LENRs are potentially another mechanism for producing so-called field failures that can trigger catastrophic thermal runaways in Lithium-based batteries; may sometimes, but not always, be associated with internal electrical shorts.
Lattice Energy LLC- Increased Energy Densities Drive Convergence of Batteries...Lewis Larsen
Over time, the fields of energetic materials, low energy nuclear reactions (LENRs), and battery technologies are gradually converging as they pursue ways to create products with vastly improved performance through utilizing processes at the micron and nanoscale.
This convergence is driven by the quest for higher energy densities in applications like portable electronics and electric vehicles. Emerging technologies like LENRs may enable revolutionary leaps in energy density beyond what is possible through chemical means alone.
The document discusses how LENRs could interact with and benefit battery technologies, presenting opportunities for both increased safety and new high-performance power sources in the future. Japanese companies are exploring using LENRs to replace internal combustion
Lattice Energy LLC - Battery energy density - product safety - thermal runawa...Lewis Larsen
Global quest to improve performance drives battery R&D toward ever-higher energy densities. High gravimetric energy density rewards battery users with lighter portable or mobile power sources and longer operating times between recharges. Product safety & reliability could be the hidden costs --- higher energy density is a two-edged sword that cuts both ways. Internal electrical shorts, hot sparks, and catastrophic electric arcs are reducing durability and causing thermal runaways, fires, and even explosions in Lithium-ion batteries. Ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) may be causing some of these extreme events; engineering for LENR effects could potentially help improve future battery safety and durability.
Lattice Energy LLC-Why has Tesla Model S had more thermal runaways than Nissa...Lewis Larsen
Lattice Energy LLC analyzes the differences in thermal runaway events between the Tesla Model S and Nissan Leaf electric vehicles. Using manufacturers' estimated battery failure rates and vehicle sale statistics, the document predicts the Model S would experience about 32-15 failures while the Leaf would see 3-2, similar to the 3 fires seen for the Model S but none for the Leaf. This suggests thermal runaways are caused by internal failures rather than external damage. The document then provides details on battery failures, including less severe and catastrophic types, as well as potential triggers like low energy nuclear reactions.
Lattice Energy LLC-Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries are NOT Immune to Thermal...Lewis Larsen
Thermal runaways and field-failures can occur in ALL lithium battery chemistries. In recent years, a myth has been propagated by certain industry participants and battery scientists that the lithium iron phosphate chemistry is effectively ‘immune’ to catastrophic thermal runaway events. When one examines the available facts, it is obvious that this myth or widely-held belief is simply not true --- it is a fool’s paradise. Importantly, reasonably well-documented thermal runaways have been reported that involved LiFePO4 battery cells and multi-cell arrays. For example, a May 2013 incident at California Polytechnic State Univ. resulted in a thermal runaway fire and quasi-explosion that completely melted the battery’s contents and case. Two other likely examples of runaways with LiFePO4 batteries are noted in this document.
Conclusion: albeit more rare, LiFePO4 lithium-based batteries can in fact also experience catastrophic thermal runaway events, even including explosions/detonations; from a product safety perspective they should be viewed with same prudent circumspection and caution as other types of lithium-based batteries such as lithium-cobalt, lithium-manganese, and lithium-ion chemistries.
LENRs effectively create nano energetic materials in micron-scale regions on surfaces, aromatic rings, and at certain types of interfaces.
Lattice Energy LLC - Clive Irving publishes Daily Beast story implicating lit...Lewis Larsen
Clive Irving’s October 15, 2015 Daily Beast article is a truly excellent piece of investigative journalism and must-read for anyone interested in understanding the likely fate of the Boeing 777 aircraft in Malaysian Airline's ill-fated flight MH-370
Theory of the mysterious MH-370 event propounded in his article --- that (1) a fiery conflagration triggered by a Lithium-ion thermal runaway battery fire in Motorola cargo positioned in close proximity to the Boeing 777’s forward avionics bay; and (2) breached a nearby bulkhead which compromised the integrity of key aircraft equipment located in that bay; and that (3) toxic fumes and smoke from the fire subsequently incapacitated or killed the flight crew and passengers --- is fully consistent with the presently known collection of facts about this tragic incident
Irving and his technical experts theorize that --- a very hot Lithium-ion battery fire and perhaps explosion (1) could occur spontaneously and (2) release enough thermal energy to fuel a catastrophic cargo fire capable of (3) damaging the plane’s avionics bay and (4) ultimately incapacitating most if not all of the people on board MH-370 --- is fully consistent with Lattice’s predictions about the likely probabilities and dangerous heating behavior of spontaneous thermal runaways, especially those called “field-failures” that can occur in Lithium-based batteries
Conclusion: Lithium-based batteries in air cargo can pose very serious safety risks
Lattice Energy LLC- Containment of Lithium-based Battery Fires-A Fools Paradi...Lewis Larsen
Focus is on thermal runaways in primary and secondary lithium-based batteries; includes:
• High-level historical overview: battery chemistries and increased energy density
• Peak temperatures that can possibly be reached during thermal runaway events
• Scaling-up electrical storage capacities can cause increases in safety-related risks
• Different causes of thermal runaways
• Examples of runaways involving portable devices and various mobile platforms
• Runaways in advanced Boeing 787 aircraft
• Incident examples: worst-of-the-worst
• Analysis and commentary on Boeing 787 Dreamliner’s battery containment system
Lattice Energy LLC-On Oct 1 Tesla Model S Caught Fire on Highway-Has Companys...Lewis Larsen
Key takeaways:
In July 2010, Lattice began to issue public warnings about thermal runaway risks with large, scaled-up Lithium-based battery packs; on Slide #54 in an August 6, 2013 Lattice presentation subtitled “A Fool’s Paradise” we questioned whether Tesla’s engineering had solved problematic runaway issues, or whether they had just been lucky - so far.
October 1, 2013 fire incident (really a form of battery runaway) with Tesla Model S that occurred near Seattle, WA suggests that they had merely been lucky to date --- battery thermal runaway issues have not yet been truly solved by Tesla Motors or anyone else.
As seen in the progression of news stories quoted from herein, Tesla began the news cycle by trying to assert that the battery pack had nothing to do with the hot fire that consumed the front end of a $70,000 car. By Wednesday evening they finally admitted that the battery was in fact the culprit, but that the incident had been triggered by the vehicle’s impact with “metal debris” that had been lying on the road surface and that consequent mechanical damage to battery cells triggered the thermal runaway fire event; they are emphatically asserting that the battery did not catch fire spontaneously.
While Tesla’s theory of the incident is plausible, it is inconsistent with statements made by the highway patrol officer --- trained to be keenly observant --- who first investigated the accident scene and found no evidence whatsoever of any claimed “metallic debris.”
Unless conclusive physical evidence is revealed that proves otherwise, Lattice believes it is more likely that the fire was caused by a spontaneous heat-event inside the battery.
Lattice Energy LLC - Hyperlinked index to documents re Widom-Larsen theory an...Lewis Larsen
Fully hyperlinked and cross-referenced Index and User Guide to relevant documents concerning the Widom-Larsen theory and ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs)
Lattice Energy LLC- Increased Energy Densities Drive Convergence of Batteries...Lewis Larsen
Over time, the fields of energetic materials, low energy nuclear reactions (LENRs), and battery technologies are gradually converging as they pursue ways to create products with vastly improved performance through utilizing processes at the micron and nanoscale.
This convergence is driven by the quest for higher energy densities in applications like portable electronics and electric vehicles. Emerging technologies like LENRs may enable revolutionary leaps in energy density beyond what is possible through chemical means alone.
The document discusses how LENRs could interact with and benefit battery technologies, presenting opportunities for both increased safety and new high-performance power sources in the future. Japanese companies are exploring using LENRs to replace internal combustion
Lattice Energy LLC - Battery energy density - product safety - thermal runawa...Lewis Larsen
Global quest to improve performance drives battery R&D toward ever-higher energy densities. High gravimetric energy density rewards battery users with lighter portable or mobile power sources and longer operating times between recharges. Product safety & reliability could be the hidden costs --- higher energy density is a two-edged sword that cuts both ways. Internal electrical shorts, hot sparks, and catastrophic electric arcs are reducing durability and causing thermal runaways, fires, and even explosions in Lithium-ion batteries. Ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) may be causing some of these extreme events; engineering for LENR effects could potentially help improve future battery safety and durability.
Lattice Energy LLC-Why has Tesla Model S had more thermal runaways than Nissa...Lewis Larsen
Lattice Energy LLC analyzes the differences in thermal runaway events between the Tesla Model S and Nissan Leaf electric vehicles. Using manufacturers' estimated battery failure rates and vehicle sale statistics, the document predicts the Model S would experience about 32-15 failures while the Leaf would see 3-2, similar to the 3 fires seen for the Model S but none for the Leaf. This suggests thermal runaways are caused by internal failures rather than external damage. The document then provides details on battery failures, including less severe and catastrophic types, as well as potential triggers like low energy nuclear reactions.
Lattice Energy LLC-Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries are NOT Immune to Thermal...Lewis Larsen
Thermal runaways and field-failures can occur in ALL lithium battery chemistries. In recent years, a myth has been propagated by certain industry participants and battery scientists that the lithium iron phosphate chemistry is effectively ‘immune’ to catastrophic thermal runaway events. When one examines the available facts, it is obvious that this myth or widely-held belief is simply not true --- it is a fool’s paradise. Importantly, reasonably well-documented thermal runaways have been reported that involved LiFePO4 battery cells and multi-cell arrays. For example, a May 2013 incident at California Polytechnic State Univ. resulted in a thermal runaway fire and quasi-explosion that completely melted the battery’s contents and case. Two other likely examples of runaways with LiFePO4 batteries are noted in this document.
Conclusion: albeit more rare, LiFePO4 lithium-based batteries can in fact also experience catastrophic thermal runaway events, even including explosions/detonations; from a product safety perspective they should be viewed with same prudent circumspection and caution as other types of lithium-based batteries such as lithium-cobalt, lithium-manganese, and lithium-ion chemistries.
LENRs effectively create nano energetic materials in micron-scale regions on surfaces, aromatic rings, and at certain types of interfaces.
