphology.
2) The four main types of ASDs - ostium secundum, ostium primum, sinus venosus, and coronary sinus defects - have distinguishing echo features. Doppler can demonstrate shunt direction and magnitude.
3) Echocardiography guides percutaneous ASD closure by assessing defect and rim anatomy, device sizing, and post-procedure result. Understanding echo features is key to ensuring procedure success.
EBSTEIN ANOMALY.2017,ebstein,ebstein anomaly,Review.Dr.Hasan Mahmud
Ebstein anomaly is a rare congenital heart defect affecting the tricuspid valve. It represents 0.5% of congenital heart defects. There is an increased risk of sudden death from arrhythmias. The tricuspid valve is morphologically and functionally abnormal, with the septal and posterior leaflets adhered to the myocardium, lowering the annulus toward the RV apex and resulting in dilation of the right ventricle and atrium. Associated defects occur in over 80% of cases, most commonly ASD or PFO. Clinical presentation depends on age, with symptoms of heart failure and arrhythmias in older children and adults. Diagnosis involves echocardiogram and Doppler ultrasound showing the abnormal tricus
Stent thrombosis is a rare but serious complication of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with mortality rates between 25-40%. It is classified based on timing (acute, subacute, late, very late) and etiology (primary, secondary). Risk factors include premature discontinuation of dual antiplatelet therapy, smoking, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, acute coronary syndrome, and high platelet reactivity. Strategies to minimize stent thrombosis involve careful patient selection, optimal stent deployment, adherence to potent dual antiplatelet regimens, and treatment involving emergent thrombectomy with escalated antiplatelet therapy.
Doppler echocardiography is the main method used to evaluate ventricular function in children. It provides important information not available from adult assessments due to differences in myocardial maturation and the effects of congenital heart disease. Echocardiography allows assessment of ventricular dimensions, ejection fraction, wall motion, and Doppler indices of systolic and diastolic function. Newer techniques like Doppler tissue imaging and strain rate imaging provide enhanced evaluation of regional myocardial function. Comprehensive echocardiography is crucial for understanding the complex effects of pediatric heart conditions on ventricular performance.
Based on the size of the defect, perimembranous VSDs between 4-18 mm in diameter would be suitable for closure with the Amplatzer VSD occluder. The device size would need to be selected based on the actual defect size as assessed by echocardiography. Adequate rims around the defect are required but specifics on rim measurements are not provided in this document. Other factors such as indications for closure and no contraindications to the percutaneous approach would also need to be evaluated for a particular patient.
The document discusses assessment of mechanical dyssynchrony for cardiac resynchronization therapy. It defines electrical and mechanical dyssynchrony, and describes the deleterious hemodynamic effects of left ventricular dyssynchrony. It then summarizes various echocardiographic tools for assessing atrioventricular dyssynchrony, interventricular dyssynchrony, and intraventricular dyssynchrony, including M-mode, tissue Doppler imaging, and three-dimensional echocardiography. Measurement techniques for different dyssynchrony parameters such as septal-posterior wall motion delay, lateral wall postsystolic displacement, and time to peak systolic velocity are outlined.
- The SYNTAX trial compared outcomes of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) using drug-eluting stents versus coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) for treating three-vessel or left main coronary artery disease.
- For the primary endpoint of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events at 12 months, CABG was superior to PCI. However, outcomes were similar between treatments for patients with less complex disease as measured by low or intermediate SYNTAX scores.
- For patients with more complex disease and high SYNTAX scores, CABG had significantly fewer primary events than PCI at 12 months.
1) The DKCRUSH-V trial randomized 482 patients with true distal left main coronary artery bifurcation lesions to either double kissing (DK) crush stenting or provisional stenting (PS).
2) At 1-year follow-up, the primary endpoint of target lesion failure was lower in the DK crush group compared to the PS group.
3) At 3-year follow-up, target lesion failure rates remained lower in the DK crush group driven by lower rates of myocardial infarction and revascularization compared to the PS group. Definite or probable stent thrombosis was also lower in the DK crush group.
