LE Calculations 2
•Download as PPT, PDF•
0 likes•1,279 views
Voltage drop is the voltage lost within an electrical circuit due to the resistance of the conductors. It represents the wasted electricity in a circuit. The maximum allowable voltage drop is typically 3% according to code. Voltage drop can be calculated using formulas involving current, resistance, conductor material, length and size. The NEC provides tables listing the resistance and ampacity of common wire gauges to determine the proper wire size for an electrical circuit.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
#Solar mooc voltage drop calculations
Okay, let me solve this step-by-step:
1) System voltage = 24V
2) Current = 8A
3) Distance = 22ft (round trip) = 44ft
4) Allowable voltage drop = 1% of 24V = 0.24V
Using the voltage drop formula:
VD = 2 * distance * current * resistance / 1000
Solving for resistance:
Resistance = (VD * 1000) / (2 * distance * current)
= (0.24 * 1000) / (2 * 44 * 8) = 0.55 ohms/kft
From the wire tables, the smallest wire with resistance less than 0.55 oh
Unit 103 power_point_4_resistors
This document discusses series and parallel circuits and how to calculate total resistance. It provides an example of a circuit with both series and parallel components. The steps shown are: (1) calculate the equivalent resistance of the parallel circuit, (2) add this value to the resistance of the series circuit to get the total resistance, (3) use Ohm's Law to calculate current. It then discusses voltage drop in circuits and how to calculate voltage drop for different sections based on current, length, and the material's mV/A/m rating. An example problem is given to demonstrate calculating voltage drop and solving for the supply voltage.
#SolarMOOC Random Problems from 2009 NABCEP STUDY GUIDE
The key aspects here are:
- NEC 690.8(A)(4) specifies requirements for stand-alone inverter input circuits
- It states the maximum current shall be the stand-alone continuous inverter input current rating
- This input current rating is provided by the inverter manufacturer
- The question asks for the minimum ampacity, so we would size the conductors to the inverter input rating
Therefore, the minimum ampacity of the conductors connecting the battery bank to a stand-alone inverter would be the continuous inverter input current rating as specified by the manufacturer.
The answer is a.
Elect principles 2 dc transients (inductive)
When an emf is applied to an inductor, the current cannot rise instantly due to the back emf generated by the coil, which opposes the flow of current. As the current rises in an inductance, the back emf causes the rate of rise in current to reduce over time. Similarly, when the source is removed, the energy stored in the magnetic field cannot cause the current to fall immediately to zero due to the self-induced back emf.
ECNG 3015 - PU system and 3Phase Fault calculation
This document discusses the per unit system used for analyzing power systems. It provides three key advantages of the per unit system: 1) calculations are simplified, 2) it allows equipment to be rated, and 3) it provides a reference for voltages. The document then provides examples of converting values to the per unit system and using the per unit system to calculate fault currents at different points in a power system.
SERIES RESISTOR-CAPASITOR CIRCUIT experiment 7
1. The document describes an experiment on analyzing series resistor-capacitor circuits. The objective is to understand the relationship between voltage, current, and phase angle and to calculate the phase angle.
2. Key aspects of the series RC circuit are discussed, including how impedance is calculated as the sum of resistance and capacitive reactance. The voltage and current relationships show the current is in phase with voltage across the resistor but lags the voltage across the capacitor by 90 degrees.
3. The experiment involves measuring voltages and calculating phase angles for different capacitors in a series RC circuit. Results show the phase angle depends on the capacitor value, with smaller capacitors producing larger phase angles. Errors in measurements
Elect principles -_resistance
The resistance of a conductor depends on its length, cross-sectional area, and material composition. Resistance increases with length, decreases with area, and varies between materials. Ohm's law states that current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance. Power dissipated in a resistance is calculated using P=IV, P=I^2R, or P=V^2/R, and causes the resistance to increase in temperature.
Elect principles 2 dc transients (capacitive)
1. When a capacitor is charged by a voltage source through a resistor, the voltage across the capacitor rises exponentially as electrons move into the capacitor plates. The time it takes for the voltage to reach 63% of its final value is called the time constant and equals the product of the capacitor's capacitance and the resistor's resistance.
2. After being charged, if the voltage source is removed and the capacitor discharged through a short circuit, the stored energy will cause a current to flow which decays exponentially over the time constant as the electrons drain from the capacitor plates.
3. The voltage and current values at any time during the charging or discharging process can be calculated using equations that involve the time constant,
Recommended
#Solar mooc voltage drop calculations
Okay, let me solve this step-by-step:
1) System voltage = 24V
2) Current = 8A
3) Distance = 22ft (round trip) = 44ft
4) Allowable voltage drop = 1% of 24V = 0.24V
Using the voltage drop formula:
VD = 2 * distance * current * resistance / 1000
Solving for resistance:
Resistance = (VD * 1000) / (2 * distance * current)
= (0.24 * 1000) / (2 * 44 * 8) = 0.55 ohms/kft
From the wire tables, the smallest wire with resistance less than 0.55 oh
Unit 103 power_point_4_resistors
This document discusses series and parallel circuits and how to calculate total resistance. It provides an example of a circuit with both series and parallel components. The steps shown are: (1) calculate the equivalent resistance of the parallel circuit, (2) add this value to the resistance of the series circuit to get the total resistance, (3) use Ohm's Law to calculate current. It then discusses voltage drop in circuits and how to calculate voltage drop for different sections based on current, length, and the material's mV/A/m rating. An example problem is given to demonstrate calculating voltage drop and solving for the supply voltage.
#SolarMOOC Random Problems from 2009 NABCEP STUDY GUIDE
The key aspects here are:
- NEC 690.8(A)(4) specifies requirements for stand-alone inverter input circuits
- It states the maximum current shall be the stand-alone continuous inverter input current rating
- This input current rating is provided by the inverter manufacturer
- The question asks for the minimum ampacity, so we would size the conductors to the inverter input rating
Therefore, the minimum ampacity of the conductors connecting the battery bank to a stand-alone inverter would be the continuous inverter input current rating as specified by the manufacturer.
The answer is a.
Elect principles 2 dc transients (inductive)
When an emf is applied to an inductor, the current cannot rise instantly due to the back emf generated by the coil, which opposes the flow of current. As the current rises in an inductance, the back emf causes the rate of rise in current to reduce over time. Similarly, when the source is removed, the energy stored in the magnetic field cannot cause the current to fall immediately to zero due to the self-induced back emf.
ECNG 3015 - PU system and 3Phase Fault calculation
This document discusses the per unit system used for analyzing power systems. It provides three key advantages of the per unit system: 1) calculations are simplified, 2) it allows equipment to be rated, and 3) it provides a reference for voltages. The document then provides examples of converting values to the per unit system and using the per unit system to calculate fault currents at different points in a power system.
SERIES RESISTOR-CAPASITOR CIRCUIT experiment 7
1. The document describes an experiment on analyzing series resistor-capacitor circuits. The objective is to understand the relationship between voltage, current, and phase angle and to calculate the phase angle.
2. Key aspects of the series RC circuit are discussed, including how impedance is calculated as the sum of resistance and capacitive reactance. The voltage and current relationships show the current is in phase with voltage across the resistor but lags the voltage across the capacitor by 90 degrees.
3. The experiment involves measuring voltages and calculating phase angles for different capacitors in a series RC circuit. Results show the phase angle depends on the capacitor value, with smaller capacitors producing larger phase angles. Errors in measurements
Elect principles -_resistance
The resistance of a conductor depends on its length, cross-sectional area, and material composition. Resistance increases with length, decreases with area, and varies between materials. Ohm's law states that current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance. Power dissipated in a resistance is calculated using P=IV, P=I^2R, or P=V^2/R, and causes the resistance to increase in temperature.