Lattice Energy LLC - Clive Irving publishes Daily Beast story implicating lit...Lewis Larsen
Clive Irving’s October 15, 2015 Daily Beast article is a truly excellent piece of investigative journalism and must-read for anyone interested in understanding the likely fate of the Boeing 777 aircraft in Malaysian Airline's ill-fated flight MH-370
Theory of the mysterious MH-370 event propounded in his article --- that (1) a fiery conflagration triggered by a Lithium-ion thermal runaway battery fire in Motorola cargo positioned in close proximity to the Boeing 777’s forward avionics bay; and (2) breached a nearby bulkhead which compromised the integrity of key aircraft equipment located in that bay; and that (3) toxic fumes and smoke from the fire subsequently incapacitated or killed the flight crew and passengers --- is fully consistent with the presently known collection of facts about this tragic incident
Irving and his technical experts theorize that --- a very hot Lithium-ion battery fire and perhaps explosion (1) could occur spontaneously and (2) release enough thermal energy to fuel a catastrophic cargo fire capable of (3) damaging the plane’s avionics bay and (4) ultimately incapacitating most if not all of the people on board MH-370 --- is fully consistent with Lattice’s predictions about the likely probabilities and dangerous heating behavior of spontaneous thermal runaways, especially those called “field-failures” that can occur in Lithium-based batteries
Conclusion: Lithium-based batteries in air cargo can pose very serious safety risks
Lattice Energy LLC- Containment of Lithium-based Battery Fires-A Fools Paradi...Lewis Larsen
Focus is on thermal runaways in primary and secondary lithium-based batteries; includes:
• High-level historical overview: battery chemistries and increased energy density
• Peak temperatures that can possibly be reached during thermal runaway events
• Scaling-up electrical storage capacities can cause increases in safety-related risks
• Different causes of thermal runaways
• Examples of runaways involving portable devices and various mobile platforms
• Runaways in advanced Boeing 787 aircraft
• Incident examples: worst-of-the-worst
• Analysis and commentary on Boeing 787 Dreamliner’s battery containment system
Lattice Energy LLC-On Oct 1 Tesla Model S Caught Fire on Highway-Has Companys...Lewis Larsen
Key takeaways:
In July 2010, Lattice began to issue public warnings about thermal runaway risks with large, scaled-up Lithium-based battery packs; on Slide #54 in an August 6, 2013 Lattice presentation subtitled “A Fool’s Paradise” we questioned whether Tesla’s engineering had solved problematic runaway issues, or whether they had just been lucky - so far.
October 1, 2013 fire incident (really a form of battery runaway) with Tesla Model S that occurred near Seattle, WA suggests that they had merely been lucky to date --- battery thermal runaway issues have not yet been truly solved by Tesla Motors or anyone else.
As seen in the progression of news stories quoted from herein, Tesla began the news cycle by trying to assert that the battery pack had nothing to do with the hot fire that consumed the front end of a $70,000 car. By Wednesday evening they finally admitted that the battery was in fact the culprit, but that the incident had been triggered by the vehicle’s impact with “metal debris” that had been lying on the road surface and that consequent mechanical damage to battery cells triggered the thermal runaway fire event; they are emphatically asserting that the battery did not catch fire spontaneously.
While Tesla’s theory of the incident is plausible, it is inconsistent with statements made by the highway patrol officer --- trained to be keenly observant --- who first investigated the accident scene and found no evidence whatsoever of any claimed “metallic debris.”
Unless conclusive physical evidence is revealed that proves otherwise, Lattice believes it is more likely that the fire was caused by a spontaneous heat-event inside the battery.
Lattice Energy LLC - Hyperlinked index to documents re Widom-Larsen theory an...Lewis Larsen
Fully hyperlinked and cross-referenced Index and User Guide to relevant documents concerning the Widom-Larsen theory and ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs)
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs dramatically expand financing opportunities for o...Lewis Larsen
This document discusses how revolutionary low energy nuclear reaction (LENR) technology could transform the oil and gas industry. It claims that LENR could increase the economic value of fossil fuel reserves like oil and coal by 500 times by enabling their conversion into highly energy-dense, carbon dioxide-free LENR fuels. This would dramatically expand financing opportunities for oil and gas companies through mechanisms like asset-based lending. The document also outlines several potential applications of LENR technology in oil and gas production processes that could significantly reduce costs.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENR transmutation of Carbon better energy strategy than...Lewis Larsen
While Obama’s new clean power plan is certainly very well-intentioned, it implicitly throws the fossil fuel industry “under the bus,” naively assumes that wind and solar power will take up the slack at reasonable cost, and does not really attempt to develop radical new sources of low-cost energy.
Rather than eventually replacing fossil fuels with solar, wind, and renewable energy sources over time, LENR technology instead enables oil, gas, and coal producers to convert fossil fuels into cleaner, more valuable form of CO2-free LENR energy --- energy producers, energy consumers, and Mother Earth all win.
While solar PV and wind are CO2-free and extremely biosafe, their intrinsic energy densities are much lower than today’s fossil fuels and inherently intermittent --- not continuous --- sources of electrical and thermal power. Solar and wind renewables therefore simply cannot 100% replace fossil energy sources without enormous economic disruption and gigantic increases in energy costs.
LENRs are the only primary energy technology on foreseeable horizon that could provide the world with affordable dense green energy, connect the unconnected, and empower billions of now powerless, energy-poor people
Lattice’s strategy for replacing today’s combustion with LENR transmutation of Carbon saves the fossil fuel industry yet is highly synergistic with renewables, enables sustainable economic growth, and helps to ameliorate CO2-driven climate change.
Lattice Energy LLC - Connecting the Unconnected and Empowering the Powerless ...Lewis Larsen
LENRs: connecting the unconnected and empowering the powerless --- delivering rural electrification and the Internet revolution to more than 1.4 billion energy-poor people scattered around the world.
Lattice energy LLC - Climate change can reduce wind and solar power output - ...Lewis Larsen
A mystery wind drought hit the U.S. in the first half of 2015. Total wind-powered electrical output in the U.S. during that year went down 6% while total installed capacity went up 9%. Thus climate change disrupts prior weather patterns which can then impact renewables. If you believe wind and solar can someday totally replace short-notice sources of dispatchable power generation then think again, because they simply can’t --- ever.
Given innate variability in power output from renewable green energy sources, substantial amounts of short-notice dispatchable generation capacity are an unavoidable necessity that, along with a shift toward distributed generation, could serve as key system components crucial to maintaining modern high-availability electricity grids that continue to provide customers with 99+ % uptime during an era of increasing climate change. Having adequate dispatchable power generation capacity on-hand would thus be invaluable in helping to insure reliable, low-cost energy production and prudent risk management with respect to sudden unexpected “Black Swan” events such as extremely large volcanic eruptions and violent earthquakes that can adversely impact power generation by renewables.
Published peer-reviewed data suggests that it would also be prudent for global society to reduce future CO2 emissions from power generation activities. This will eventually happen anyway because at current rates of consumption, British Petroleum has estimated that fossil fuel resources will be totally exhausted in <150 years. Well, nuclear power plants are dispatchable and do not emit any CO2. Like it or not, major worldwide expansion of nuclear power generation is probably inevitable and could play a key strategic role in the long-term future of energy. In that regard, if safe radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) are successfully commercialized for producing green nuclear power, they could someday provide the future “energy miracle” sought by Bill Gates.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENR technologys compelling value proposition for oil an...Lewis Larsen
LENRs offer a compelling future value proposition for oil & gas companies. Technology of ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) could enable conversion of aromatics derived from crude oil and natural gas into nanoparticulate LENR fuels with energy densities that are 5,000x greater than gasoline.
Achievement of this unprecedented capability could vastly increase performance of customers’ power generation systems as well as enable the rapid future development of many types of revolutionary products suitable for array of key consumer and military markets.
LENR technology could also stretch useful economic lifetimes of today’s remaining in-ground supplies of oil & gas from British Petroleum's 2016 estimate of < 53 years out to at least another 25,000 years further into far future.
Lattice Energy LLC - Revolutionary LENRs Could Power Future Aircraft and Oth...Lewis Larsen
Technologists at NASA, Boeing, and California Polytechnic have been investigating alluring possibility of using ‘green’ low energy nuclear reactions (LENRs) to power future aircraft.
Large Japanese companies such as Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Toyota, among others, have active R&D programs and patent filings in LENRs and are publishing some of their experimental results in peer-reviewed science and engineering journals. It appears likely that their ultimate goal is to replace the internal combustion engine.
After decades of inaction and benign neglect, incredibly cautious and conservative U.S. Dept. of Energy has belatedly recognized LENRs; it is now willing to entertain proposals for modest amounts of funding through its transformational technology breakthrough arm, ARPA-E.
LENRs could revolutionize the world as we know it today if the technology is successfully commercialized and scales-up to several hundred kWh from just Watts today in laboratory devices; megawatt power outputs are only required for a small percentage of applications
Widom-Larsen theory explains device physics behind LENRs; it is published and fully consistent with a large body of peer-reviewed, published experimental data. Altogether, this implies that commercialization of the technology is possible and in fact likely. That said, non-trivial engineering lies between small, unreliable milliwatt laboratory devices of today and scaled-up high performance multi-kilowatt commercial products of tomorrow. Somebody or somebodies, somewhere, will eventually succeed --- Lattice will play a role in this process.
Lattice Energy LLC - IBM and JCESR Tap the Brakes on Lithium-air Battery Rese...Lewis Larsen
Two major research organizations, IBM and JCESR, have reduced or stopped their research into lithium-air batteries. IBM's director of battery research has changed his view on lithium-air batteries and now favors researching sodium-air batteries instead due to challenges with lithium-air batteries meeting cost targets for electric vehicles. Around the same time, JCESR dropped its lithium-air battery project entirely due to challenges that were too difficult to resolve. While lithium-air research continues at some organizations, two major players have stepped back from the technology.
Lattice Energy LLC - Compelling Economics of Transmutation vs Combustion of C...Lewis Larsen
Revolutionary LENR technology can potentially transform oil and coal into ‘green’ CO2-free LENR fuels that possess >5,000x the energy density (Watt*hours/kg) of unleaded gasoline.
In LENR fuels derived from extraction and processing of aromatic fractions found in oil and coal, generation of thermal heat energy occurs via clean radiation-free, neutron-catalyzed transmutation of Carbon into Nitrogen and Oxygen rather than chemical combustion with O2.
Herein we show how applied LENR technology can potentially increase the economic value of natural fossil Carbonaceous energy sources by at least 500x; much of this increase in energetic economic value comes from enormous energy densities and BTUs produced by nuclear processes as compared to purely chemical energy processes such as combustion.
In British Petroleum's 63rd annual Statistical Review of World Energy (2014) they estimated that oil will run-out in ~53 years and coal in ~113 years. Given at least 500x increase in the energetic economic value of LENR fuel, commercialization of LENRs on aromatic molecules would extend useful economic lifetime of fossil Carbon sources out to at least 25,000 years.
Commercialization of LENRs occurring on aromatic rings would eliminate the so-called “Carbon Bubble” and fossil fuel “stranded asset” problems that during the past few years have begun to concern certain financial players that even include the Bank of England.
Lattice Energy LLC - Adequate reasonably priced dispatchable power generation...Lewis Larsen
Adequate reasonably priced dispatchable power generation is critical for every country’s energy security.
Renewable energy sources sometimes unable to fill total national demand for electric power because they are intermittent. Unusual European weather in December 2016 demonstrated that Germany’s Energiewende (energy transition) as idealistically envisioned by its many supporters may be impractical.
“One cannot simultaneously rely on massive amounts of wind and sunshine, dispense with nuclear power plants, significantly lower the supply of fossil energy, and nevertheless tell people that electricity will definitely be available in the future.” Quoted from article by Heiner Flassbeck, a prominent German economist, that was published on January 10, 2017
It is thus apparent that national energy security, 99+ % grid uptime availability, and reasonably priced electricity for retail consumers could be jeopardized in countries that don’t have adequate dispatchable power generation capacity.
Electricity shortfalls from renewable wind and solar energy sources are today covered by dispatchable fossil fuel and fission power plants --- if fossil fuels and fission are then phased-out, then what will replace them?
Radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) could potentially provide an alternative nuclear technology to fission and fusion. While LENRs do use safe ultralow energy neutrons to trigger release of nuclear binding energy (heat) from an enormous array of stable element target fuels, they are radically different from Uranium and Thorium fission reactors that require criticality to operate properly. Unlike fission, LENRs don’t involve multiplicative chain reactions with fuels that in turn release multiple neutrons which then explosively accelerate neutron production --- nuclear runaways are not a risk with LENRs.
D-T fusion reactors like ITER and other similar Tokamaks mainly produce heat by harvesting the kinetic energy of deadly 14.1 MeV energetic neutrons. Consequently, they require massive shielding and containment systems for safe operation and unsurprisingly have enormous costs and unavoidably huge physical size. Given that the Lithium LENR fuel cycle releases nearly 27 MeV versus a total Q-value of 17.6 MeV for the D-T fusion reaction, it is hard to imagine a sound economic argument for spending 100s of billions on commercial fusion reactors if LENR technology were successfully developed and scaled-up as outlined herein.
Lack of hard radiation and radioactive wastes permit downward scalability that could enable future development of revolutionary, compact battery-like portable LENR power sources that can compete directly on $ price/kwh with chemical batteries in many applications including power tools, tablets, and smartphones.
A review on fuel cell and its applicationseSAT Journals
Abstract With the increase in the demand of electrical energy now it is the time to think for the alternate source of energy. In order to mitigate the demand of electrical energy and to create pollution free environment the fuel cell acts as an alternate solution. The fuel cells are very much similar to an ordinary dry cell or battery. It has an electrode, some chemical material and an electrical circuit to give the supply to an external circuit. Due to absence of rotating devices they are quite simple and efficient in nature. This paper describes about the working methods of fuel cells and their future and economic growth. Keywords: Fuel cell, Electrolyte, Electrode, DC
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A Fuel Cell is a device that converts the Chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen or another Oxidizing agent.
Fuel cells are different from batteries in that they require a continuous source of fuel and oxygen/air to sustain the chemical reaction.
This document summarizes research on solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) that can directly oxidize hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon fuels. It discusses several benefits of SOFCs, including that they can operate at high temperatures and use hydrocarbon fuels without being poisoned by carbon monoxide. The document outlines SOFC components and operating principles. It also summarizes research on materials, cell performance, chemical reaction mechanisms, modeling, and potential applications and research opportunities in SOFCs.
This document discusses fuel cell systems. It begins by defining a fuel cell as an electrochemical device that produces electricity through the combination of hydrogen and oxygen to produce water and heat, without combustion. It then provides details on:
- The history and discovery of fuel cells
- The basic workings and components of a single fuel cell
- Different types of fuel cells classified by electrolyte and fuel/oxidant used
- Losses that occur in an actual fuel cell system
- Applications and uses of hydrogen storage
- Advantages of fuel cells like simplicity, reliability, low emissions, and silence.
It concludes by acknowledging some dangers of fuel cells and providing a reference section.
Lattice Energy LLC - Synopsis of book titled Fusion Fiasco by Steven Krivit p...Lewis Larsen
Synopsis of Steve Krivit’s book “Fusion Fiasco” in context of the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs:
By late October 1989 Dr. Edward Teller, ‘father’ of the first Hydrogen bomb, was apparently convinced Pons & Fleischmann had discovered a little-understood nuclear process that could operate in ordinary electrochemical cells. Bizarre absence of deadly hard radiation indicated to him that P&F’s puzzling results probably weren’t caused by a fusion process. After seeing all the ERAB panel’s data, he further speculated that the underlying process was very likely nuclear and possibly catalyzed by “neutral particle of small mass and marginal stability” that was somewhat akin to a neutron. Krivit reveals how his prescient insights were ignored by the DOE ERAB panel and then effectively buried for 27 years.
Electrochemical energy storage systems convert chemical energy into electrical energy and vice versa through redox reactions. There are two main types: galvanic cells which convert chemical to electrical energy, and electrolytic cells which do the opposite. A basic electrochemical cell consists of two electrodes separated by an electrolyte. Primary cells cannot be recharged, while secondary cells are rechargeable through reversible chemical reactions. Lithium-ion batteries have become widely popular due to their high energy density and lack of memory effect.
This document provides an overview of fuel cells presented by Mahida Hiren R. It begins with an introduction to fuel cells, explaining that they convert hydrogen and oxygen into water and produce electricity and heat in the process. It then discusses the various types of fuel cells, including hydrogen oxygen cells, phosphoric acid cells, molten carbonate cells, solid oxide cells, and cells using fuels like methanol, ammonia, and hydrazine. The document also covers fuel cell design principles, operation, efficiency, applications, and the sources of polarization that reduce fuel cell performance.
Fuel cells provide a promising alternative source of electricity. They convert chemical energy directly into electrical energy through an electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen, producing only water vapor and heat as byproducts. There are several types of fuel cells but proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells are well suited for transportation and small stationary power applications due to their high power density and low operating temperatures. A fuel cell consists of an anode and cathode separated by an electrolyte that allows protons to pass through but blocks electrons, forcing them into an external circuit where they can power devices before being reunited with oxygen at the cathode. While fuel cells have advantages over traditional combustion engines like higher efficiency and lack of emissions, challenges remain around infrastructure, cost and
This document is a report analyzing the design of a solar windmill system with two configurations. The first configuration places photovoltaic (PV) panels on the tower structure of a wind turbine to generate electricity from both wind and solar energy. The second configuration covers wind turbine blades with thin film PV to harness unused solar energy and provide excitation voltage to the generator or battery storage. MATLAB analysis demonstrated the feasibility of these hybrid PV systems. Experimental testing was conducted under various irradiance levels and rotational speeds to derive a relationship between output power and speed for a solar PV mounted turbine.
Technology is increasing our energy needs, but it is also show in new ways to
generate power more effetely with less impact on the environment. One of the most
promising options for supplementing future power supplies is the fuel cells.
A fuel cell is a device that electrochemically converts the chemical energy of a fuel
and an oxidant to electrical energy. The fuel and oxidant are typically stored outside
of the fuel cell and transferred into the fuel cell as the reactants are consumed. The
most common type of fuel cell uses the chemical energy of hydrogen to produce
electricity, with water and heat as by-products. Fuel cells are unique in terms of the
variety of their potential applications; they potentially can provide energy for systems
as large as a utility power station and as small as a laptop computer. Fuel cells have
several potential benefits over conventional combustion- based technologies currently
used in many power plants and passenger vehicles. They produce much smaller
quantities of greenhouse gases and none of the air pollutants that create smog and
cause health problems. If pure hydrogen is used as a fuel, fuel cells emit only heat and
water as a byproduct.
Lattice Energy LLC - Green hard-radiation-free len rs could provide game-chan...Lewis Larsen
Green hard-radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) could provide game-changing nuclear power for military combat systems ranging from aircraft to individual warfighters. LENRs are the only energy technology on the foreseeable horizon that could provide a quantum-leap in military power generation and propulsion capabilities in the 2030 - 2050 time-frame.
The document discusses risks and safety factors associated with lithium batteries. It covers common causes of external and internal battery faults, such as external short circuits, too high discharge or charge currents, pole reversal, charging primary batteries incorrectly, and internal short circuits. The document also discusses safety risks specifically for primary lithium batteries and rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. Integrated safety components and protection circuits aim to prevent battery faults from resulting in overheating, fire or explosion.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs dramatically expand financing opportunities for o...Lewis Larsen
This document discusses how revolutionary low energy nuclear reaction (LENR) technology could transform the oil and gas industry. It claims that LENR could increase the economic value of fossil fuel reserves like oil and coal by 500 times by enabling their conversion into highly energy-dense, carbon dioxide-free LENR fuels. This would dramatically expand financing opportunities for oil and gas companies through mechanisms like asset-based lending. The document also outlines several potential applications of LENR technology in oil and gas production processes that could significantly reduce costs.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENR transmutation of Carbon better energy strategy than...Lewis Larsen
While Obama’s new clean power plan is certainly very well-intentioned, it implicitly throws the fossil fuel industry “under the bus,” naively assumes that wind and solar power will take up the slack at reasonable cost, and does not really attempt to develop radical new sources of low-cost energy.
Rather than eventually replacing fossil fuels with solar, wind, and renewable energy sources over time, LENR technology instead enables oil, gas, and coal producers to convert fossil fuels into cleaner, more valuable form of CO2-free LENR energy --- energy producers, energy consumers, and Mother Earth all win.
While solar PV and wind are CO2-free and extremely biosafe, their intrinsic energy densities are much lower than today’s fossil fuels and inherently intermittent --- not continuous --- sources of electrical and thermal power. Solar and wind renewables therefore simply cannot 100% replace fossil energy sources without enormous economic disruption and gigantic increases in energy costs.
LENRs are the only primary energy technology on foreseeable horizon that could provide the world with affordable dense green energy, connect the unconnected, and empower billions of now powerless, energy-poor people
Lattice’s strategy for replacing today’s combustion with LENR transmutation of Carbon saves the fossil fuel industry yet is highly synergistic with renewables, enables sustainable economic growth, and helps to ameliorate CO2-driven climate change.
Lattice Energy LLC - Connecting the Unconnected and Empowering the Powerless ...Lewis Larsen
LENRs: connecting the unconnected and empowering the powerless --- delivering rural electrification and the Internet revolution to more than 1.4 billion energy-poor people scattered around the world.
Lattice energy LLC - Climate change can reduce wind and solar power output - ...Lewis Larsen
A mystery wind drought hit the U.S. in the first half of 2015. Total wind-powered electrical output in the U.S. during that year went down 6% while total installed capacity went up 9%. Thus climate change disrupts prior weather patterns which can then impact renewables. If you believe wind and solar can someday totally replace short-notice sources of dispatchable power generation then think again, because they simply can’t --- ever.
Given innate variability in power output from renewable green energy sources, substantial amounts of short-notice dispatchable generation capacity are an unavoidable necessity that, along with a shift toward distributed generation, could serve as key system components crucial to maintaining modern high-availability electricity grids that continue to provide customers with 99+ % uptime during an era of increasing climate change. Having adequate dispatchable power generation capacity on-hand would thus be invaluable in helping to insure reliable, low-cost energy production and prudent risk management with respect to sudden unexpected “Black Swan” events such as extremely large volcanic eruptions and violent earthquakes that can adversely impact power generation by renewables.
Published peer-reviewed data suggests that it would also be prudent for global society to reduce future CO2 emissions from power generation activities. This will eventually happen anyway because at current rates of consumption, British Petroleum has estimated that fossil fuel resources will be totally exhausted in <150 years. Well, nuclear power plants are dispatchable and do not emit any CO2. Like it or not, major worldwide expansion of nuclear power generation is probably inevitable and could play a key strategic role in the long-term future of energy. In that regard, if safe radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) are successfully commercialized for producing green nuclear power, they could someday provide the future “energy miracle” sought by Bill Gates.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENR technologys compelling value proposition for oil an...Lewis Larsen
LENRs offer a compelling future value proposition for oil & gas companies. Technology of ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) could enable conversion of aromatics derived from crude oil and natural gas into nanoparticulate LENR fuels with energy densities that are 5,000x greater than gasoline.