This document discusses restenosis (renarrowing of arteries) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) procedures like balloon angioplasty and stent placement. It notes that drug-eluting stents have significantly reduced restenosis rates compared to bare metal stents. However, in-stent restenosis remains a problem, occurring in approximately 5-7% of patients within 1-2 years after PCI. The document examines factors that can influence restenosis risk like patient characteristics, lesion characteristics, technical aspects of the procedure, and properties of the stents. It also discusses challenges in treating in-stent restenosis when it does occur.
1. The document discusses various techniques to assess myocardial viability including echocardiography, single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron emission tomography.
2. Dobutamine stress echocardiography can identify viable myocardium through contractile reserve but may underestimate viability. SPECT tracers like thallium-201 and sestamibi allow assessment of perfusion and viability through stress-redistribution imaging.
3. Multiple SPECT protocols exist including stress-redistribution, reinjection, and rest redistribution. Tracer uptake correlates to the probability of functional recovery after revascularization. Quantitative myocardial contrast echocardiography also predicts viability through perfusion parameters.
segment approach to congenital heart diseasesSumiya Arshad
The Van Praagh classification system uses a "S, D, S" notation to systematically analyze congenital heart defects based on 1) visceroatrial situs, 2) ventricular loop orientation, and 3) position of the great arteries. This facilitates communication between physicians by providing a standardized approach to describing abnormalities in cardiac chamber position, connections, and vessel arrangements.
Here are the key points from the case:
- A 75-year-old post-menopausal woman presented with pneumonia and chest pain
- In the last 24 hours she experienced dyspnea and sputum production
- This physical stressor of pneumonia could potentially trigger Takotsubo cardiomyopathy in this high-risk demographic
- Her symptoms of chest pain could represent Takotsubo cardiomyopathy mimicking an acute coronary syndrome
- Further workup would be needed to evaluate for potential left ventricular dysfunction and regional wall motion abnormalities consistent with Takotsubo cardiomyopathy versus other causes of her symptoms.
The document discusses the evaluation of prosthetic heart valves. It outlines various techniques used to evaluate prosthetic valves including history and physical exam, imaging modalities like chest x-ray, echocardiogram, CT and MRI. Echocardiography plays a key role in assessing prosthetic valve function by examining valve structure and mobility, quantifying stenosis or regurgitation, and identifying complications like thrombosis. Diagnosis of prosthetic valve dysfunction is based on changes in Doppler measurements of velocities, gradients and effective orifice areas compared to baseline. Prosthetic valve-patient mismatch can also occur and is assessed using echocardiography.
This document discusses the treatment of coronary perforations that can occur during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for chronic total occlusions (CTOs). It describes 5 types of coronary perforations and provides guidance on how to treat each type. For minor perforations (Type I), careful observation is sufficient. For more significant perforations (Types II-III), prolonged balloon inflation at the perforation site is recommended, along with reversing anticoagulation if needed. For life-threatening bleeding (Type IV), measures may include pericardiocentesis, prolonged balloon inflation, and deployment of a covered stent. Surgery is needed for some unresponsive perforations (Type II-III).
1) Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography are important modalities for assessing atrial septal defects (ASDs). TTE can identify RV volume overload and septal flattening, while TEE precisely measures defect size and evaluates rim morphology.
2) The four main types of ASDs - ostium secundum, ostium primum, sinus venosus, and coronary sinus defects - have distinguishing echo features. Doppler can demonstrate shunt direction and magnitude.
3) Echocardiography guides percutaneous ASD closure by assessing defect and rim anatomy, device sizing, and post-procedure result. Understanding echo features is key to ensuring procedure success.
EBSTEIN ANOMALY.2017,ebstein,ebstein anomaly,Review.Dr.Hasan Mahmud
Ebstein anomaly is a rare congenital heart defect affecting the tricuspid valve. It represents 0.5% of congenital heart defects. There is an increased risk of sudden death from arrhythmias. The tricuspid valve is morphologically and functionally abnormal, with the septal and posterior leaflets adhered to the myocardium, lowering the annulus toward the RV apex and resulting in dilation of the right ventricle and atrium. Associated defects occur in over 80% of cases, most commonly ASD or PFO. Clinical presentation depends on age, with symptoms of heart failure and arrhythmias in older children and adults. Diagnosis involves echocardiogram and Doppler ultrasound showing the abnormal tricus
Stent thrombosis is a rare but serious complication of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with mortality rates between 25-40%. It is classified based on timing (acute, subacute, late, very late) and etiology (primary, secondary). Risk factors include premature discontinuation of dual antiplatelet therapy, smoking, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, acute coronary syndrome, and high platelet reactivity. Strategies to minimize stent thrombosis involve careful patient selection, optimal stent deployment, adherence to potent dual antiplatelet regimens, and treatment involving emergent thrombectomy with escalated antiplatelet therapy.