Elect principles 2 dc transients (capacitive)
1. When a capacitor is charged by a voltage source through a resistor, the voltage across the capacitor rises exponentially as electrons move into the capacitor plates. The time it takes for the voltage to reach 63% of its final value is called the time constant and equals the product of the capacitor's capacitance and the resistor's resistance.
2. After being charged, if the voltage source is removed and the capacitor discharged through a short circuit, the stored energy will cause a current to flow which decays exponentially over the time constant as the electrons drain from the capacitor plates.
3. The voltage and current values at any time during the charging or discharging process can be calculated using equations that involve the time constant,
#Solar mooc 2009 nabcep study guide solutions 1-29
The document provides answers and explanations to 29 questions from the April 2009 NABCEP Study Guide. The questions cover topics related to PV installation safety such as electrical safety, fall protection, ladders, PPE, battery safety, and NEC requirements. The responses reference the relevant sections of the NABCEP Study Guide and provide brief explanations or code references to support the answers.
Max demand
To calculate the current rating of an RCD for a portion of an electrical installation:
1. Calculate the maximum demand for the lighting and socket outlets in the portion using Load Group A and B in Table C1.
2. The maximum demand for the portion was calculated to be 18A based on the socket outlets having a maximum demand of 15A and lighting having 3A.
3. The RCD rating must be at least the greater of the maximum demand or highest circuit breaker rating. In this case, the highest breaker is 20A, so the minimum RCD rating is 20A.
041813 rs 120 rule and test taking strat
This document provides strategies and tips for taking the NABCEP PV Installer exam, including:
- An explanation of the "120-Rule" for sizing overcurrent protection devices and calculating maximum inverter output.
- Recommendations for last-minute study resources focusing on code articles and questions/answers.
- Suggestions for effective test-taking strategies like circling question types, using provided formulas, and time management to complete all questions in the allotted time.
- Details on what to expect on exam day including available materials, security procedures, and focusing amid distractions.
2k w free energy device don smith
This document provides instructions for building a resonant induction energy transfer device designed by Don L. Smith based on Nikola Tesla's work. The device uses a 12V battery, inverter, neon sign transformer, capacitors, coils and spark gap to generate high voltage electricity from around 2,000-3,000V up to potentially 25,000V or more. The high voltage is then stored in capacitor banks and can be used to power devices, with warnings that the electricity produced can be lethal if safety precautions are not followed. Plans and parts lists are provided to construct the device.
Schering bridge
The document discusses AC bridges and the Schering bridge. AC bridges are used to measure inductance and capacitance and are based on the Wheatstone bridge circuit. The Schering bridge specifically measures insulating properties with phase angles close to 90 degrees. It consists of an arm with a capacitor and is used to find the equivalent series resistance and capacitance of an unknown impedance at null. An example problem demonstrates using the Schering bridge equations to calculate the unknown Rx and Cx values.
Elect principles -_capacitance
A capacitor stores electric charge between two conducting parallel plates separated by an insulating material called a dielectric. When a switch is closed to connect the capacitor to a power supply, electrons are repelled from the negative plate and attracted to the positive plate, building up opposite charges on each plate. This stored charge results in an electric field within the dielectric and a potential difference between the plates. The capacitor can then maintain this stored charge even after the switch is opened, until the capacitor is discharged.
Lab report 2
This document summarizes an experiment to verify Ohm's law and analyze resistive circuits. The experiment has two parts: 1) Develop a voltage-current characteristic curve for a resistor to verify Ohm's law. Measure voltage and current at increasing voltage levels and plot the relationship. 2) Determine voltages and currents in series and parallel resistor circuits using voltage and current divider rules. Measure voltages across individual resistors in series to verify calculations match measurements.
Ammeter, voltmeter, wattmeter, power factor meter
What is Ammeter, its working principle and its three Ammeter method. What is Voltmeter, working principle and three Voltmeter Method. Watt meter and its working principle.
ECNG 3015 Industrial and Commercial Electrical Systems
This document discusses symmetrical components and symmetrical component networks which are used to analyze unbalanced faults in power systems. It explains that a 3-phase unbalanced system can be represented as three balanced systems known as positive, negative, and zero sequence networks. It provides details on constructing these networks for different system components like generators, transmission lines, and transformers. The networks are then used to calculate fault currents and voltages under different fault conditions.
The Kelvin Bridge
The document discusses updating the Wikipedia article on the Kelvin Bridge, a modification of the Wheatstone bridge used to measure low resistances more accurately. The original article consisted of a short definition, so the group added more detailed descriptions and images to explain the electrical circuit and how the Kelvin Bridge achieves more accurate resistance measurements than a standard Wheatstone bridge by avoiding the effects of wire resistances. They cite several sources for the additional information but note it was difficult to find uncopyrighted sources describing the specialized electrical device.
Bridge ckt eim
Bridge circuits operate by comparing a known value to an unknown value to determine the unknown. The document discusses several types of bridge circuits including Wheatstone bridges, Kelvin double bridges, mega ohm bridges, and Schering bridges. The Wheatstone bridge is used to measure low resistances from 1 ohm to 10 megohms by balancing the bridge. The Kelvin double bridge eliminates errors from lead resistance and is used to measure very low resistances from 1 ohm to 0.00001 ohms. The mega ohm bridge measures very high resistances from 0.1 megohms to 10,000 megohms. The Schering bridge measures capacitance and dissipation factor by balancing the bridge circuit.
Elect principles 2 max power transfer
Maximum power is transferred from a source to a load when their resistances match. This applies to both DC and AC circuits where resistance is replaced by impedance. Using the Thevenin equivalent, maximum power is delivered to a load when its resistance equals the Thevenin resistance.
Webinar 03 electrical installation of pv system
This document provides an overview of the key steps for installing and connecting a photovoltaic (PV) system, including:
- Choosing and connecting solar panels in series, ensuring proper voltage matching and grounding.
- Using string combiners to combine series connections into parallel arrays and meet input requirements for inverters.
- Connecting the DC side to inverters, including DC disconnects, fusing, and voltage measurements.
- Connecting the AC side to inverters, including AC disconnects, breakers, and grid connections while following safety procedures.
- Commissioning the system by turning components on in the proper sequence, conducting startup checks, and installing monitoring equipment.
AC bridges ( Weins bridge, Desauty bridge, Maxwell's inductance bridge)
This document summarizes several AC bridge circuits used for measuring unknown impedances. It describes Maxwell's inductance-capacitance bridge which measures inductance by comparing it to a standard variable capacitor. De Sauty's bridge is used to determine the capacity of an unknown capacitor in terms of a standard known capacitor. Wein's bridge is primarily a frequency determining bridge but can also measure capacitance. It provides equations for calculating resistance ratios and oscillation frequency at balance.
Elect principles 2 ac circuits parallel
For a parallel RLC circuit with an AC voltage source:
1) The current through each branch (R, L, C) is determined individually using phasor diagrams.
2) The current through the resistor is in phase with voltage, the inductor current lags by 90 degrees, and the capacitor current leads by 90 degrees.
3) The total circuit current is found by combining the phasor diagrams and taking the phasor sum of the branch currents, resulting in a phase angle between 0 and 90 degrees relative to the voltage.