Achievement of this unprecedented capability could vastly increase performance of customers’ power generation systems as well as enable the rapid future development of many types of revolutionary products suitable for array of key consumer and military markets.
LENR technology could also stretch useful economic lifetimes of today’s remaining in-ground supplies of oil & gas from British Petroleum's 2016 estimate of < 53 years out to at least another 25,000 years further into far future.
Lattice Energy LLC - Revolutionary LENRs Could Power Future Aircraft and Oth...Lewis Larsen
Technologists at NASA, Boeing, and California Polytechnic have been investigating alluring possibility of using ‘green’ low energy nuclear reactions (LENRs) to power future aircraft.
Large Japanese companies such as Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Toyota, among others, have active R&D programs and patent filings in LENRs and are publishing some of their experimental results in peer-reviewed science and engineering journals. It appears likely that their ultimate goal is to replace the internal combustion engine.
After decades of inaction and benign neglect, incredibly cautious and conservative U.S. Dept. of Energy has belatedly recognized LENRs; it is now willing to entertain proposals for modest amounts of funding through its transformational technology breakthrough arm, ARPA-E.
LENRs could revolutionize the world as we know it today if the technology is successfully commercialized and scales-up to several hundred kWh from just Watts today in laboratory devices; megawatt power outputs are only required for a small percentage of applications
Widom-Larsen theory explains device physics behind LENRs; it is published and fully consistent with a large body of peer-reviewed, published experimental data. Altogether, this implies that commercialization of the technology is possible and in fact likely. That said, non-trivial engineering lies between small, unreliable milliwatt laboratory devices of today and scaled-up high performance multi-kilowatt commercial products of tomorrow. Somebody or somebodies, somewhere, will eventually succeed --- Lattice will play a role in this process.
Lattice Energy LLC - IBM and JCESR Tap the Brakes on Lithium-air Battery Rese...Lewis Larsen
Two major research organizations, IBM and JCESR, have reduced or stopped their research into lithium-air batteries. IBM's director of battery research has changed his view on lithium-air batteries and now favors researching sodium-air batteries instead due to challenges with lithium-air batteries meeting cost targets for electric vehicles. Around the same time, JCESR dropped its lithium-air battery project entirely due to challenges that were too difficult to resolve. While lithium-air research continues at some organizations, two major players have stepped back from the technology.
Lattice Energy LLC - Compelling Economics of Transmutation vs Combustion of C...Lewis Larsen
Revolutionary LENR technology can potentially transform oil and coal into ‘green’ CO2-free LENR fuels that possess >5,000x the energy density (Watt*hours/kg) of unleaded gasoline.
In LENR fuels derived from extraction and processing of aromatic fractions found in oil and coal, generation of thermal heat energy occurs via clean radiation-free, neutron-catalyzed transmutation of Carbon into Nitrogen and Oxygen rather than chemical combustion with O2.
Herein we show how applied LENR technology can potentially increase the economic value of natural fossil Carbonaceous energy sources by at least 500x; much of this increase in energetic economic value comes from enormous energy densities and BTUs produced by nuclear processes as compared to purely chemical energy processes such as combustion.
In British Petroleum's 63rd annual Statistical Review of World Energy (2014) they estimated that oil will run-out in ~53 years and coal in ~113 years. Given at least 500x increase in the energetic economic value of LENR fuel, commercialization of LENRs on aromatic molecules would extend useful economic lifetime of fossil Carbon sources out to at least 25,000 years.
Commercialization of LENRs occurring on aromatic rings would eliminate the so-called “Carbon Bubble” and fossil fuel “stranded asset” problems that during the past few years have begun to concern certain financial players that even include the Bank of England.
Lattice Energy LLC - Adequate reasonably priced dispatchable power generation...Lewis Larsen
Adequate reasonably priced dispatchable power generation is critical for every country’s energy security.
Renewable energy sources sometimes unable to fill total national demand for electric power because they are intermittent. Unusual European weather in December 2016 demonstrated that Germany’s Energiewende (energy transition) as idealistically envisioned by its many supporters may be impractical.
“One cannot simultaneously rely on massive amounts of wind and sunshine, dispense with nuclear power plants, significantly lower the supply of fossil energy, and nevertheless tell people that electricity will definitely be available in the future.” Quoted from article by Heiner Flassbeck, a prominent German economist, that was published on January 10, 2017
It is thus apparent that national energy security, 99+ % grid uptime availability, and reasonably priced electricity for retail consumers could be jeopardized in countries that don’t have adequate dispatchable power generation capacity.
Electricity shortfalls from renewable wind and solar energy sources are today covered by dispatchable fossil fuel and fission power plants --- if fossil fuels and fission are then phased-out, then what will replace them?
Radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) could potentially provide an alternative nuclear technology to fission and fusion. While LENRs do use safe ultralow energy neutrons to trigger release of nuclear binding energy (heat) from an enormous array of stable element target fuels, they are radically different from Uranium and Thorium fission reactors that require criticality to operate properly. Unlike fission, LENRs don’t involve multiplicative chain reactions with fuels that in turn release multiple neutrons which then explosively accelerate neutron production --- nuclear runaways are not a risk with LENRs.
D-T fusion reactors like ITER and other similar Tokamaks mainly produce heat by harvesting the kinetic energy of deadly 14.1 MeV energetic neutrons. Consequently, they require massive shielding and containment systems for safe operation and unsurprisingly have enormous costs and unavoidably huge physical size. Given that the Lithium LENR fuel cycle releases nearly 27 MeV versus a total Q-value of 17.6 MeV for the D-T fusion reaction, it is hard to imagine a sound economic argument for spending 100s of billions on commercial fusion reactors if LENR technology were successfully developed and scaled-up as outlined herein.
Lack of hard radiation and radioactive wastes permit downward scalability that could enable future development of revolutionary, compact battery-like portable LENR power sources that can compete directly on $ price/kwh with chemical batteries in many applications including power tools, tablets, and smartphones.
A review on fuel cell and its applicationseSAT Journals
Abstract With the increase in the demand of electrical energy now it is the time to think for the alternate source of energy. In order to mitigate the demand of electrical energy and to create pollution free environment the fuel cell acts as an alternate solution. The fuel cells are very much similar to an ordinary dry cell or battery. It has an electrode, some chemical material and an electrical circuit to give the supply to an external circuit. Due to absence of rotating devices they are quite simple and efficient in nature. This paper describes about the working methods of fuel cells and their future and economic growth. Keywords: Fuel cell, Electrolyte, Electrode, DC
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A Fuel Cell is a device that converts the Chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen or another Oxidizing agent.
Fuel cells are different from batteries in that they require a continuous source of fuel and oxygen/air to sustain the chemical reaction.
This document summarizes research on solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) that can directly oxidize hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon fuels. It discusses several benefits of SOFCs, including that they can operate at high temperatures and use hydrocarbon fuels without being poisoned by carbon monoxide. The document outlines SOFC components and operating principles. It also summarizes research on materials, cell performance, chemical reaction mechanisms, modeling, and potential applications and research opportunities in SOFCs.
This document discusses fuel cell systems. It begins by defining a fuel cell as an electrochemical device that produces electricity through the combination of hydrogen and oxygen to produce water and heat, without combustion. It then provides details on:
- The history and discovery of fuel cells
- The basic workings and components of a single fuel cell
- Different types of fuel cells classified by electrolyte and fuel/oxidant used
- Losses that occur in an actual fuel cell system
- Applications and uses of hydrogen storage
- Advantages of fuel cells like simplicity, reliability, low emissions, and silence.
It concludes by acknowledging some dangers of fuel cells and providing a reference section.
Lattice Energy LLC - Synopsis of book titled Fusion Fiasco by Steven Krivit p...Lewis Larsen
Synopsis of Steve Krivit’s book “Fusion Fiasco” in context of the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs:
By late October 1989 Dr. Edward Teller, ‘father’ of the first Hydrogen bomb, was apparently convinced Pons & Fleischmann had discovered a little-understood nuclear process that could operate in ordinary electrochemical cells. Bizarre absence of deadly hard radiation indicated to him that P&F’s puzzling results probably weren’t caused by a fusion process. After seeing all the ERAB panel’s data, he further speculated that the underlying process was very likely nuclear and possibly catalyzed by “neutral particle of small mass and marginal stability” that was somewhat akin to a neutron. Krivit reveals how his prescient insights were ignored by the DOE ERAB panel and then effectively buried for 27 years.
Electrochemical energy storage systems convert chemical energy into electrical energy and vice versa through redox reactions. There are two main types: galvanic cells which convert chemical to electrical energy, and electrolytic cells which do the opposite. A basic electrochemical cell consists of two electrodes separated by an electrolyte. Primary cells cannot be recharged, while secondary cells are rechargeable through reversible chemical reactions. Lithium-ion batteries have become widely popular due to their high energy density and lack of memory effect.
This document provides an overview of fuel cells presented by Mahida Hiren R. It begins with an introduction to fuel cells, explaining that they convert hydrogen and oxygen into water and produce electricity and heat in the process. It then discusses the various types of fuel cells, including hydrogen oxygen cells, phosphoric acid cells, molten carbonate cells, solid oxide cells, and cells using fuels like methanol, ammonia, and hydrazine. The document also covers fuel cell design principles, operation, efficiency, applications, and the sources of polarization that reduce fuel cell performance.
Fuel cells provide a promising alternative source of electricity. They convert chemical energy directly into electrical energy through an electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen, producing only water vapor and heat as byproducts. There are several types of fuel cells but proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells are well suited for transportation and small stationary power applications due to their high power density and low operating temperatures. A fuel cell consists of an anode and cathode separated by an electrolyte that allows protons to pass through but blocks electrons, forcing them into an external circuit where they can power devices before being reunited with oxygen at the cathode. While fuel cells have advantages over traditional combustion engines like higher efficiency and lack of emissions, challenges remain around infrastructure, cost and
This document is a report analyzing the design of a solar windmill system with two configurations. The first configuration places photovoltaic (PV) panels on the tower structure of a wind turbine to generate electricity from both wind and solar energy. The second configuration covers wind turbine blades with thin film PV to harness unused solar energy and provide excitation voltage to the generator or battery storage. MATLAB analysis demonstrated the feasibility of these hybrid PV systems. Experimental testing was conducted under various irradiance levels and rotational speeds to derive a relationship between output power and speed for a solar PV mounted turbine.
Technology is increasing our energy needs, but it is also show in new ways to
generate power more effetely with less impact on the environment. One of the most
promising options for supplementing future power supplies is the fuel cells.
A fuel cell is a device that electrochemically converts the chemical energy of a fuel
and an oxidant to electrical energy. The fuel and oxidant are typically stored outside
of the fuel cell and transferred into the fuel cell as the reactants are consumed. The
most common type of fuel cell uses the chemical energy of hydrogen to produce
electricity, with water and heat as by-products. Fuel cells are unique in terms of the
variety of their potential applications; they potentially can provide energy for systems
as large as a utility power station and as small as a laptop computer. Fuel cells have
several potential benefits over conventional combustion- based technologies currently
used in many power plants and passenger vehicles. They produce much smaller
quantities of greenhouse gases and none of the air pollutants that create smog and
cause health problems. If pure hydrogen is used as a fuel, fuel cells emit only heat and
water as a byproduct.
