Lithium and Lithium-ion Batteries: Challenges and Prospects
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This is the academic presentation by Rahmandhika Firdauzha Hary Hernandha for Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion Device course in National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan. The slides based on an academic paper in Electrochem. Soc. Interface, 2016, 25(3), 85-87 by Stefano Passerini and Bruno Scrosati with other 10 papers as supporting information and images.
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Lithium and Lithium-ion Batteries: Challenges and Prospects
- 1. Lithium and Lithium-Ion Batteries: Challenges and Prospects Based on Electrochem. Soc. Interface, 2016, 25(3), 85-87 by Stefano Passerini and Bruno Scrosati Rahmandhika Firdauzha Hary Hernandha | Energy Storage and Electrochemistry lab. Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan (R. O. C.) 1
- 2. Outline Introduction LIB Challenges for LIB Alternative for Battery Technology LIB and LB for Future 2
- 3. Outline Introduction LIB Challenges for LIB Alternative for Battery Technology LIB and LB for Future 3
- 4. 4
- 5. 5
- 6. Introduction Due to their sporadic nature, solar and wind sources require a suitable system to storage and return energy on demand, and the EVs require an efficient source to power the electric engine. 6
- 8. Outline Introduction LIB Challenges for LIB Alternative for Battery Technology LIB and LB for Future 8
- 9. Outline Introduction LIB Challenges for LIB Alternative for Battery Technology LIB and LB for Future 9
- 10. LIBs LIB Electrodes: Anodes Graphite Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) Li-M (M = Sn, Si, …) MO (M = Co, Fe, Cu, Mn, Ni, …) LIB Electrodes: Cathodes LiCoO2 (LCO) Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) LiNi0.32Mn0.33Co0.33O2 (NMC) LiMn2O4 (LMO) LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA) LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) 10
- 11. GRAPHITE • Low specific capacity (∼370 mAh/g) • Relatively good in structural stability • Operating voltage close to that of Li/Li+ (∼0.1 V vs Li/Li+) Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) • limited specific capacity (∼175 mAh/g) • Very high structural stability • High voltage (∼1.5 V vs Li/Li+) Li-M (M = Sn, Si, …) • High specific capacity (for Si ∼3578.5 mAh/g, Sn ~600 mAh/g) • Low structural stability with >350% volume expansion • Low de-lithiation voltage (∼0.4 V vs Li/Li+) MO (M = Co, Fe, Cu, Mn, Ni, …) • High specific capacity (in theory) NiO-C >1000 mAh/g • High structural stability (ex: NiO-C) • Generally poor charge- discharge energy efficiency • Known has a limited cycling stability RSC Adv., 2016,6, 87778-87790 J. Materiomics, 2015, 1(3), 153-169 J. Mater. Chem. A, 2015,3, 5750-5777 Nano-Micro Lett., 2019, 11(3), 1-18 ANODES 11
- 12. Layered LiCoO2 (LCO) Nat. Mater., 2003, 2(7), 464-467 Olivine LFP CATHODES Nanoscale Horiz., 2016, 1, 423-444 12
- 13. LIBs LIB Electrolytes: Liquids (common solvent is Carbonate: EC/PC/DMC/DEC) LiPF6 salt Ionic Liquids, room temperature molten salts (hybrid and pure) LIB Electrolytes: Solids Mixture of a lithium salt and poly(ethylene oxide) or PEO Crystalline (still under development) solid membranes NASA robot RoboSimian droid battery blows up (2016) https://sma.nasa.gov/docs/default-source/event-docs/lithium-ion-battery-safety.pdf?sfvrsn=485becf8_4 13
- 14. Nat. Commun., 2017, 8:15806, 1-14 “Understanding materials challenges for rechargeable ion batteries with in situ transmission electron microscopy” 14
- 15. 15
- 16. What we need for better LIBs? High-stable electrode capacity High electrode structural stability Better ionic conductivity electrolytes in wide temperature range Low flammability system (especially for electrolyte) High recyclability materials for electrodes and other additional components Low cost materials Wider potential range in order to apply it in every condition16
- 17. Outline Introduction LIB Challenges for LIB Alternative for Battery Technology LIB and LB for Future 17
- 18. Outline Introduction LIB Challenges for LIB Alternative for Battery Technology LIB and LB for Future 18
- 19. Then, what’s next? Consistent attention is presently devoted to the so-called “beyond lithium-ion batteries,” including lithium-air, lithium-sulfur, sodium ion, magnesium, and Lithium Metal system. By this review, we divide battery systems into two categories: near-term and long-term technologies. Electrochem. Soc. Interface, 2016, 25(3), 85-87 Nat. Rev. Mater., 2016, 1(13), 1-16 19
- 20. Lithium-air (and Metal-air) Nat. Rev. Mater., 2016, 1(13), 1-16 20