Unsymmetrical Fault
Learning Outcome
1.Symmetrical Components Theory
2.Sequence Impedance:Load,Line,Generator,Transformer
3.Fault Analysis : Line-Ground,Line-Line, Line-Line-Ground
UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS IN POWER SYSTEM
This document provides an overview of power system engineering concepts related to unbalanced system analysis. It begins with an introduction to symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults on three-phase systems. It then discusses percentage reactance and base KVA, the steps for symmetrical fault calculations, and an introduction to symmetrical components and sequence impedances. The document proceeds to explain single line-to-ground faults, line-to-line faults, and double line-to-ground faults. It provides examples of calculating fault currents and sequence components. In summary, the document covers fundamental concepts for analyzing faults in three-phase power systems, including symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults, sequence components, and example calculations.
AC & DC bridges
This document discusses various types of bridges used to measure electrical components such as inductance, capacitance, and mutual inductance. It describes Maxwell, Hay's, Anderson, and Owen's bridges, which can be used to measure inductance in terms of a standard variable inductance or capacitance. The advantages and disadvantages of each bridge are provided. Maxwell and Hay's bridges are suitable for different ranges of Q values. Anderson's bridge allows for accurate capacitance measurement and is better than Maxwell's bridge for low Q coils, but is more complex.
Ammeter and voltmeter
Ammeter is a low resistance galvanometer
It is used to measure the current in a circuit in amperes
Galvanometer can be converted into an ammeter by using a low resistance wire in parallel with the galvanometer
the resistance of the wire depends upon the range of the ammeter
As shunt resistance is small the combined resistance of the galvanometer & the shunt is very low hence the ammeter has much lower resistance than galvanometer
An ideal ammeter has zero resistance
It is the most common instrument used to measure voltage
It measure either AC or DC voltage
It is a measure of the voltage between two points of an electrical current
Circuit laws & network theorems
Kirchhoff's laws deal with the conservation of charge and energy in electrical circuits. There are two Kirchhoff's laws:
1. Kirchhoff's current law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of currents in a network meeting at a point is zero.
2. Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL) states that the directed sum of the potential differences around any closed network is zero.
Circuit analysis methods like mesh analysis, nodal analysis, and superposition theorem can be used to solve circuits using Kirchhoff's laws. Mesh analysis uses KVL to analyze loops in a planar circuit. Nodal analysis uses KCL to analyze connections (nodes) in a circuit. Superposition
LE Calculations 1
This document provides an overview of key concepts for limited energy circuit calculations, including Ohm's Law, Kirchoff's Law, and voltage drop calculations. It warns that the following materials are needed: the NEC codebook, the LERC PDF on calculations, and a calculator with memory and calculation functions. It then reviews Ohm's Law formulas and rules for series and parallel circuits, shows examples of calculating total resistance using both series and parallel resistor combinations, and emphasizes that to fully solve a circuit one must calculate voltage and current in addition to resistance.
Access control basics-7
The document provides installation requirements and guidelines for electronic premises security systems. It specifies that installation personnel must be qualified and experienced, and outlines qualifications including manufacturer training, licensing, and certification. It also provides requirements for equipment location and mounting, wiring methods and standards, grounding, zoning, annunciation, and testing of the security systems.
More Related Content
What's hot
#Solar mooc 2009 nabcep study guide solutions 1-29
The document provides answers and explanations to 29 questions from the April 2009 NABCEP Study Guide. The questions cover topics related to PV installation safety such as electrical safety, fall protection, ladders, PPE, battery safety, and NEC requirements. The responses reference the relevant sections of the NABCEP Study Guide and provide brief explanations or code references to support the answers.
Max demand
To calculate the current rating of an RCD for a portion of an electrical installation:
1. Calculate the maximum demand for the lighting and socket outlets in the portion using Load Group A and B in Table C1.
2. The maximum demand for the portion was calculated to be 18A based on the socket outlets having a maximum demand of 15A and lighting having 3A.
3. The RCD rating must be at least the greater of the maximum demand or highest circuit breaker rating. In this case, the highest breaker is 20A, so the minimum RCD rating is 20A.
041813 rs 120 rule and test taking strat
This document provides strategies and tips for taking the NABCEP PV Installer exam, including:
- An explanation of the "120-Rule" for sizing overcurrent protection devices and calculating maximum inverter output.
- Recommendations for last-minute study resources focusing on code articles and questions/answers.
- Suggestions for effective test-taking strategies like circling question types, using provided formulas, and time management to complete all questions in the allotted time.
- Details on what to expect on exam day including available materials, security procedures, and focusing amid distractions.
2k w free energy device don smith
This document provides instructions for building a resonant induction energy transfer device designed by Don L. Smith based on Nikola Tesla's work. The device uses a 12V battery, inverter, neon sign transformer, capacitors, coils and spark gap to generate high voltage electricity from around 2,000-3,000V up to potentially 25,000V or more. The high voltage is then stored in capacitor banks and can be used to power devices, with warnings that the electricity produced can be lethal if safety precautions are not followed. Plans and parts lists are provided to construct the device.
Schering bridge
The document discusses AC bridges and the Schering bridge. AC bridges are used to measure inductance and capacitance and are based on the Wheatstone bridge circuit. The Schering bridge specifically measures insulating properties with phase angles close to 90 degrees. It consists of an arm with a capacitor and is used to find the equivalent series resistance and capacitance of an unknown impedance at null. An example problem demonstrates using the Schering bridge equations to calculate the unknown Rx and Cx values.
Elect principles -_capacitance
A capacitor stores electric charge between two conducting parallel plates separated by an insulating material called a dielectric. When a switch is closed to connect the capacitor to a power supply, electrons are repelled from the negative plate and attracted to the positive plate, building up opposite charges on each plate. This stored charge results in an electric field within the dielectric and a potential difference between the plates. The capacitor can then maintain this stored charge even after the switch is opened, until the capacitor is discharged.
Lab report 2
This document summarizes an experiment to verify Ohm's law and analyze resistive circuits. The experiment has two parts: 1) Develop a voltage-current characteristic curve for a resistor to verify Ohm's law. Measure voltage and current at increasing voltage levels and plot the relationship. 2) Determine voltages and currents in series and parallel resistor circuits using voltage and current divider rules. Measure voltages across individual resistors in series to verify calculations match measurements.
Ammeter, voltmeter, wattmeter, power factor meter
What is Ammeter, its working principle and its three Ammeter method. What is Voltmeter, working principle and three Voltmeter Method. Watt meter and its working principle.
ECNG 3015 Industrial and Commercial Electrical Systems
This document discusses symmetrical components and symmetrical component networks which are used to analyze unbalanced faults in power systems. It explains that a 3-phase unbalanced system can be represented as three balanced systems known as positive, negative, and zero sequence networks. It provides details on constructing these networks for different system components like generators, transmission lines, and transformers. The networks are then used to calculate fault currents and voltages under different fault conditions.
The Kelvin Bridge
The document discusses updating the Wikipedia article on the Kelvin Bridge, a modification of the Wheatstone bridge used to measure low resistances more accurately. The original article consisted of a short definition, so the group added more detailed descriptions and images to explain the electrical circuit and how the Kelvin Bridge achieves more accurate resistance measurements than a standard Wheatstone bridge by avoiding the effects of wire resistances. They cite several sources for the additional information but note it was difficult to find uncopyrighted sources describing the specialized electrical device.