Lattice Energy LLC - Green hard-radiation-free len rs could provide game-chan...Lewis Larsen
Green hard-radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) could provide game-changing nuclear power for military combat systems ranging from aircraft to individual warfighters. LENRs are the only energy technology on the foreseeable horizon that could provide a quantum-leap in military power generation and propulsion capabilities in the 2030 - 2050 time-frame.
The document discusses risks and safety factors associated with lithium batteries. It covers common causes of external and internal battery faults, such as external short circuits, too high discharge or charge currents, pole reversal, charging primary batteries incorrectly, and internal short circuits. The document also discusses safety risks specifically for primary lithium batteries and rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. Integrated safety components and protection circuits aim to prevent battery faults from resulting in overheating, fire or explosion.
This document provides an overview of lithium-ion batteries, including their typical properties, principal applications, and trends. It discusses the different types of lithium batteries, including primary lithium batteries which are disposable, and secondary lithium-ion batteries which are rechargeable. Lithium-ion batteries are characterized by their high energy density and low weight, making them well-suited for applications in consumer electronics, medical devices, and the military. The document provides details on common lithium-ion battery chemistries and their properties.
Diffusivity and Solvation of Alkali Metal Ions in Solid and Aqueous Electroly...Bhavin Shah
This document discusses a science project investigating different materials for use in battery electrolytes and as charge-carrying ions. Molecular dynamics simulations were used to examine how well various alkali, alkaline earth, and halogen ions diffuse through and are solvated by solid polymer and liquid electrolytes. The simulations tested lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, chlorine and fluorine ions in boxes of poly(ethylene oxide) and dimethyl ether to determine which combinations have the best performance properties for batteries. The goal is to find electrolyte-ion combinations that outperform the conventional lithium-ion battery and could enable safer, longer-lasting batteries.
Lattice Energy LLC - Russia announces nuclear fission-powered cruise missile ...Lewis Larsen
In globally televised speech on March 1, President Vladimir Putin claimed that Russia has successfully developed and tested a nuclear-powered cruise missile with unprecedented performance capabilities. If real (which appears likely), this advanced weapon system is probably powered by an unshielded Uranium fission reactor. Such a propulsion system would almost certainly produce large emissions of deadly energetic neutron/gamma radiation and release radioactive waste particulates into reactor exhaust plumes that would be rather dangerous to exposed people and the environment.
Radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) --- which involve neither fission nor fusion --- now under development by Lattice, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toyota, and Nissan are a truly safe, green nuclear technology. Importantly, LENRs can potentially be scaled-up and might someday be able to safely propel future missiles, manned aircraft/UAVs, manned submarines/UUVs, and everyday motor vehicles.
According to Penn State research published in Nature Energy on November 14, 2018, dramatically longer-lasting, faster-charging and safer lithium metal batteries may be possible. The researchers developed a three-dimensional, cross-linked polymer sponge that attaches to the metal plating of a battery anode. This material inhibits dendritic growth that can reduce battery life and potentially cause safety issues. It allows metal plating to be free of dendrites even at low temperatures and fast charging conditions, enabling increased driving range between charges for electric vehicles and longer battery life for smartphones.
Lattice Energy LLC- Steel Microsopheres in NTSB Dreamliner Battery SEM Images...Lewis Larsen
The document discusses evidence from NTSB reports that indicates extremely high temperatures likely occurred at local hotspots in certain GS Yuasa battery cells during a thermal runaway incident, as shown by the presence of perfect stainless steel microspheres which form at temperatures above 3,000o C and imply local hotspots exceeded this temperature.
Rechargeable Sodium-ion Battery - The Future of Battery DevelopmentDESH D YADAV
This document provides an overview of rechargeable sodium-ion batteries and their potential as an alternative to lithium-ion batteries. Sodium-ion batteries offer lower costs due to sodium's nearly unlimited supply compared to lithium. However, their commercial development has been hampered by electrode materials that swell significantly during charging and discharging. Researchers have now developed a composite material made of molybdenum disulfide and graphene nanosheets that shows potential as a sodium-ion battery anode by resisting the swelling reaction. This flexible paper electrode is also the first demonstrated to work at room temperature in a sodium-ion battery anode.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs in Li-ion batteries? - July 16 2010Lewis Larsen
Low energy neutron reactions (LENRs) in advanced batteries and other condensed matter environments; could LENRs be involved in some Li-ion battery fires? Local electric fields greater than 10*11 V/m on nanometer to micron length-scales near fractal structures, sharp tips, and nanoparticles: if heavy-mass e* electrons and ultra low momentum neutrons are produced in such spots, what are the potential implications for advanced batteries?
Detailed Report on Nuclear cold fusion Reaction and it's Future aspectsAnurag Bhattacharjee
This document provides an introduction to nuclear cold fusion and nuclear energy more broadly. It begins by defining nuclear energy as energy harnessed from atomic nuclei through either fission or fusion processes. Fission involves splitting heavy nuclei, like uranium, and is used in current nuclear power plants. Fusion involves combining light nuclei and produces energy through reactions that occur in stars. The document then discusses some advantages and disadvantages of both fission and fusion. It provides background on plasma research and magnetic confinement fusion before concluding that scientists are working to achieve nuclear fusion at room temperature as a future renewable energy source.
Lattice Energy LLC - Scalability of LENR power generation systems - Nov 29 2015Lewis Larsen
Lattice shows how LENR power generation systems could someday scale-up from today’s primitive milliwatt thermal devices to kwh and megawatts of electrical output.
In this PowerPoint presentation, we outline how substantial scale-up of LENR (safe ultralow energy neutron reactions) power generation systems from today’s primitive milliwatt thermal devices to kwh and megawatts is a feasible goal in the near-future. LENR reactors would be vastly smaller and less expensive than equivalent fission counterparts with comparable thermal output.
D-T fusion reactors like ITER and other similar Tokamaks mainly create heat by harvesting the kinetic energy of deadly 14.1 MeV neutrons. Consequently, they require massive shielding and containment systems for safe operation and unsurprisingly have enormous costs and unavoidably huge physical size. Given that the radiation-free Lithium LENR fuel cycle releases nearly 27 MeV versus a total Q-value of 17.6 MeV for the D-T fusion reaction, it is hard to imagine a sound economic argument for spending 100s of billions on commercial fusion reactors if LENR technology is successfully developed and scaled-up as we have outlined herein.
Lack of hard radiation and radioactive wastes permit downward scalability that could enable future development of revolutionary, compact battery-like portable LENR power sources that can compete directly on $ price/kwh with chemical batteries in many applications including power tools, tablets, and smartphones.
Design and development of cooling system of battery in an electric two wheelerIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and development of a cooling system for the battery in an electric two-wheeler. It begins with an introduction to electric vehicles and lithium-ion batteries, explaining that proper thermal management is needed to control the battery's temperature and maximize its performance and lifespan. The authors then describe their design process, which includes selecting appropriate materials, performing heat transfer calculations, and using CAD software to model fins on the battery casing. Finally, they analyze the battery casing both with and without fins using ANSYS Icepak software to evaluate the fins' ability to improve heat dissipation from the battery.
Lattice Energy LLC - Widom-Larsen theory reveals surprising similarities and ...Lewis Larsen
Widom-Larsen theory unveils additional surprising similarities and connections between LENRs and chemical catalysis.
Synopsis: recent extensions of the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs have for the first time revealed additional striking and unexpected similarities between electroweak nuclear catalysis --- collective many-body en + pn reaction in condensed matter --- and enzymatic catalysis, inorganic chemical catalysis, plasmon-mediated chemical photocatalysis with “hot” charge carriers, as well as widely published nanotechnology concept of heterometallic plasmonic antenna-reactor nanoparticles for photocatalysis. Among a number of surprising commonalities between LENRs and chemical catalytic processes, many-body collective quantum effects and high local electric fields > 1010 V/m enable many chemical reactions and LENRs to proceed with substantial rates at vastly lower working temperatures and pressures. Existence of all these unexpected parallels suggests that valuable engineering insights can be obtained by data mining state-of-the art technical knowledge about nanotech and chemical catalysis and then applying and leveraging new insights derived therefrom to help accelerate future development of LENRs for power generation.
This document discusses different types of nuclear batteries, which generate electricity through radioactive decay rather than chemical reactions. There are two main types: thermal converters, which use heat from radioactive decay to generate electricity via mechanisms like thermionic conversion and thermoelectric generation; and non-thermal converters, which directly convert decay energy into electricity without relying on heat differentials. Specific thermal converter types discussed include thermionic converters, radioisotope thermoelectric generators, thermophotovoltaic cells, and alkali-metal thermal to electric converters. Non-thermal converters mentioned are direct charging generators, betavoltaics, alphavoltaics, and optoelectric batteries. The document also briefly outlines fuel considerations, advantages, drawbacks
This document provides an overview of nuclear power batteries, which utilize radioactive decay to generate electricity. It discusses two main categories of nuclear batteries: 1) Thermal converters, which convert heat energy to electrical energy, including thermionic converters, radioisotope thermoelectric generators, thermophotovoltaic cells, and alkali-metal thermal to electric converters. 2) Non-thermal converters, which extract energy directly as radioactive isotopes decay and do not rely on temperature differences, such as direct charging generators. The document outlines the basic scientific principles and potential applications of various nuclear battery technologies for long-term, remote, or high-power uses where other battery types are impractical.
This paper aims to explode nuclear fusion reaction, the theory behind nuclear fusion reactors and countries with different types of fusion reactors along with their fusion theory involved. The energy generated from nuclear fusion reaction is much more huge as compared to nuclear fission reaction, so there have been many research going on this field to explode efficient way to extract this energy into electricity through fusion reactors. The advantages of nuclear fusion over fission is also been discussed and why do we need nuclear fusion energy. Nuclear fusion reactors are key to future energy. Avinash Kumar Mishra | Dr. Anitha G. S. "Nuclear Fusion Reactor – A Review Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30649.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/nuclear-engineering/30649/nuclear-fusion-reactor-%E2%80%93-a-review-study/avinash-kumar-mishra
Transatomic Power (TAP) is developing an advanced molten salt reactor that generates clean, passively safe, proliferation-resistant, and low-cost nuclear power. This reactor can consume the spent nuclear fuel (SNF) generated by commercial light water reactors or use freshly mined uranium at enrichment levels as low as 1.8% U-235. It achieves actinide burnups as high as 96%, and can generate up to 75 times more electricity per ton of mined uranium than a light-water reactor.
Source: http://transatomicpower.com/white_papers/TAP_White_Paper.pdf
Vaibhav Kumar Singh and M Faisal Jamal Khan, Ravensburg-Weingarten University, Germany “Analytical Study and Comparison of Solid and Liquid Batteries for Electric Vehicles and Thermal Management Simulation” United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT) 1.1 (2019): 27-33.