Doppler echocardiography is the main method used to evaluate ventricular function in children. It provides important information not available from adult assessments due to differences in myocardial maturation and the effects of congenital heart disease. Echocardiography allows assessment of ventricular dimensions, ejection fraction, wall motion, and Doppler indices of systolic and diastolic function. Newer techniques like Doppler tissue imaging and strain rate imaging provide enhanced evaluation of regional myocardial function. Comprehensive echocardiography is crucial for understanding the complex effects of pediatric heart conditions on ventricular performance.
Based on the size of the defect, perimembranous VSDs between 4-18 mm in diameter would be suitable for closure with the Amplatzer VSD occluder. The device size would need to be selected based on the actual defect size as assessed by echocardiography. Adequate rims around the defect are required but specifics on rim measurements are not provided in this document. Other factors such as indications for closure and no contraindications to the percutaneous approach would also need to be evaluated for a particular patient.
The document discusses assessment of mechanical dyssynchrony for cardiac resynchronization therapy. It defines electrical and mechanical dyssynchrony, and describes the deleterious hemodynamic effects of left ventricular dyssynchrony. It then summarizes various echocardiographic tools for assessing atrioventricular dyssynchrony, interventricular dyssynchrony, and intraventricular dyssynchrony, including M-mode, tissue Doppler imaging, and three-dimensional echocardiography. Measurement techniques for different dyssynchrony parameters such as septal-posterior wall motion delay, lateral wall postsystolic displacement, and time to peak systolic velocity are outlined.
- The SYNTAX trial compared outcomes of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) using drug-eluting stents versus coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) for treating three-vessel or left main coronary artery disease.
- For the primary endpoint of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events at 12 months, CABG was superior to PCI. However, outcomes were similar between treatments for patients with less complex disease as measured by low or intermediate SYNTAX scores.
- For patients with more complex disease and high SYNTAX scores, CABG had significantly fewer primary events than PCI at 12 months.
1) The DKCRUSH-V trial randomized 482 patients with true distal left main coronary artery bifurcation lesions to either double kissing (DK) crush stenting or provisional stenting (PS).
2) At 1-year follow-up, the primary endpoint of target lesion failure was lower in the DK crush group compared to the PS group.
3) At 3-year follow-up, target lesion failure rates remained lower in the DK crush group driven by lower rates of myocardial infarction and revascularization compared to the PS group. Definite or probable stent thrombosis was also lower in the DK crush group.
This document discusses restenosis (renarrowing of arteries) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) procedures like balloon angioplasty and stent placement. It notes that drug-eluting stents have significantly reduced restenosis rates compared to bare metal stents. However, in-stent restenosis remains a problem, occurring in approximately 5-7% of patients within 1-2 years after PCI. The document examines factors that can influence restenosis risk like patient characteristics, lesion characteristics, technical aspects of the procedure, and properties of the stents. It also discusses challenges in treating in-stent restenosis when it does occur.
1. The document discusses various techniques to assess myocardial viability including echocardiography, single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron emission tomography.
2. Dobutamine stress echocardiography can identify viable myocardium through contractile reserve but may underestimate viability. SPECT tracers like thallium-201 and sestamibi allow assessment of perfusion and viability through stress-redistribution imaging.
3. Multiple SPECT protocols exist including stress-redistribution, reinjection, and rest redistribution. Tracer uptake correlates to the probability of functional recovery after revascularization. Quantitative myocardial contrast echocardiography also predicts viability through perfusion parameters.
segment approach to congenital heart diseasesSumiya Arshad
The Van Praagh classification system uses a "S, D, S" notation to systematically analyze congenital heart defects based on 1) visceroatrial situs, 2) ventricular loop orientation, and 3) position of the great arteries. This facilitates communication between physicians by providing a standardized approach to describing abnormalities in cardiac chamber position, connections, and vessel arrangements.