Bridge ckt eim
Bridge circuits operate by comparing a known value to an unknown value to determine the unknown. The document discusses several types of bridge circuits including Wheatstone bridges, Kelvin double bridges, mega ohm bridges, and Schering bridges. The Wheatstone bridge is used to measure low resistances from 1 ohm to 10 megohms by balancing the bridge. The Kelvin double bridge eliminates errors from lead resistance and is used to measure very low resistances from 1 ohm to 0.00001 ohms. The mega ohm bridge measures very high resistances from 0.1 megohms to 10,000 megohms. The Schering bridge measures capacitance and dissipation factor by balancing the bridge circuit.
Elect principles 2 max power transfer
Maximum power is transferred from a source to a load when their resistances match. This applies to both DC and AC circuits where resistance is replaced by impedance. Using the Thevenin equivalent, maximum power is delivered to a load when its resistance equals the Thevenin resistance.
Webinar 03 electrical installation of pv system
This document provides an overview of the key steps for installing and connecting a photovoltaic (PV) system, including:
- Choosing and connecting solar panels in series, ensuring proper voltage matching and grounding.
- Using string combiners to combine series connections into parallel arrays and meet input requirements for inverters.
- Connecting the DC side to inverters, including DC disconnects, fusing, and voltage measurements.
- Connecting the AC side to inverters, including AC disconnects, breakers, and grid connections while following safety procedures.
- Commissioning the system by turning components on in the proper sequence, conducting startup checks, and installing monitoring equipment.
AC bridges ( Weins bridge, Desauty bridge, Maxwell's inductance bridge)
This document summarizes several AC bridge circuits used for measuring unknown impedances. It describes Maxwell's inductance-capacitance bridge which measures inductance by comparing it to a standard variable capacitor. De Sauty's bridge is used to determine the capacity of an unknown capacitor in terms of a standard known capacitor. Wein's bridge is primarily a frequency determining bridge but can also measure capacitance. It provides equations for calculating resistance ratios and oscillation frequency at balance.
Elect principles 2 ac circuits parallel
For a parallel RLC circuit with an AC voltage source:
1) The current through each branch (R, L, C) is determined individually using phasor diagrams.
2) The current through the resistor is in phase with voltage, the inductor current lags by 90 degrees, and the capacitor current leads by 90 degrees.
3) The total circuit current is found by combining the phasor diagrams and taking the phasor sum of the branch currents, resulting in a phase angle between 0 and 90 degrees relative to the voltage.
Unsymmetrical Fault
Learning Outcome
1.Symmetrical Components Theory
2.Sequence Impedance:Load,Line,Generator,Transformer
3.Fault Analysis : Line-Ground,Line-Line, Line-Line-Ground
UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS IN POWER SYSTEM
This document provides an overview of power system engineering concepts related to unbalanced system analysis. It begins with an introduction to symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults on three-phase systems. It then discusses percentage reactance and base KVA, the steps for symmetrical fault calculations, and an introduction to symmetrical components and sequence impedances. The document proceeds to explain single line-to-ground faults, line-to-line faults, and double line-to-ground faults. It provides examples of calculating fault currents and sequence components. In summary, the document covers fundamental concepts for analyzing faults in three-phase power systems, including symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults, sequence components, and example calculations.
AC & DC bridges
This document discusses various types of bridges used to measure electrical components such as inductance, capacitance, and mutual inductance. It describes Maxwell, Hay's, Anderson, and Owen's bridges, which can be used to measure inductance in terms of a standard variable inductance or capacitance. The advantages and disadvantages of each bridge are provided. Maxwell and Hay's bridges are suitable for different ranges of Q values. Anderson's bridge allows for accurate capacitance measurement and is better than Maxwell's bridge for low Q coils, but is more complex.
Ammeter and voltmeter
Ammeter is a low resistance galvanometer
It is used to measure the current in a circuit in amperes
Galvanometer can be converted into an ammeter by using a low resistance wire in parallel with the galvanometer
the resistance of the wire depends upon the range of the ammeter
As shunt resistance is small the combined resistance of the galvanometer & the shunt is very low hence the ammeter has much lower resistance than galvanometer
An ideal ammeter has zero resistance
It is the most common instrument used to measure voltage
It measure either AC or DC voltage
It is a measure of the voltage between two points of an electrical current
Circuit laws & network theorems
Kirchhoff's laws deal with the conservation of charge and energy in electrical circuits. There are two Kirchhoff's laws:
1. Kirchhoff's current law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of currents in a network meeting at a point is zero.
2. Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL) states that the directed sum of the potential differences around any closed network is zero.
Circuit analysis methods like mesh analysis, nodal analysis, and superposition theorem can be used to solve circuits using Kirchhoff's laws. Mesh analysis uses KVL to analyze loops in a planar circuit. Nodal analysis uses KCL to analyze connections (nodes) in a circuit. Superposition
What's hot (20)
#Solar mooc 2009 nabcep study guide solutions 1-29
#Solar mooc 2009 nabcep study guide solutions 1-29
ECNG 3015 Industrial and Commercial Electrical Systems
ECNG 3015 Industrial and Commercial Electrical Systems
AC bridges ( Weins bridge, Desauty bridge, Maxwell's inductance bridge)
AC bridges ( Weins bridge, Desauty bridge, Maxwell's inductance bridge)
Viewers also liked
LE Calculations 1
This document provides an overview of key concepts for limited energy circuit calculations, including Ohm's Law, Kirchoff's Law, and voltage drop calculations. It warns that the following materials are needed: the NEC codebook, the LERC PDF on calculations, and a calculator with memory and calculation functions. It then reviews Ohm's Law formulas and rules for series and parallel circuits, shows examples of calculating total resistance using both series and parallel resistor combinations, and emphasizes that to fully solve a circuit one must calculate voltage and current in addition to resistance.
Access control basics-7
The document provides installation requirements and guidelines for electronic premises security systems. It specifies that installation personnel must be qualified and experienced, and outlines qualifications including manufacturer training, licensing, and certification. It also provides requirements for equipment location and mounting, wiring methods and standards, grounding, zoning, annunciation, and testing of the security systems.
Access control basics-8
This document discusses different types of electrical connections for nurse call systems, including wire-nut connectors, crimp-type closed-end connectors, power connections, ground connections, system terminations, connections for supervised circuits, regulatory compliance, and labeling requirements. Key points include the uses of different connector types, the importance of gas seals and mechanical strength for power connections, proper grounding practices, and documentation and labeling standards.
Fiber optics 1-3
Fiber optic attenuation is caused by absorption and scattering. Absorption is from molecules in the glass absorbing light and converting it to heat. Scattering occurs when light collides with glass atoms at angles outside the fiber's numerical aperture. Scattering is proportional to the inverse fourth power of wavelength, so longer wavelengths experience less attenuation. Together, absorption and scattering determine a fiber's attenuation curve. Single-mode fiber at 1550nm has the lowest attenuation of around 0.25 dB/km.
Fiber optics 1-2
Glass optical fibers are the most common type used for communication applications. They are comprised of a light-carrying core surrounded by a cladding that traps light in the core using total internal reflection. There are two basic types of optical fiber: multimode and singlemode. Multimode fiber allows light to travel along multiple paths through the core, while singlemode fiber has an extremely small core that only allows one mode of light propagation.
Access control basics-6
This document provides installation requirements for electronic access control systems. It specifies that equipment must be UL listed, readers must be mounted according to code and not obstruct access, and position sensors are required on portals to detect forced entry. It also requires controllers and power supplies be installed securely and lists specifications for AC power input. Administrative interfaces must be protected from unauthorized changes and network encryption must meet standards.