The automotive industry has traditionally been at the forefront of engineering applications for fiber laser systems. The new demands made by the breakthrough of e-mobility has placed even more requirements on fiber lasers in reducing costs, improving performance, and creating new composite materials and components.
Read on to learn more about how fiber lasers support the inevitable breakthrough of e-mobility
This document is a seminar report on nuclear micro-batteries submitted by Vishnu M T. It discusses the historical developments of nuclear batteries dating back to the 1950s. It describes how nuclear batteries harvest energy from radioactive isotopes through alpha and beta particle emissions without nuclear fission or fusion. The report examines various isotopes considered for batteries and mechanisms to incorporate radioactive sources. It outlines advantages like high energy density and lifetime measured in decades, as well as challenges. Applications discussed include powering pacemakers, sensors, and future mobile devices.
Similar to Lattice Energy LLC- Field Failures and LENRs in Lithium-based Batteries-Jan 23 2013 (20)
Lattice Energy LLC - Strategic importance of accelerating commercialization o...Lewis Larsen
Prospects for commercialization of LENRs have radically improved. New Lattice report “Strategic importance of accelerating commercialization of LENRs for green radiation-free nuclear power and propulsion” aims at a broad audience and outlines strategic case for greatly increasing R&D funding to accelerate development of ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) for CO2-free power generation. Recent Japanese government-funded NEDO project solved previously intractable problems with rational device design & fabrication, experimental repeatability, and erratic, limited thermal output that bedeviled researchers worldwide since 1989-90.
Given spectacular Japanese progress, it appears very likely that LENRs will be commercialized, probably sooner rather than later. Today, Japan is by far the experimental leader along that path; heavily involved companies include Mitsubishi Heavy industries, Toyota, and Nissan..
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs enable green radiation-free nuclear power and prop...Lewis Larsen
This document provides a history of low-energy nuclear reactions (LENRs) research, beginning in the early 1900s. It discusses key events and experiments, including Einstein encouraging Sternglass to publish his 1951 findings of neutron production in a hydrogen-filled X-ray tube. It describes Pons and Fleischmann's 1989 announcement of excess heat production in electrochemical cells, which was met with skepticism. It outlines subsequent experimental work reporting nuclear transmutations and heat without radiation. The document proposes that these effects may be explained by ultralow energy neutron production via collective many-body processes, as first hypothesized by Einstein and Sternglass.
Lewis Larsen - DJIA approaches previous all-time record high close of 26828 -...Lewis Larsen
Dow-Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) is approaching previous all-time record high close of 26,828 - what happens next? If U.S. economy speeds-up by 3Q 2019 and/or good China-US trade deal is completed, DJIA could hit new all-time highs and increase by 3,000 to 6,000 points during next 6 - 18 months.
Lattice Energy LLC - Microbial radiation resistance transmutation of elements...Lewis Larsen
Microbial radiation resistance, possible transmutation of elements, and the dawn of life on Earth
Multi-species communities of microorganisms will expend energy to assimilate and process heavy elements like Cesium, Gold, and Uranium that -- now -- play no obvious roles in growth or metabolism. Credible experimental data suggests some bacteria are shifting isotope ratios and possibly even transmuting certain elements. How and why are microbes doing this? LENRs may explain how, but why?
Although credible experimental data suggests some microbes can transmute certain elements via LENRs, much more experimentation will be required to decisively demonstrate that microorganisms can truly transmute chemical elements at will and determine which species of microbes have such capabilities. LENRs may not be all that uncommon out in Nature; if so, there will be major implications for geochemistry, isotope geology, and nuclear waste remediation.
LENRs can mimic isotopic effects of mass-dependent and mass-independent chemical fractionation. Elements and isotopes conserve their mass-balances in purely chemical systems; that is not necessarily true if LENRs are also occurring in same systems. Accurate measurement of total mass balances for all chemical species may be needed to discriminate between chemical and nuclear processes.
ULE neutron-catalyzed transmutation is not energetically practical for more-abundant chemical elements found in living systems such as Carbon. However, transmutation could potentially be an energetically feasible and advantageous capability that could enable some fortunate microbes to produce life-critical, low-abundance catalytic active site metals that are unavailable in local environments.
Japanese government-funded project with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toyota, Nissan, and four universities is developing abiotic LENRs for power generation. Recently reported outstanding heat production results at working temperatures and pressures far lower than those found in many undersea hydrothermal vents.
Lattice Energy LLC - Korean scientists use bacteria to reduce concentration o...Lewis Larsen
Korean scientists used experimental laboratory mixtures of bacteria to reduce concentration of radioactive Cesium-137 (as indicated by gamma emissions) present in aqueous growth solutions irradiated with light at 12-hour intervals, shaken, and incubated at 25o C.
During experiments, and compared to controls, measured gamma radiation for flasks containing bacteria decreased at vastly higher rates than would be expected for ‘normal’ rate of Cs-137 β-decay. Is radioactive Cesium actually being transmuted into heavier Cs isotopes and other elements by living bacteria?
Lattice energy LLC - Chinese chemists report photochemical triggering of LENR...Lewis Larsen
Experiments reported in 2017 by Prof. Gong-xuan Lu et al. at Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, in Lanzhou, China showed photocatalytic triggering of ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) at NTP with visible light. Experimental results reported in “Journal of Molecular Catalysis” (China) in 2017 claimed production of Deuterium and Helium as well as nuclear transmutation of Potassium to Calcium. Very significant discovery if experimental claims can be independently confirmed by other researchers using same methods. If Lu et al.’s claims are confirmed, their work has important implications. For chemical catalysis, it suggests that LENR transmutations can occur at very low rates in parallel with ordinary chemical reactions; LENRs can coexist and interoperate at NTP. Also implies total mass-balances for chemical elements comprising reactants and products might not necessarily be conserved. For astrophysics and cosmochemistry, it means that nucleosynthesis can occur on surfaces of Hydrogen- and metal-rich dust grains irradiated by starlight.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENR experiment conducted by The Aerospace Corporation r...Lewis Larsen
LENR experiment conducted independently in 2017 by The Aerospace Corporation (non-profit company that operates a FFRDC) effectively repeated excess heat results reported by the Japanese government-funded NEDO LENR fabrication and testing project. Experimental data from this confirmatory experiment was reported by Dr. Edward Beiting, a physicist and Senior Scientist at The Aerospace Corporation, in a presentation that occurred on June 5, 2018 at the ICCF-21 conference held at Colorado State University in Ft. Collins, Colorado.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs are revolutionary disruptive energy technology for...Lewis Larsen
Safe, radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) expand use of nuclear power & propulsion into huge range of land vehicles, aircraft, watercraft, and spacecraft. Scales downward from large fission reactors used in nuclear naval aircraft carriers and submarines. Enormous energy densities of LENR-based power & propulsion technology could confer decisive combat systems advantages on near-future battlefields.
Lattice Energy LLC - Revolutionary LENRs for power generation - accelerating ...Lewis Larsen
Commercialization of radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) for power generation could potentially occur with surprising speed. In just 2.5 years, Japanese government NEDO-funded LENR device fabrication and testing project achieved TRL-4 (refuting the skeptics) and validated application of Widom-Larsen theory, materials science, and nanotech to help accelerate commercialization pathway from present developmental level of TRL-4 to future commercial LENR-based products at TRL-9.
Lattice Energy LLC - March 2 Technova seminar in Tokyo released more info re ...Lewis Larsen
The document discusses a Japan New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO)-sponsored project on low-energy nuclear reactions (LENRs). The project achieved watt-level excess heat production from nanocomposite LENR device materials in over 70% of experiments. This demonstrates the potential for LENRs to be a safe, low-radiation source of nuclear energy without the issues of radioactive waste generation associated with fission. Further development of nanotechnology approaches could enable greater control of LENR processes and scale-up to useful power levels.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese NEDO industry-academia-government project - nan...Lewis Larsen
Nanocomposite LENR devices in Japanese NEDO industry-academia-government R&D project produced enough cumulative excess heat to boil a cup of tea.
Since 1989, production of calorimetrically measured excess heat during vast majority of experiments with purpose-fabricated LENR devices was a hit-or-miss proposition. When excess heat produced, was typically < 1 Watt for periods ranging from few hours to several days. NEDO greatly improved device fabrication, reproducibility, longevity, and excess heat performance.
For years skeptics summarily dismissed LENRs as a potential new energy source because experiments were unable to produce enough excess heat to even “boil a cup of tea.” Thanks to results of NEDO project, not any more.
NEDO project has demonstrated that LENRs can produce non-trivial, Watt-level amounts of excess heat from nanocomposite multi-metal devices without emission of deadly fluxes of energetic neutron or gamma radiation --- it is safe, radiation-free nuclear technology.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese NEDO LENR project reported reasonably reproduci...Lewis Larsen
Japan’s NEDO industry-academia-government R&D program’s recent experimental results technically validated potential for LENRs to become major future energy source.
Excess heat was produced in ~ 80% of project’s reported LENR experiments. Whenever excess heat was created, it is most often at Watt-levels or better at reactor operating temperatures of 200 - 300 degrees C. Duration of excess heat production ranged up to weeks, which is non-trivial. Such LENR device behavior represents excellent reproducibility for complex early-stage technology. With respect to reproducibility of device fabrication methods and heat production, these are best-ever experimental results reported to date in field of LENRs.
Watt-level excess heat was produced in Hydrogen (H)- and Deuterium (D)-loaded experimental systems. No deadly energetic (MeV-energy) gamma or neutron radiation was detected during heat production in any project experimental runs. Such observations are consistent with and predicted by the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs which posits production and capture of ultralow energy neutrons on ‘fuel’ atoms which drive hard-radiation-free nuclear transmutation reactions and decays that release nuclear binding energy in form of copious heat.
In Lattice’s opinion, NEDO project’s outstanding experimental results change LENRs’ Technology Readiness Level (TRL) from TRL-3 to TRL-4 (European Commission definitions). This is an important step in commercialization of LENRs for power generation applications.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese NEDO LENR project reported good progress in exc...Lewis Larsen
The document summarizes the progress of a Japanese government-funded R&D project on low-energy nuclear reactions (LENRs) between October 2015 and October 2017. The project scientists reported improvements in reproducibly fabricating test devices that produce excess heat, with some devices cumulatively generating up to 85 megajoules of excess heat per mole of absorbed hydrogen or deuterium. This suggests LENRs could potentially serve as a new source of safe, low-radiation nuclear energy. Japan's NEDO has organized LENR R&D projects with industry and academia since 2015 to develop new energy technologies.
Lewis Larsen - Dow-Jones Industrial Average reaches 26000 - what happens next...Lewis Larsen
The document discusses Lewis Larsen's qualitative macroeconomic model that he developed in the 1980s. The model predicted a secular decline in interest rates and rise in stock prices as long as inflation was kept below 3-5%. It also predicted a continuing shift from tangible to financial assets in household portfolios. Larsen's forecasts from the 1980s were discussed in articles by Barron's columnist Jonathan Laing in 1986, 1988, and 1999. The model's predictions seem to have come true as inflation has remained low and stock prices and productivity have increased in the decades since 1985.