Here are the key points from the case:
- A 75-year-old post-menopausal woman presented with pneumonia and chest pain
- In the last 24 hours she experienced dyspnea and sputum production
- This physical stressor of pneumonia could potentially trigger Takotsubo cardiomyopathy in this high-risk demographic
- Her symptoms of chest pain could represent Takotsubo cardiomyopathy mimicking an acute coronary syndrome
- Further workup would be needed to evaluate for potential left ventricular dysfunction and regional wall motion abnormalities consistent with Takotsubo cardiomyopathy versus other causes of her symptoms.
The document discusses the evaluation of prosthetic heart valves. It outlines various techniques used to evaluate prosthetic valves including history and physical exam, imaging modalities like chest x-ray, echocardiogram, CT and MRI. Echocardiography plays a key role in assessing prosthetic valve function by examining valve structure and mobility, quantifying stenosis or regurgitation, and identifying complications like thrombosis. Diagnosis of prosthetic valve dysfunction is based on changes in Doppler measurements of velocities, gradients and effective orifice areas compared to baseline. Prosthetic valve-patient mismatch can also occur and is assessed using echocardiography.
This document discusses the treatment of coronary perforations that can occur during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for chronic total occlusions (CTOs). It describes 5 types of coronary perforations and provides guidance on how to treat each type. For minor perforations (Type I), careful observation is sufficient. For more significant perforations (Types II-III), prolonged balloon inflation at the perforation site is recommended, along with reversing anticoagulation if needed. For life-threatening bleeding (Type IV), measures may include pericardiocentesis, prolonged balloon inflation, and deployment of a covered stent. Surgery is needed for some unresponsive perforations (Type II-III).
This document discusses the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), including:
- Approved PAH therapies such as endothelin receptor antagonists, phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, and prostanoids.
- The three main pathways involved in PAH pathogenesis.
- Treatment recommendations for PAH associated with congenital heart disease, including the use of PAH-specific therapies.
- Evidence that PAH-specific therapies can reduce mortality in patients with Eisenmenger syndrome.
- Lung transplantation is an option for patients with inadequate response to maximal PAH therapy.
H trattamento dell’ipertensione arteriosa polmonareguch-piemonte
This document discusses the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Pulmonary arterial hypertension has several underlying causes, with the most common being idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension at around 50% of cases. Medications are the primary treatment and work to dilate blood vessels and improve heart function. These include endothelin receptor antagonists, phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitors, prostanoids, and soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators. In severe cases, lung transplantation may be considered.
1. Le cardiopatie congenite oggi
G. Agnoletti
gagnoletti@cittadellasalute.to.it
Parma
24 Ottobre 2015
2. Come la vedo io
• CC : Incidenza stabile nel tempo e
nelle varie etnie (0.8% dei nati vivi)
• Questo non e’ più vero nè in Europa né in
altre realtà
• Sempre meno bambini (< nascite >IVG)
• Meno cardiopatie complesse se diagnosi
prenatale
5. L’Italia fra 2 generazioni
ISTAT. età media 45 anni, crollo delle nascite:
-12.000 nati rispetto al 2013
6. Come potrebbe essere
Ed in parte già e…
MA chi arriva adotta le buone e
le cattive abitudini
ISTAT. i nati stranieri continuano a
diminuire (-2.638), pur rappresentando il
14,9% del totale dei nati.
7. IVG
Legale su richiesta Legale se pb materni o fetali
Legale se gravi problemi materni Illegale
Variabile per regione
8. IVG: Legale su richiesta
Francia < 40 settimane. Italia: < 23 settimane
Diagnosi di CC: ca 20 settimane
9. Gli step salienti
• Prevenzione (fattori di rischio per CC ?)
• La diagnosi di CC
• Vita sociale e sport
• GUCH
Prenatale
Postnatale
Diagnosi non fatte
10. Fattori di rischio per CC
• CC: interazione tra esposizioni ambientali e
fattori genetici
• Il cuore: molta complessità = molti errori
11. Fattori di rischio per CC
• Familiarità per CC (BAV, CAV, DIA….)