Fiber optics 1-1
Fiber optic technology has been used commercially for around 25 years, though the concept is over a century old. It is now used for virtually all long distance telecommunications networks and many other applications due to its ability to transmit more data over longer distances with less interference than copper wire. While initially seen as expensive and difficult to work with, fiber optic cable has become cheaper than alternatives like copper and easier to install and test with equipment costs under $1000. It is now the dominant cable for most telecommunications uses both inside and outside of buildings.
Simbolos patrios
El documento describe los principales símbolos patrios de un país, incluyendo la bandera, el escudo y el himno nacional. Explica brevemente cada uno de estos símbolos y proporciona enlaces a videos que los muestran.
Algoritmos 2
Este documento contiene dos algoritmos. El primer algoritmo recopila datos de edad y sexo de 50 personas e imprime estadísticas como el número de hombres mayores de 18 años, mujeres menores de 18 años, personas mayores y menores de 18 años, y los porcentajes de personas mayores y menores. El segundo algoritmo recopila los montos de consumo de 130 personas, aplica un descuento del 15% si el consumo es mayor a 200, e imprime el total pagado.
Introduccinalinternetysusservicios andrea
El documento describe los principales servicios de Internet como el correo electrónico, FTP, HTTP y las redes P2P y cliente-servidor. Explica protocolos como SMTP, FTP y HTTP que permiten la transferencia de correo, archivos y navegación web. También define la World Wide Web como un sistema para distribuir información en páginas web alojadas en servidores accesibles a través de HTTP.
Otrosutilitarios 140123122505-phpapp02
Los utilitarios son programas que realizan tareas específicas como editar, depurar código, recuperar datos borrados, y tareas de mantenimiento y soporte para programas. Existen utilidades como Norton y Disk Manager que ayudan a resolver problemas, realizando funciones limitadas en comparación con suites completas.
Remsysteem presentatie
hallo, hierbij vindt u Presentatie automotive trainer ( presentatie over remsystemen) daarin zit wat uitleg over de resysteem
kdg hoboken
Autoink User Guide
The document provides a user guide for the Autoink ink duct filling system. It describes the key components of the system including the Siemens PLC controller, ultrasonic sensors to monitor ink duct levels, and an HMI interface to view duct levels and alarms. The guide outlines the system's automatic filling capabilities, manual override functions, alarm logging and warning systems to assist press operators in monitoring and troubleshooting the ink ducts.
Matematika
The document contains the solution to a physics assignment involving calculus. It includes:
1) Taking the derivative of a complex function F(x) to find F'(x) and F''(x)
2) Using the derivative to find the tangent line formula at a given point
3) Finding the local maxima, minima, and inflection points by analyzing where F'(x) and F''(x) are positive or negative.
The function involves trigonometric functions like sine, cosine, and tangent composed within each other. The solution takes the derivatives step-by-step and substitutes values to determine critical points.
Cornerstone Whitepaper: Executive Coaching Revealed
"Executive Coaching Revealed: What You Need To Know" provides information for those who are considering engaging in an executive coaching process. The whitepaper provides definitions, coaching models, and a roadmap for selecting the right coach.
Viewers also liked (16)
Cornerstone Whitepaper: Executive Coaching Revealed
Cornerstone Whitepaper: Executive Coaching Revealed
Similar to LE Calculations 2
CH5 electric components.pptx
This document discusses electronic components and materials, focusing on resistors and capacitors. It provides information on:
- The basic functions and types of resistors, including fixed resistors like carbon and metal film, as well as variable resistors. It describes how to read resistor color codes and calculate resistance values.
- The basic principle of how capacitors store and discharge electric charge based on capacitance, voltage, and dielectric material. It gives the equations for calculating capacitance and energy storage.
- Common capacitor types including mica, ceramic, electrolytic, and variable capacitors. It explains how capacitance depends on plate area, distance, and dielectric constant.
Service cabinetandtransformerbreakersizing1082004
The document provides information on sizing circuit breakers and conductors for electrical service cabinets and transformer panels. It discusses definitions related to circuit breakers and branch circuits. It then provides examples of calculating circuit loads and sizing breakers for various lighting, ITS, and outlet circuits based on NEC requirements. Main breakers are sized based on total circuit loads. Feeder conductor sizes are selected to match the main breaker rating.
Setp by step design of transformer
This document provides a 24 step process for designing a 250 VA, 250 Watt isolation transformer with specifications including 230 V input and output voltages, 95% efficiency, and 1.6 T flux density. Key details include:
1) Total power is calculated to be 513.16 Watts accounting for losses.
2) Core geometry is calculated to be 18.04 cm^5 and the closest lamination is EI-150.
3) Primary and secondary winding properties like number of turns and copper losses are calculated based on the specifications.
4) Total copper loss is calculated to be 8.747 Watts and voltage regulation is 3.5%, meeting the specified 5% maximum.
Electronics
This document provides instructions for navigating an electronics learning software. It explains that users can click anywhere on the screen to advance animations or click buttons if present. It also notes to always move the mouse before clicking. The remainder of the document covers various electronics concepts across multiple slides.
17 mse010 loss in pv plant
This document discusses various types of losses that can occur in solar photovoltaic power systems, including module-level losses from shading, dust, reflection; thermal losses from heat generated by the modules; incidence angle losses from the angle of sunlight hitting the modules; and cable losses from resistance in the wiring. It provides percentages for typical losses from each category, noting that overall system losses can range from 10% to 70% of total energy produced, with about 24-25% lost on average due to these loss factors.
UNDERGROUND CABLES --------- DESCRIPTION
The document discusses the electrical characteristics of underground cables, including:
- Electric stress in single-core cables and how it varies with radius and voltage.
- Capacitance of single-core cables, which increases cable length and operating voltage. This can cause overvoltage problems for long underground cables.
- Insulation resistance of cables, which decreases with increasing cable length due to cable geometry and resistivity of the insulation material.
- Dielectric losses in cables due to leakage current flowing in phase with voltage, characterized by the dielectric power factor and loss angle. Higher losses can cause overheating of cable insulation.
Power cable selection, cable selection Methodology
Cable installation and Selection Methodology according to IEC code supported with an example of how to do so.
Explain what practical environment requires when establishing a new facility requires electricity.
explain the purpose of the selected cable.
explain when to use the cable carrier types.
explain how to carry out calculations of such thing.
2) Resistance and Ohm's Law
1) Current is the flow of electrons through a conductor and is measured in Amperes. It flows from the positive terminal to the negative terminal in a circuit with a potential difference.
2) Alternating current changes direction periodically while direct current flows in only one direction. AC is preferred for transmission due to lower energy losses while DC is used for applications like batteries.
3) A resistor limits current flow in a circuit. It offers resistance and converts voltage to heat energy. Resistors are used to control current and divide voltages in a circuit. Their values can be determined using color codes.
KEMET Webinar -High voltage ceramics capacitors, shocking!!!
High Voltage Ceramics Capacitors, Shocking!!! So you want to ramp up the voltage in your design. Have you considered what type of ceramic capacitor to use? Have you taken steps to prevent surface arcing? KEMET is a leader in high voltage ceramic capacitors providing solutions for commercial, automotive, military, and industrial applications. This webinar will review key considerations when designing in a high voltage ceramic capacitor along with ways to miniaturize your circuit without the fear of arcing.
Informe escrito tecnología 2per
This document discusses problems applying Ohm's law and Watt's law. It begins by explaining color codes used for resistors and introduces the protoboard, a tool used for prototyping circuits. Examples are given of calculating resistance, voltage, and power using Ohm's and Watt's laws. The conclusion reiterates that a protoboard allows modifying circuits easily and color codes determine resistor values. Problems demonstrate computations for resistance, voltage, current, and power.