Lattice Energy LLC - Polar vortex cold wave in USA has potential for lower te...Lewis Larsen
Today, the United States is gripped in jaws of a Polar Vortex extreme cold weather event in Midwest and Northeast. On December 27, 2017 the nighttime low temperature in Duluth, Minnesota hit bone-chilling 41 degrees below zero F. This severe cold snap is predicted to persist through January 5 – 7, 2018. How will wind & solar renewable energy sources and commercial natural gas pipelines perform during this latest Polar Vortex event in U.S.? It will be interesting to see what happens between today and mid-January 2018.
Lattice Energy LLC - Fossil fuels and nuclear vs renewables for powering elec...Lewis Larsen
Enormous potential future value for diversified portfolios of renewable, fossil-fueled, and nuclear power generation --- enable grids to have resilience against extreme weather events related to climate change and “Black Swan” volcanic eruptions.
Proverb: “In the first place … an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.” Benjamin Franklin (1735). Fukushima lessons: mitigate improbable extreme events if not too expensive; $200 million was thought too costly to fix backup generators in 2006 but the ‘cure’ for the 2011 nuclear disaster now costs $189 billion and could take 30 - 40 years.
What may appear ‘greener’ and less $$$ in myopic short-term decision-making about grids could end-up being extremely $$$ expensive or catastrophic in longer-term. Data suggests that is it too risky for society to put all its energy “eggs” into a single renewable basket. Lattice therefore believes balanced diversity of different types of grid power sources is best strategy for insuring 99+% future reliability and excellent resiliency of electricity grids facing onslaughts of extreme weather events and low but non-zero probability for catastrophic Black Swan volcanic eruptions.
Since high % of renewable energy sources on electricity grids is a new phenomenon and unexplored territory, there aren’t preexisting road maps to guide government regulation and critical implementation by industry. Private sector companies by nature are concerned with short-term bottom line profitability and have more narrowly focused interests; by contrast, government is responsible for insuring national energy security over much longer time-frames and broader range of grid-threatening events.
Rick Perry/DOE’s controversial NOPR to FERC in September created an important opportunity for U.S. government and industry to begin productive dialogue about how to enhance the U.S. electricity grid’s ability to maintain present reliability and adapt to climate change.
Lattice Energy LLC - US Secretary of Energy Rick Perry-DOE suggestions to FER...Lewis Larsen
U.S. Secretary of Energy Rick Perry-DOE suggestions to FERC re improving future grid resiliency are reasonable
U.S. Secretary of Energy Rick Perry has been heavily criticized for controversial DOE letter to FERC that proposed changes to compensation rules involving coal and nuclear power generation. Letter suggested that coal and nuclear operators should be compensated somehow for special value to grid resiliency provided by providing uninterruptible power during extreme weather events. Rick Perry-DOE further suggested that another requirement for receiving such compensation would be that eligible grid-connected dispatchable generation assets must be able to store enough fuel onsite to permit 90 days of uninterrupted electric power generation.
Ongoing climate change appears to be increasing the probability of extreme polar vortex cold snaps like what occurred in U.S. in winter of 2014; lowest temperatures during that episode only lasted for several days. Since then, there have been additional occurrences of weather extremes that drastically reduced renewable power output and lasted much longer than several days.
During 2015 there was a severe wind drought in Western United States lasting nearly six months. During December 2016 and January 2017 Germany and Western Europe experienced several protracted periods --- lasting up to one month --- during which there was little or no sun nor any wind. On January 24, power shortfall with renewables got so bad that Germany came within one dispatchable coal-fired power plant of experiencing a national power blackout. That was eerily similar to what nearly happened in Northeastern U.S. during worst of 2014 polar vortex and revealed limited resilience of Germany's Energiewende.
Given that extreme weather events can clearly cause substantial, protracted power shortfalls with renewables and natural gas plants, Rick Perry/DOE’s deep concerns about fuel security and suggestions to FERC are reasonable.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENR technology could help justify 2 trillion valuation ...Lewis Larsen
LENR technology could help justify Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman’s proposed US$ 2 trillion valuation for Saudi Aramco in planned 2018 company IPO.
Some outsiders and company insiders believe IPO valuation of US$ 400 billion up to maximum of 1.5 trillion are more realistic numbers. To the contrary, announcing major new R&D program in LENR technology by Aramco prior to IPO could boost valuation by increasing perceived future growth prospects and potentially enabling future production and sale of new types of revolutionary nanoparticulate CO2-free fuels derived from oil. These aromatic Carbon LENR fuels for transportation and power generation applications would have over 5,000x the energy density of gasoline.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese confirm Lattice hypotheses re importance of ads...Lewis Larsen
Survival of 40% of world’s population heavily depends on higher food production enabled by Ammonia fertilizer produced in large plants via Haber-Bosch process as commercialized in 1909.
Progress is being made with new catalyst technology that could potentially reduce capital and operating costs of future Ammonia plants which would be cost-effective in much smaller sizes that enable distributed production.
Recent Japanese papers confirm Lattice’s hypotheses about importance of adsorbed protons and high
local electric fields for boosting reaction rates on some types of metallic catalyst surfaces.
Manabe et al. achieved high yield Haber-Bosch-like synthesis of Ammonia by applying DC electric fields
along with N2, H2, Cs/Ru catalyst and SrZrO3 support at just room temperature and ~1 atmosphere pressure versus ~450o C and ~200 atm in commercial NH3 plant.
Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs predicts deep causal connection between many-body collective physics of electroweak nuclear catalysis and chemical catalysis: very high local electric fields ≥ 1010 V/m and mobile surface patches of Q-M entangled protons. In LENRs these enable: electron + proton --> neutron + neutrino.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
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Lattice Energy LLC- Field Failures and LENRs in Lithium-based Batteries-Jan 23 2013
1. LENRs and field failure runaway fires in advanced batteries
LENRs are potentially another mechanism for producing
so-called field failures that can trigger catastrophic
thermal runaway fires in Lithium-based batteries
Lewis Larsen
President and CEO
Lattice Energy LLC
Chicago, IL USA
1-312-861-0115
lewisglarsen@gmail.com
Please see the following technical documents:
1. “Batteries for Sustainability – Selected Entries from the Encyclopedia of Sustainability in Science and
Technology”
Ralph J. Brodd, Editor
Springer ISBN 978-1-4614-5791-6 (eBook)
Chapter 9 by B. Barnett et al., “Lithium-ion Batteries, Safety” [25 pages of annotated quotes attached]
Book version print length: total is 519 pages
Publisher: Springer New York; 1 edition (December 11, 2012)
Preview is available at source URL:
http://www.amazon.com/Batteries-for-Sustainability-ebook/dp/B00APXDLXA
Can also be purchased for US$143.50 through Amazon as a Kindle Edition at source URL:
http://www.amazon.com/Batteries-for-Sustainability-ebook/dp/B00APXDLXA
2. LENRs in Lithium-ion batteries [68 slides]
Lewis Larsen, Lattice Energy LLC
July 16, 2010
Source URL: http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/cfakepathlattice-energy-llc-len-rs-in-liion-battery-
firesjuly-16-2010
3. Evanescent localized superconductivity in LENR ‘patches’ [92 slides]
Lewis Larsen, Lattice Energy LLC
August 23, 2012
Source URL: http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-hightemperature-superconductivity-
in-patchesaug-23-2012
4. Index to concepts and documents about Widom-Larsen theory, LENRs, and Lattice Energy [63 slides]
Lewis Larsen, Lattice Energy LLC
November 21, 2012
Source URL: http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llcindex-to-documents-re-widomlarsen-
theory-of-lenrsnov-21-2012
LENRs might be triggers for field failures/thermal runaway events in some Lithium battery fires:
There is a heretofore little appreciated subset of Lithium-based battery problems cryptically called a “field
failure” mode that, while much rarer than ‘plain vanilla’ safety issues such as punctures and other types
mechanical damage, seem to be highly correlated with catastrophic thermal runaway events. According
to a major Lithium-ion battery manufacturer in a private communication, field failures apparently occur
almost randomly in roughly 1 out of every 4 to 5 million Lithium-based battery cells right off the production
line, regardless of their chemistry.
Lattice Energy LLC Copyright 2013 All rights reserved
2. LENRs and field failure runaway fires in advanced batteries
This somewhat obscure field failure problem involves catastrophic thermal failure of a single battery cell.
While it is often thought to be associated with internal shorts and electrical arcing within a somehow
defective cell, some battery manufacturers will admit privately that this peculiar failure mode is not well-
characterized and very poorly understood --- most of them are presently at a loss for ideas about exactly
how to definitively mitigate such a problem. It is well known that if just a single cell in a large, multi-cell
battery pack fails in this particular manner, it can potentially trigger an even more catastrophic large-scale
thermal runaway event that rapidly propagates through an entire battery pack, destroying adjacent cells
via thermal fratricide as well as possibly the entire interior of, for example, an all-electric motor vehicle.
This additional new source of concern about the safety of advanced Lithium-based batteries has arisen
because, in the course of our company’s ongoing R&D efforts, Lattice has applied the Widom-Larsen
theory of Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENRs) on a practical level to try to help better understand the
possible role of nanoscale metal dendrites and nanoparticles in certain types of failure modes that may
occur in smaller Lithium-based batteries as well as in extremely large, multi-thousand-cell battery packs
utilized in all-electric vehicles and some military applications.
In May 2010, academic researchers at Oxford University published a new and we think important paper
that many believe implicates the involvement of Lithium metal dendrites in a significant number of Li-ion
battery failures (please see R. Bhattacharyya et al., "In situ NMR observation of the formation of metallic
Lithium microstructures in lithium batteries," Nature Materials 9 pp. 504 - 510). What is of great concern
from a safety standpoint is that nanoscale internal metal dendrites that are prone to shorting-out can grow
spontaneously over time as a given battery ages and goes through many charge-discharge cycles.
A battery pack may well be perfectly safe during the first months of ordinary use; however, dendrites and
other types of nanoparticulate structures grow inside over time, increasing the probability of dangerous
internal electrical shorts as the battery ‘ages’. The problem is that nobody in the world has any real
working experience with large multi-cell Lithium-based battery backs that have endured hard usage and
vibration for periods of many years. Also, nanoscale internal metallic dendrites can potentially form and
grow in almost any type of Lithium-based battery chemistry.
Approaching battery safety from perhaps a different technical perspective than many scientists, we have
become increasingly concerned that some present/future Lithium-based battery chemistries could
potentially be susceptible to rare, but potentially very damaging occurrences of LENRs in isolated
nanometer to micron-scale regions within some failing battery cells. Cell field failures arising from
nanoscale internal shorts/arcs are thus very worrisome with regard to potentially triggering LENRs that
can in turn readily initiate macroscopic, catastrophic thermal runaways.
Please see the hyperlinked Lattice presentation dated July 16, 2010: field failures are exactly the type of
nanoscale event that Lattice believes could potentially lead to the creation of tiny, internal micron-scale
LENR ‘fireballs’ that could in principle initiate large-scale macroscopic, very hot-burning metal oxidation
reactions that are very capable of generating their own free oxygen inside battery casings (as described
in the presentation).