• Assunzione di farmaci teratogeni
• Matattie materne (diabete, m. autoimmuni,
infezioni)
• Obesità, stile di vita
• Gravidanza assistita e gravidanza gemellare
12. Stile di vita materno e CC
• Obesità > rischio di ca 2 volte (Difetti settali, Stenosi
polmonare, Cuore sinistro ipoplasico, Fallot)
• Fumo di sigaretta: > rischio DIV, SP, CoAo, CAV
• Alcool: > rischio difetti conotruncali, difetti settali
• Droghe varie / altre (marijuana, hashish, cocaina, eroina,
allucinogeni, metadone): > rischio DIV
13. Epoca
prenatale
Epoca
neonatale/
pediatriaca
Età
adulta/GUCH
ginecologo
Pediatra
Gene7sta
mul7disciplinare
La diagnosi di CC
Cosa vuol dire trattare le CC?
14. Diagnosi
• Prenatale / post natale: in genere approccio corretto
• Diagnosi non fatte “per tempo”: riscontro casuale o
su comorbidità.
Comorbidità: talora irreversibili
(PAH, ipertensione sistemica, disfunzione
ventricolare)
15. Diagnosi Prenatale e/o post natale:
in genere approccio corretto
• Carenza di cardiologia -
cardiochirurgia pediatrica
• Carenza di farmaci (PGE,
antiipertensori polmonari,
anticoagulanti…)
• Problemi assicurativi
25. Rischio di arteriolite nelle CC
DIA
DIV e DBP ampi
CAVC
TAC, finestra AO-AP, APdx dall’aorta
50 anni
6 mesi
1 mese
1 anno
26. Diagnosi prenatale
• Fondamentale nello screening delle CC
(diminuzione morbidità-mortalità)
• Per ecocardiofetale necessarie competenze
specifiche
• Dati OIRM: diagnosi prenatale nel 50%,
correttezza OIRM > 90%
27. Alla nascita
• Se diagnosi prenatale: nascita in centro
specializzato e valutazione da parte del
cardiologo congenitalista.
• In assenza di diagnosi prenatale: il pediatra
contatterà il cardiologo SE….
SEGNI-SINTOMI
• Possono sfuggire le CC senza segni-sintomi
precoci: Difetti settali a bassa pressione,
difetti settali ad alta pressione e RVP alte,
coartazione…
28. Alla nascita
• In assenza di diagnosi prenatale
e nascita in centro non dotato di
cardiologia pediatrica
• Indispensabile conoscenze di
base sulle CC
• ECO con approccio
segmentario: Situs addominale,
Situs toracico, Connessioni…
29. Segni-sintomi
Il neonato
Quando si parla di CC si parla di colori
• Cianosi-ipoafflusso polmonare ?
• Insufficienza valvolare ?
• Scompenso cardiaco ?
• Iperafflusso polmonare ?
30. Esame obiettivo: non solo cuore….
• Dorso: soffio sistolico o continuo?
• Ascelle ed inguini: polsi simmetrici
normosfigmici??
• La testa: soffio continuo??
• Le mucose e le unghie: cianosi?
• Le estremità: fredde?
35. “Timing” delle CC
Precoci
0 - 7 gg vita
• Cardiopatie dotto dipendenti
• Stenosi aortica critica
• TGA semplice
• RVPAT ostruito
Intermedie
7 - 21 gg vita
• truncus arteriosus
• CAV completo
• TGA
• VDDU
• RVPAT non ostruito
Tardive
> 21 gg vita
• ampio DIV
• ampio PDA
• finestra AP
36. “Timing delle CC”
Il bambino e l’adolescente
le CC misconosciute
• La coartazione !!!! (ipertensione arteriosa
irreversibile)
• Il DIA !!!
• Il RVPAP con o senza DIA..
• Il CAV p !!!!