Electric Circuits seriess and parallel.pptx
This document provides an overview of electric circuits, including current, resistance, Ohm's law, and resistors in series and parallel configurations. It begins by defining electric current and resistance. It then explains Ohm's law and how to calculate voltage, current, or resistance given two of the three values. The document also discusses how resistors combine in series and parallel circuits, explaining that the total resistance is found by adding individual resistances in series and taking the inverse of the sum of the inverses of individual resistances in parallel. Worked examples are provided for calculating total resistance, current, and voltage in various circuit configurations.
EM material eee.ppt
The document discusses measuring instruments, RC circuits, and charging/discharging capacitors. It begins with an agenda covering measuring instruments like ammeters, voltmeters, and ohmmeters. It then discusses calculating currents and voltages in RC circuits, and calculating the time constant of an RC circuit. The document provides details on how ammeters, voltmeters, and ohmmeters work, including the effects of their internal resistances on measurements. It also covers charging and discharging a capacitor in an RC circuit over time using differential equations and plots the capacitor voltage, charge, and current versus time.
electrical measurements
The document discusses measuring instruments including ammeters, voltmeters, and ohmmeters. It explains how each instrument works and how it is connected in a circuit. It also discusses the impact of the instrument's resistance on the measured current or voltage and provides examples to calculate error. The document then discusses RC circuits and how to calculate the charging and discharging of a capacitor over time using the time constant of the circuit.
lecture13.ppt
The document discusses measuring instruments including ammeters, voltmeters, and ohmmeters. It explains how each instrument works and how it is connected in a circuit. It also discusses the effects the instruments can have on the actual current or voltage in a circuit due to their internal resistances. The document then covers RC circuits and how the current and charge on a capacitor change over time when connected to a voltage source or allowed to discharge through a resistor. Key points include defining the RC time constant and its role in the exponential charging and discharging curves.
lecture13.ppt
- The document discusses measuring instruments including ammeters, voltmeters, and ohmmeters. It explains how each instrument works and the principles behind its design.
- Ammeters are connected in series to measure current and must have very low resistance to minimize measurement error. Voltmeters are connected in parallel to measure voltage and must have very high resistance. Ohmmeters measure the resistance of isolated resistors.
- The document also covers RC circuits and how the current and charge on a capacitor change over time when connected to a battery through a resistor. It derives the exponential functions that describe the charging process and defines the important time constant term.
What is electronics
Here are the key steps to solve series-parallel circuits:
1) Identify series and parallel sections
2) Use series/parallel rules within each section
3) Connect the sections using KVL and KCL
Let me know if any part of the process is unclear! Solving complex circuits takes practice.
Problemas de aplicación ley de ohm y ley de watt
This document discusses problems applying Ohm's Law and Watt's Law. It begins by explaining color codes used on resistors to indicate resistance, tolerance, and other parameters. It then defines a breadboard (protoboard), explaining that it is a temporary PCB used for testing circuit prototypes by inserting component leads into holes. The document concludes by presenting 13 sample problems applying Ohm's Law and Watt's Law to calculate values like resistance, voltage, and power given other known values in various circuit scenarios.
Polytechnic of namibia ...
This lab report summarizes two experiments measuring resistance and voltage. In the first experiment, the resistance of three resistors was calculated from color codes and measured with a multimeter, finding errors within 5%. The second experiment measured voltages from a power supply at increasing levels, finding small discrepancies between the power supply and multimeter readings due to internal resistance converting energy. Overall, the lab demonstrated that calculating resistance from color codes is reasonably accurate and introduced concepts of resistance, voltage measurement, and energy conversion in circuits.
EMT529-VLSI-Design-Slide 5.pptx
This document discusses VLSI circuit design and focuses on wire characterization and performance estimation. It covers several topics related to wires including wire resistance, capacitance, RC delay, crosstalk, and the use of repeaters. Modern chip designs rely heavily on wires, known as interconnects, to connect transistors. As process technologies shrink, wires become more important for determining chip speed, power consumption, and noise.
Polytechnic of namibia ...
This lab report summarizes two experiments measuring resistance and voltage. In the first experiment, the resistance of three resistors was calculated from their color codes and measured with a digital multimeter. The measured values were within 5% of the calculated values, validating the accuracy of using color codes. In the second experiment, the voltage output of a power supply was measured at increasing levels and found to be slightly lower than the power supply readings due to internal resistance dropping voltage. The experiments helped familiarize the student with lab equipment and electrical measurements.
Similar to LE Calculations 2 (20)
Power cable selection, cable selection Methodology
Power cable selection, cable selection Methodology
KEMET Webinar -High voltage ceramics capacitors, shocking!!!
KEMET Webinar -High voltage ceramics capacitors, shocking!!!
More from grantlerc
Fire alarm 3-f-single_and_multiple-station_alarms_and_household_fire_alarm_sy...
This document summarizes NFPA 72 chapter 29 regarding single and multiple station alarms and household fire alarm systems. It outlines requirements for detection, notification, power supplies, equipment performance, installation, maintenance and testing. Key points include smoke alarms being required in all sleeping rooms, outside sleeping areas, and on every level. Alarms must be interconnected to sound together when one activates. Primary power sources must be monitored and provide trouble signals. Installation locations have restrictions near cooking appliances, bathrooms and HVAC supplies.
Fire alarm 3-e-public_emergency_alarm_reporting_systems
This document discusses Chapter 27 of NFPA 72, which covers public emergency alarm reporting systems. It outlines the general requirements and fundamentals, including management and maintenance, communication methods, alarm processing equipment, and alarm boxes. Wireless boxes must provide at least three identifiable functions to the communications center: test, tamper, and fire. The primary power source for wireless boxes can include a utility distribution system, solar photovoltaic power, user power, or an internal battery.
Fire alarm 3-d-supervising_station_alarm_system
This document discusses the requirements for supervising station alarm systems in Chapter 26 of NFPA 72. It provides an overview of the requirements for central station alarm systems, proprietary supervising station systems, and remote supervising station alarm systems. The key requirements addressed include equipment and facility standards, operator qualifications and duties, signal handling and retransmission procedures, testing and inspection standards, and record keeping requirements.
Fire alarm 3-b-protected_premises_fire_alarm_system
This document summarizes NFPA 72 Chapter 23 on protected premises fire alarm systems. It outlines the requirements for system features, performance, circuits, control units, initiating devices, and notification appliances. Key points include classifications for initiating device circuits, signaling line circuits, and notification appliance circuits based on their performance during faults. It also specifies requirements for actuation time, positive alarm sequence operation, annunciation of signals, and sharing of components between fire and non-fire systems.
Fire alarm 3-a-emergency_control_functions
This document summarizes NFPA 72 Chapter 21 on emergency control functions and interfaces that can be connected to a fire alarm system. It discusses requirements for functions like elevator recall, shutdown, HVAC control, door release, and exit marking notification. Key requirements include that initiating devices used for elevator recall must connect to the building fire alarm system, lobby smoke detectors must be within 21 feet of elevator doors, and electrically locked doors must release upon fire alarm and remain unlocked until reset.
Fire alarm basics 1-6
The document summarizes key sections from NFPA 72 regarding fire alarm systems. It outlines chapters that cover fundamentals, circuits, inspection/testing, initiating devices, and notification devices. For chapter 10 on fundamentals, it provides details on signal priority, distinctive signals for different alarm types, equipment performance requirements, annunciation zoning, integrity monitoring of components, and documentation requirements. Installation and equipment must comply with NFPA 70 and 72 standards unless otherwise indicated.