Nonpublic experiments have been conducted by a large company involving custom-built Li-ion battery
packs comprising 50-60 commodity 18650 Li-ion cells with a standard chemistry; the wiring
interconnection architecture was ~ the same as a typical EV battery pack. According to a private
communication, results from deliberately induced, catastrophic Li-ion battery field failures were eye-
opening: anomalously high temperatures in excess of 3,000 degrees were measured and recorded before
thermocouples in failing battery packs were obliterated by intense heat. A detailed explanation of exactly
how such anomalously high temperatures were achieved under such conditions is still under active
investigation by the company’s scientists.
What is somewhat worrisome about new types of Lithium Titanate battery chemistries in a field failure
mode is that Titanium metal burns at a much hotter temperature than Lithium --- at ~3,400 degrees C. So,
for example, an all-electric EV cruising down a highway could potentially encounter a 3,400 degree
internal Lithium and Titanium metal fire with a fast-spreading flame front that generates its own oxygen as
Lattice Energy LLC Copyright 2013 All rights reserved
3. LENRs and field failure runaway fires in advanced batteries
it combusts materials located inside a vehicle’s failing battery pack. This could create a dangerous fire
that might be difficult or impossible to extinguish. Even new types of inert Argon-foam fire suppression
systems such as those retrofitted in some cargo aircraft are likely to be incapable of stopping a
conflagration this hot that also creates its own source of oxygen as it aggressively heats battery materials.
If a large aircraft in flight were to experience a hypothetical good-sized Li-Ti EV-class LENR-triggered
battery fire, absent a robust thermal containment system it would seem that the plane’s structural integrity
could potentially be compromised because (ignoring the effects of a pressure-pulse if a large battery
pack’s casing actually detonates) a large heterogeneous 'blob' of molten material at 3,400 degrees is
certainly hot enough to melt all the way down through the aluminum or composite fuselage of an aircraft
... a disturbing possibility.
A for-now nameless engineering firm with a large battery consultancy believes that about midway through
such a super-hot fire in a very large EV-class battery pack, enough excess combustible gases could
potentially accumulate inside the casing just ahead of a advancing flame front to enable a powerful
detonation that completes the process of battery destruction --- i.e., a large chemical explosion combined
with white-hot shrapnel that can ignite other nearby combustibles.
Interestingly, as speculatively discussed in the hyperlinked Lattice presentation dated August 23, 2012,
evanescent ‘flickering’ superconductivity may occur in micron-scale patches just before they go LENR-
active and make neutrons. If in fact this behavior occurred inside a battery, nearby nanostructures holding
charge might well be trying to locally ‘dump’ current into a superconducting patch, further exacerbating
the field failure problem. Also, per the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs some fraction of the electrons
located in such a patch would get converted into neutrons via an electroweak reaction (e + p n) which
locally destroys charge, thus possibly causing more nearby charge to rush-in and fill the ‘gap.’
Please now refer to the attached annotated excerpts from the book chapter by Barnett et al.: they have
written an excellent, very informative document that discusses safety issues in the context of field failure
modes in Lithium-based batteries. In my opinion, it is a must-read for people interested in battery safety
and well-worth the purchase price of $143.50 for Springer’s full Kindle eBook version.
I have taken the liberty to annotate Barnett et al.’s book chapter so that readers can easily connect blocks
of text to LENR-related ideas found in this cover preface as well as in the other mentioned Lattice
presentations found on SlideShare. You will find that their thinking resonates strongly with ours and that
LENRs appear to be a plausible trigger for some indeterminate subset of field failure events. These can in
turn potentially lead to catastrophic thermal runaway processes that presently pose a major safety risk in
advanced batteries with high energy densities.
As long as it does not involve any disclosure of Lattice-proprietary technical information that we deem
relevant to energy production applications, Lattice is interested and prepared to engage in fee-based
consulting with other companies in regard to assessing safety issues involving LENRs in connection with
field failures, battery fires, and thermal runaways.
Technical questions and inquiries are welcome.
Thank you.
Lew Larsen
January 23, 2013
Lattice Energy LLC Copyright 2013 All rights reserved
4. Chapter 9 by Barnett et al. Batteries for Sustainability R. Brodd, ed. Springer 2012 (e-book 2013)
Following are annotated (by me) quoted text that was extracted from Barnett et al.'s
publication; readers are strongly urged to purchase the e-book version to obtain full
details about their excellent work on field failures in Lithium-based batteries.
Lewis Larsen
January 23, 2013
01/23/2013 1 Copyright Springer 2012
5. Chapter 9 by Barnett et al. Batteries for Sustainability R. Brodd, ed. Springer 2012 (e-book 2013)
So-called "field failures" are a key topic of discussion in this well-written, extremely
informative book chapter by Barnett et al. This material is a must-read for those
interested in better understanding safety issues with regard to Lithium-based batteries.
01/23/2013 2 Copyright Springer 2012
6. Chapter 9 by Barnett et al. Batteries for Sustainability R. Brodd, ed. Springer 2012 (e-book 2013)
Defines the term
"field failure."
01/23/2013 3 Copyright Springer 2012
7. Chapter 9 by Barnett et al. Batteries for Sustainability R. Brodd, ed. Springer 2012 (e-book 2013)
Energetics of
"field failure"
events can be
impressive in
worst-case
thermal scenarios
01/23/2013 4 Copyright Springer 2012
8. Chapter 9 by Barnett et al. Batteries for Sustainability R. Brodd, ed. Springer 2012 (e-book 2013)
Low Energy
Nuclear
Reactions
(LENRs) can
potentially be
an additional,
potent
nanoscale
causative
mechanism for
triggering "field
failures" in
batteries under
certain specific
conditions,
regardless of
their chemistry.
Note: LENRs are NOT necessarily a "manufacturing defect" per se; physical conditions
favorable to triggering LENRs can slowly 'grow' on tiny nanostructures (one type of such
structures is dendrites, but it is not the only one) in various regions within batteries as
they gradually 'age' and go through many charge-discharge cycles.
01/23/2013 5 Copyright Springer 2012
9. Chapter 9 by Barnett et al. Batteries for Sustainability R. Brodd, ed. Springer 2012 (e-book 2013)
Very important
points are
made here in
these bullets.
Esp. see
underlined
text.
In some, but
certainly not all
instances of
battery field
failures, LENRs
could provide a
plausible
nanoscale
mechanism that
could enable a
'random,'
microscopic
internal
electrical short
to very rapidly
turn into a
catastrophic,
macroscopic
chemical
thermal
runaway event.
What the authors
are saying here is
that there's no
such thing as a a
risk-free advanced
Lithium-based
battery --- it simply
doesn't exist and
furthermore is
probably an
unattainable,
impossible
manufacturing
goal.
01/23/2013 6 Copyright Springer 2012
10. Chapter 9 by Barnett et al. Batteries for Sustainability R. Brodd, ed. Springer 2012 (e-book 2013)
Au contraire, in
certain cases
the underlying
mechanism for
field failures
might very well
be LENRs,
although that
may be difficult
to prove
unequivocally.
Much more
experimentation
on this point is
crucial and
sorely needed.
Note importance
of dendrites.
01/23/2013 7 Copyright Springer 2012
11. Chapter 9 by Barnett et al. Batteries for Sustainability R. Brodd, ed. Springer 2012 (e-book 2013)
Exact location of
electrical short
(spark) in a
battery cell is very
important as to
whether the event
ultimately turns-
into a thermal
runaway or not.
Lattice strongly
agrees with this.
Please note that
Nickel happens to
be a substrate
that is also
utilized in some
LENR
experiments that
can produce
substantial
amounts of
excess heat.
01/23/2013 8 Copyright Springer 2012
12. Chapter 9 by Barnett et al. Batteries for Sustainability R. Brodd, ed. Springer 2012 (e-book 2013)
Nanoscale
regions prone
to shorts can
'grow' over
time and may
often NOT be
present just
after a given
battery was
manufactured.
01/23/2013 9 Copyright Springer 2012
13. Chapter 9 by Barnett et al. Batteries for Sustainability R. Brodd, ed. Springer 2012 (e-book 2013)
See Lattice SlideShare presentation dated July 16, 2010, for an in-depth discussion of
extremely high electric fields that can occur in the vicinity of dendrite tips and juxtaposed
nanoparticles in which there can be utterly enormous micron-scale local power densities.
01/23/2013 10 Copyright Springer 2012
14. Chapter 9 by Barnett et al. Batteries for Sustainability R. Brodd, ed. Springer 2012 (e-book 2013)
Micron-scale
LENR-active
'patches', while
rather tiny on the
scale of the entire
interior of a
battery, create
very potent
localized 'hot
spots' that may
reach peak
temperatures as
high as 4,000 to
6,000 degrees
Kelvin --- LENRs
have been
experimentally
observed to boil
refractory metals
in micron-sized
surface 'craters'
over a period of
~10 to 300
nanoseconds,
which is roughly
the 'lifetime' of an
active LENR
'patch'.
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15. Chapter 9 by Barnett et al. Batteries for Sustainability R. Brodd, ed. Springer 2012 (e-book 2013)
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16. Chapter 9 by Barnett et al. Batteries for Sustainability R. Brodd, ed. Springer 2012 (e-book 2013)
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17. Chapter 9 by Barnett et al. Batteries for Sustainability R. Brodd, ed. Springer 2012 (e-book 2013)
This is why, in the
presently
indeterminate
subset of field
failure events in
which LENRs
could potentially
be occurring,
even a minuscule
super-hot 'nuclear
heat spark' might
very well be
extremely
effective at
triggering vastly
larger chemical
thermal runaway
processes.
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18. Chapter 9 by Barnett et al. Batteries for Sustainability R. Brodd, ed. Springer 2012 (e-book 2013)
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19. Chapter 9 by Barnett et al. Batteries for Sustainability R. Brodd, ed. Springer 2012 (e-book 2013)
This is a key
distinction to
understand -
they make a
very
important
point here.
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20. Chapter 9 by Barnett et al. Batteries for Sustainability R. Brodd, ed. Springer 2012 (e-book 2013)
Excellent
summary of
characteristics
of field failures.
Super-important
point that they
are making here
- please heed
this warning
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21. Chapter 9 by Barnett et al. Batteries for Sustainability R. Brodd, ed. Springer 2012 (e-book 2013)
Those who
knowingly
choose to
ignore these
important
points may
live to regret
their decision
to do so.
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22. Chapter 9 by Barnett et al. Batteries for Sustainability R. Brodd, ed. Springer 2012 (e-book 2013)
Once runaway
event is
triggered, cell
temperature
can go from
150 degrees C
up to over 600
degrees C,
"almost
instantly."
Internal cell
temperatures
rise very
quickly in
such events.
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23. Chapter 9 by Barnett et al. Batteries for Sustainability R. Brodd, ed. Springer 2012 (e-book 2013)
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25. Chapter 9 by Barnett et al. Batteries for Sustainability R. Brodd, ed. Springer 2012 (e-book 2013)
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26. Chapter 9 by Barnett et al. Batteries for Sustainability R. Brodd, ed. Springer 2012 (e-book 2013)
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27. Chapter 9 by Barnett et al. Batteries for Sustainability R. Brodd, ed. Springer 2012 (e-book 2013)
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