37. La coartazione
• OIRM : diagnosi neonatale SOLO se riscontro prenatale
di discrepanza
• Riscontro casuale in eta’ pediatrica (soffio), adolescente
(visita sportiva) adulto (ipertensione)…
38. Incidenza di ipertensione sistemica
• 49% ipertensione S a 17 aa Kappetein 1994
• 68% ipertensione S a 30 aa Presbitero 1987
• 30% degli adolescenti diventa iperteso
Mortalità dopo riparazione
• 182 pz – FU 40 aa :12% decessi Bobby 1991
• 0.8% decessi pz/anno Koller M 1987
• Età media al decesso: 38 anni Cohen M 1989
39. • Coronaropatia
• Morte improvvisa
• Scompenso cardiaco
• TIA - stroke
• Rottura di aneurisma aortico
• Valvulopatia aortica
Mortalità cardiovascolare
42. Anche se generano timori…
• Il 50% delle CC richiede cure invasive
• SOLO il 17% delle CC sono considerate
“gravi”
• Meno del 2% dei pazienti ha una correzione
non- “anatomica”
46. Cardiopatia e vita sociale
Come la vedo io
• L’integrazione sociale
• Lo SPORT
• La gravidanza
47. Il piccolo bambino
• Accessi in ospedale
• Rapporto con l’ambiente ed il personale
• Visite, indagini invasive…
• Come vive la famiglia la cardiopatia del
bambino?
48. Il bambino scolarizzato
• La cicatrice si vede
• Le medicine a scuola…..
• Le maestre si spaventano !
• A volte la fatica fisica si nota (calcio,
danza, nuoto….)
“Io non voglio diventare la tua fidanzata
perche’sarai sempre in ospedale…”
51. Abstract
• All children have a natural need to
move, play, and perform activities.
• Physical activity is necessary for optimal
physical, emotional, and psychosocial
development for healthy children as well
as children with CHD.
Takken T et al. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2012;19:1034-65.
52. CC e attività fisica
• BMI in età pediatrica predice obesità e sovrappeso in
età adulta
• L’esercizio fisico regolare diminuisce il rischio di
obesità e di cardiopatia ischemica nell’età adulta
• I programmi di riabilitazione aumentano la VO2 max in
pazienti con CC e C acquisite
• Linee guida x attività ludico motoria e agonistica
61. Marelli AJ et al. Circulation. 2007;115:163-172
Marelli AJ et al. Circulation. 2014;130:749-756
• Adulti:aumento
prevalenza di CC del
57%
• Bambini: aumento
prevalenza di CC
dell’11%
Realtà canadese 2000-2010
62. Marelli
AJ
et
al.
Circula/on.
2007;115:163-‐172
Transizione demografica
L’aspettativa di vita del paziente con CHD complessa è cresciuta
di circa 20 anni
Attualmente l’85% di bambini cardiopatici, di cui il 60% con CHD
complessa, raggiunge un’ età adulta
Marelli
AJ
et
al.
Circula/on.
2014;130:749-‐756
66. Al confronto….
Differente prevalenza per DIV (7% vs 14%, p=≤0.05) e BAV (11%
vs 6%, p=≤0.05)
Vander
Velde
et
al.
European
Journal
of
Epidemiology
(2005)
20:
549–55
70. Mortalità nei pazienti GUCH
CONCOR: ca 15000 pts
• 30 decessi all’anno
• età mediana: 48.8 aa
• 77% cardiovascolare
71. • Vita di coppia: 57%
• Attività lavorativa: 57%
• Gravidanza: 27% di cui 22% con PAH
• Ricorrenza nella progenie: 5.3 %
72. Cardiopatie congenite e gravidanza
Linnee guida ESC 2011- Linee guida ANMCO 2015
Sara e Alessandro
Approccio
multidisciplinare
73. • Esser etichettati sin da bambino “CARDIOPATICO” ha
condizionato negli anni scorsi, l’impossibilità per i
pazienti GUCH di inserimento nel mondo del LAVORO ,
di praticare un’ATTIVITA’ SPORTIVA , di crearsi una
VITA DI COPPIA o di affrontare una GRAVIDANZA.
• CC non sempre malattia cronica
• CC correggibili in modo anatomico permettono una vita
normale
• GUCH: popolazione in espansione, pazienti “preziosi”
e spesso complessi, che desiderano una vita normale
CC ≠ Handicap
74. Il giorno di S Valentino è la giornata
mondiale sulle CC