Fire alarm basics 1-5
This document provides an overview and summary of key chapters and sections from NFPA 72 and NFPA 110 regarding fire alarm systems. It discusses fundamentals such as equipment qualifications, personnel qualifications for system designers, installers and maintenance, power supplies including primary and secondary sources, storage batteries, and engine-driven generators. Specific requirements are referenced from NFPA publications regarding circuits, equipment listing, power source configuration, capacity, location, and charging of batteries and generator installation.
Fire alarm 2_f_manual supervisory
This document discusses various types of initiating devices as defined in NFPA 72 Chapter 17 including: manually actuated alarm initiating devices (17.14), fire extinguisher monitoring devices (17.15), and supervisory signal initiating devices (17.16). Supervisory signal initiating devices provide signals for conditions involving control valves, pressure, water levels, temperatures of water storage containers, and room temperatures. Specific requirements are defined for the different device types and conditions they monitor.
Fire alarm 2_e_combination
This document discusses various types of initiating devices for fire alarm systems as outlined in NFPA 72 Chapter 17, including radiant energy fire detectors, combination detectors, gas detectors, other fire detectors, sprinkler waterflow alarm devices, and detectors for other automatic extinguishing systems. It provides requirements for listing, installation, location, and operation of these different initiating device types.
Fire alarm 2_d_radiant energy detectors
This document discusses standards for installing radiant energy-sensing fire detectors. It covers considerations for detector selection and spacing based on fire characteristics and the environment. Detector location and spacing must account for factors like fire size, fuel type, detector sensitivity and field of view, atmosphere, and response time needed. The detector must have an unobstructed field of view and be protected and maintained per its listing.
Fire alarm 2_c_smoke detectors
This document outlines requirements for smoke-sensing fire detectors as specified in NFPA 72 Chapter 17. It addresses general requirements, sensitivity, location and spacing, considerations for HVAC systems, special applications like high-rack storage and high air movement areas, and the use of video image smoke detection systems. Performance-based and prescriptive design approaches are both addressed.
Fire alarm 2_b_heat detectors
This document discusses heat-sensing fire detectors in accordance with NFPA 72 Chapter 17. It covers requirements for installation, temperature classification, color coding, location, spacing for different ceiling types including smooth ceilings, solid joist construction, beam construction, sloping ceilings, and high ceilings. Detectors must be installed in all areas required by codes or the authority having jurisdiction.
Fire alarm 2_a_initiation basics
This document outlines an agenda for a course on fire alarm systems. It discusses initiating devices and protected premises fire alarm systems. The document reviews NFPA 72 chapter 17 which covers performance, selection, use and location of detectors. It provides requirements for smoke and heat detectors including total coverage, partial coverage, and non-required coverage. General requirements are also outlined such as not installing devices in inaccessible areas and supporting them independently of their circuit.
Fire basics 1-4-risers_thru_power_supplies_08
Fire alarm systems are installed to detect and notify people of emergencies to allow safe evacuation. NFPA 72 provides standards for fire alarm system components, functions, and performance. It classifies systems and defines key terms. Fire alarm systems have initiating devices, notification appliances, a control panel, and they transmit signals to a supervising station in some cases. Systems must be designed according to occupancy requirements and approved by the AHJ. They require both primary and secondary power supplies, and the secondary battery must be capable of powering the system for 24 hours plus additional time.
Fire basics 1-3-functions_to_docs_08
The document discusses fire alarm system fundamentals and requirements based on NFPA 70 and NFPA 72 standards. Key points include requirements for initiating devices to be compatible with listed control units, emergency functions not interfering with alarm operations, alarm activation within 10 seconds of detection, and zoning, annunciation, monitoring, and limitations of fire alarm systems and components.
Fire basics 1-2-the_nec_11
This document provides an overview of fire alarm system fundamentals and electrical requirements according to NFPA 70 Article 760. It discusses why fire alarm systems are installed, their components and classifications. NFPA 70 Article 760 divides fire alarm systems into non-power limited and power limited circuits. It outlines the power sources, wiring methods, and installation requirements for both non-power limited and power limited fire alarm circuits according to the National Electrical Code.
Fire basics 1-1-fundamentals
This document provides an overview of fire alarm system fundamentals based on current NFPA codes. It defines key components of fire alarm systems including the fire alarm control panel, initiating devices, notification appliances, transmitters and receivers, and control functions. It also outlines the classification of fire alarm systems, why they are installed, and what topics will be covered, including a review of NFPA 72.
Fiber optics 2-7
Fiber optic cables, connectors, and splices can be tested in three main ways: continuity testing using a visible light source, insertion loss testing to simulate system use, and OTDR testing which uses backscatter to locate faults. Continuity testing uses a fiber tracer or visual fault locator with an LED or laser to check for breaks. Insertion loss testing measures loss by comparing output levels with and without the cable under test. OTDR testing indirectly measures loss by analyzing backscattered light to create a display showing loss over distance.
Fiber optics 2-6
There are two types of fiber optic splices: fusion and mechanical. Fusion splicing permanently fuses two fibers together using an electrical arc welder for low loss and high reliability. Mechanical splices use alignment fixtures and epoxy or gel to connect fibers, having higher loss but also being cheaper. Proper cleaving of fibers is important for low loss splices and connectors, done using a cleaver to score and break the fiber smoothly. Sources of loss include end gaps, dirt, numerical aperture and core diameter mismatches between spliced fibers.
Fiber optics 2-5
Most fiber optic connectors work by aligning the two fiber ends and securing them in a way that is resistant to environmental factors. The most common method uses a cylindrical ferrule with a fiber-sized hole to secure the fiber with adhesive. Connector ferrules are often made of ceramic because it is environmentally stable and easy to polish. Proper termination involves stripping the fiber, applying adhesive to the ferrule, inserting and cleaving the fiber, and polishing the end to minimize back reflection.
More from grantlerc (20)
Fire alarm 3-f-single_and_multiple-station_alarms_and_household_fire_alarm_sy...
Fire alarm 3-f-single_and_multiple-station_alarms_and_household_fire_alarm_sy...
Fire alarm 3-e-public_emergency_alarm_reporting_systems
Fire alarm 3-e-public_emergency_alarm_reporting_systems
Fire alarm 3-b-protected_premises_fire_alarm_system
Fire alarm 3-b-protected_premises_fire_alarm_system
Recently uploaded
Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...
Join us for this solutions-based webinar on the tools and techniques for commissioning and maintaining PV Systems. In this session, we'll review the process of building and maintaining a solar array, starting with installation and commissioning, then reviewing operations and maintenance of the system. This course will review insulation resistance testing, I-V curve testing, earth-bond continuity, ground resistance testing, performance tests, visual inspections, ground and arc fault testing procedures, and power quality analysis.
Fluke Solar Application Specialist Will White is presenting on this engaging topic:
Will has worked in the renewable energy industry since 2005, first as an installer for a small east coast solar integrator before adding sales, design, and project management to his skillset. In 2022, Will joined Fluke as a solar application specialist, where he supports their renewable energy testing equipment like IV-curve tracers, electrical meters, and thermal imaging cameras. Experienced in wind power, solar thermal, energy storage, and all scales of PV, Will has primarily focused on residential and small commercial systems. He is passionate about implementing high-quality, code-compliant installation techniques.
一比一原版(USF毕业证)旧金山大学毕业证如何办理
原件一模一样【微信：95270640】【旧金山大学毕业证USF学位证成绩单】【微信：95270640】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：95270640】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：95270640】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份【微信：95270640】
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
办理旧金山大学毕业证毕业证学位证USF学位证【微信：95270640 】外观非常精致，由特殊纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理旧金山大学毕业证USF学位证毕业证学位证【微信：95270640 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理旧金山大学毕业证毕业证学位证USF学位证【微信：95270640 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理旧金山大学毕业证毕业证学位证USF学位证【微信：95270640 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
LLM Fine Tuning with QLoRA Cassandra Lunch 4, presented by Anant
Slides for the 4th Presentation on LLM Fine-Tuning with QLoRA Presented by Anant, featuring DataStax Astra
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdf
Generative AI solutions encompass a range of capabilities from content creation to complex problem-solving across industries. Implementing generative AI involves identifying specific business needs, developing tailored AI models using techniques like GANs and VAEs, and integrating these models into existing workflows. Data quality and continuous model refinement are crucial for effective implementation. Businesses must also consider ethical implications and ensure transparency in AI decision-making. Generative AI's implementation aims to enhance efficiency, creativity, and innovation by leveraging autonomous generation and sophisticated learning algorithms to meet diverse business challenges.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
一比一原版(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
Object Oriented Analysis and Design - OOAD
This ppt gives detailed description of Object Oriented Analysis and design.
原版制作(Humboldt毕业证书)柏林大学毕业证学位证一模一样
原件一模一样【微信：bwp0011】《(Humboldt毕业证书)柏林大学毕业证学位证》【微信：bwp0011】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问微bwp0011
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【微bwp0011】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微bwp0011】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Open Channel Flow: fluid flow with a free surface
Open Channel Flow: This topic focuses on fluid flow with a free surface, such as in rivers, canals, and drainage ditches. Key concepts include the classification of flow types (steady vs. unsteady, uniform vs. non-uniform), hydraulic radius, flow resistance, Manning's equation, critical flow conditions, and energy and momentum principles. It also covers flow measurement techniques, gradually varied flow analysis, and the design of open channels. Understanding these principles is vital for effective water resource management and engineering applications.
SCALING OF MOS CIRCUITS m .pptx
this ppt explains about scaling parameters of the mosfet it is basically vlsi subject
Accident detection system project report.pdf
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
Height and depth gauge linear metrology.pdf
Height gauges may also be used to measure the height of an object by using the underside of the scriber as the datum. The datum may be permanently fixed or the height gauge may have provision to adjust the scale, this is done by sliding the scale vertically along the body of the height gauge by turning a fine feed screw at the top of the gauge; then with the scriber set to the same level as the base, the scale can be matched to it. This adjustment allows different scribers or probes to be used, as well as adjusting for any errors in a damaged or resharpened probe.
NATURAL DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS AS ANTI-FREEZING AGENT
NATURAL DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS AS ANTI-FREEZING AGENT
Mechatronics material . Mechanical engineering
Mechatronics is a multidisciplinary field that refers to the skill sets needed in the contemporary, advanced automated manufacturing industry. At the intersection of mechanics, electronics, and computing, mechatronics specialists create simpler, smarter systems. Mechatronics is an essential foundation for the expected growth in automation and manufacturing.
Mechatronics deals with robotics, control systems, and electro-mechanical systems.
Recently uploaded (20)
Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...
Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...
LLM Fine Tuning with QLoRA Cassandra Lunch 4, presented by Anant
LLM Fine Tuning with QLoRA Cassandra Lunch 4, presented by Anant
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdf
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdf
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
2. protection of river banks and bed erosion protection works.ppt
2. protection of river banks and bed erosion protection works.ppt
NATURAL DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS AS ANTI-FREEZING AGENT
NATURAL DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS AS ANTI-FREEZING AGENT
LE Calculations 2
- 1. Voltage Drop . . . What is it? • Voltage drop is the voltage lost within the circuit caused by the resistance of the conductors making up the circuit • in other words voltage drop is the wasted electricity caused by line resistance of a circuit • So voltage drop is the wasted electricity and watts are the used part of electricity
- 2. Voltage Drop Rules • Unless specified otherwise all conductors should be considered to be solid, copper and uncoated. • The maximum amount of voltage drop in a branch circuit shall not exceed 3% or the allowed amount as specified by the equipment manufacturer.
- 3. Voltage Drop Notations • I = amps R = resistance VD = voltage drop VD permitted = 3% of voltage on any circuit (120v x 3% = 3.6v) • CM = size of conductor in circular mils (Table 8) • D = distance of the circuit one way • K = resistance of circular mil-foot wire (Table 8) • K* = approximate K use 12.9 for copper and 21.2 for aluminum • Power Loss = VD x I Exact K = R x CM / 1000
- 4. NEC Table 8 • In Chapter 9 of your NEC you will find Table 8. • You will note that on the left most column there are 2 entries for each size of wire. The forth column shows the amount of strands in the conductor (1 means solid, 7 means stranded).
- 5. NEC Table 8 cont. • The third column from the left is where you get the CM (circular mill) size of conductors. • The fifth column from the right has the listings for resistance of uncoated copper wire per 1000 feet
- 6. Voltage Drop Formulas Voltage Drop VD = I x R VD = 2 x K x D x I CM Wire Size CM = 2 x K* x D x I VD permitted Distance D = CM x VD permitted 2 x K x I Load I = CM x VD permitted 2 x K x D
- 7. Calculator Trick for Long Division • Instead of doing a long division problem the old way: D= CM x VDper = 2550 x 3.6 = 9180 = 17.5 2 x K x I 2 x 13.1086 x 20 525.34 • Try the new easier way: D=CM x VDper = 2550x3.6/2/13.1086/20 = 17.5 2 x K x I
- 8. Lets try a few problems • As before, the problem will appear on the screen first, try to work it out on your own. • Then the solution, step by step will appear, check your work to see if you followed the right logic to answer it correctly.
- 9. Voltage Drop Problem #1 • What is the voltage drop in a branch circuit to a siren that has a 50Ω load? The source voltage is 6 volts, the distance is 40 feet, the conductor is #14AWG. • Ohm’s Law tells us I = E/R So 6v/50Ω = .12amp • Solve for K = 3.07 x 4110 / 1000 = 12.6177 • Now solve for VD = 2 x 12.6177 x 40x .12 / 4110 = 0.029472 volts
- 10. Voltage Drop Problem #2 • What is the total resistance of two #16AWG conductors? Each is 85 feet in length and they are connected in parallel. • Table 8 for #16 = 4.89Ω per 1000 feet. Divide by 1000 to get a foot. • Multiply .00489 by 85 feet to get 0.41565Ω per conductor. • Now divide the resistance by 2 because they are in parallel = 0.207825 Ω
- 11. Voltage Drop Problem #3 • What is the maximum load In amps the code allows for a branch circuit using #18AWG coated? The power source is 65 feet away and is 12 volts. • First we find K. • K = 8.08 x 1620 / 1000 = 13.0896 • Now I = 1620 x .36 / 2 / 13.0896 / 65 = . 3427amps
- 12. Voltage Drop Problem #4 • What size copper conductor is required for a branch circuit to a horn that has a .25amp load? The power source is 6 volts and is 50 feet away. • CM = 2 x 12.9* x 50 x .25 / .18 = 1791 • the next larger conductor to 1791 in CM is #16AWG
- 13. Voltage Drop Problem #5 • Find the approximate distance between the source and the load if a #18AWG stranded conductor is used and the total conductor resistance is 1.05Ω ? • #18 Stranded is 7.95Ω/1000 or .00795 per foot • divide 1.05 by .00795 to get the total amount of feet of wire at 132 • Now the question is how far apart are the source and load so the distance is half of 132 or 66 feet.