- 21. Lithium-air (and Metal-air) The challenges faced in the development of the cathode, anode and electrolyte of each battery from panels a–c (previous slide). OER, oxygen evolution reaction; ORR, oxygen reduction reaction. Nat. Rev. Mater., 2016, 1(13), 1-16 21
- 22. Lithium-sulfur Nat. Rev. Mater., 2016, 1(13), 1-16 22
- 23. Lithium-sulfur Corresponding discharge–charge (left and right panels, respectively) profiles of the structures in panel a (previous slide). Poly(S-r-DIB), poly(sulfur-random-1,3-diisopropenylbenzene); PS, polysulfide. Nat. Rev. Mater., 2016, 1(13), 1-16 23
- 24. Sodium-ion Chem. Soc. Rev., 2017, 46, 3529-3614 24
- 25. Magnesium Nat. Chem., 2018, 10, 532–539 Schematic of a Mg powder electrode coated with the artificial Mg2+ conducting interphase, and the proposed structure for the artificial Mg2+. 25
- 26. Outline Introduction LIB Challenges for LIB Alternative for Battery Technology LIB and LB for Future 26
- 27. Outline Introduction LIB Challenges for LIB Alternative for Battery Technology LIB and LB for Future 27
- 28. Lithium Battery Nat. Rev. Mater., 2016, 1(13), 1-16 28
- 29. Lithium Battery The latest trend in the field is the revitalization of metallic lithium as an advanced anode material for the development of lithium batteries (LBs), a target only possible by the use of an electrolyte medium capable of preventing dendrite growth with the associated serious safety hazard, the most appropriate being a solid electrolyte. Unfortunately, the majority of the electrolytes of this type suffer due to very poor ionic conductivity at room temperature; hence, the solid-state LBs are poor performers at RT as they are affected by a high ohmic polarization. Electrochem. Soc. Interface, 2016, 25(3), 85-87 29
- 30. How about future? Electrochem. Soc. Interface, 2016, 25(3), 85-87 In conclusion, the road for the development of efficient LIBs and LBs appears to be still paved by a series of practical difficulties. However, in view of the continuously increasing worldwide activity in the field, we may reasonably foresee a positive change of course in the near future. 30
- 31. Journal References 1. Chem. Soc. Rev., 2017, 46, 3529-3614 2. Electrochem. Soc. Interface, 2016, 25(3), 85-87 3. J. Mater. Chem. A, 2015,3, 5750-5777 4. J. Materiomics, 2015, 1(3), 153-169 5. Nano-Micro Lett., 2019, 11(3), 1-18 6. Nanoscale Horiz., 2016, 1, 423-444 7. Nat. Chem., 2018, 10, 532–539 8. Nat. Commun., 2017, 8:15806, 1-14 9. Nat. Mater., 2003, 2(7), 464-467 10. Nat. Rev. Mater., 2016, 1(13), 1-16 11. RSC Adv., 2016,6, 87778-87790 31
- 32. THANK YOU Rahmandhika Firdauzha Hary Hernandha | Energy Storage and Electrochemistry lab. Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan (R. O. C.) 32
Editor's Notes
- (a–e) A working rechargeable ion battery (centre schematic) has many problems/challenges existing in the cathode, anode and liquid/solid electrolyte (inner circle), where each case is studied by a specific in situ TEM technique (outer circle). (a) A solid-state open cell exploring the structure failure (volume change, and so on) in anode. This design allows high spatial resolution imaging, but its point-contact geometry is different from the real battery environment flooded with liquid electrolytes. (b) A sealed liquid-cell investigating SEI and Li dendrites’ evolution at the electrolyte/electrode interface. This design suffers from low spatial resolution, but it is a better match to the practical batteries. (c) An in situ heating stage analysing the thermal stability of metal oxide-based cathode, where surface degradation with O2 release and thermal runaway is the targeted problem. (d) An ionic liquid-based open cell studying the phase transition in metal oxide-based cathode, where detrimental phase transitions plague the overall performance. (e) A nanoscale thin-film battery studying solid-state electrolytes, where low ionic diffusivity and interface instability are the targeted problems. (f) Representative battery materials studied by in situ TEM. NCA, NMC, LFP, LMO and LCO stand for cathodes based on Ni-Co-Al-O, Ni-Mn-Co-O, LiFePO4, Li-Mn-O and Li-Co-O, respectively. LiPON, LLZO and LATSPO stand for solid-state electrolytes based on Li-P-O-N, Li-La-Zr-O and Li-Al-Ti-Si-P-O, respectively. For A–B expression, A represents the core component and B represents the shell or substrate component. CNF represents carbon nanofibres.
- Representative metal–oxygen batteries. a–c | Governing reactions, cell configurations and charge–discharge profiles for Li–O2 (aqueous and non-aqueous) (panels a and b, respectively) and Zn–O2 batteries (panel c).
- a | Schematic illustration of representative electrode structures: structure 1, sulfur encapsulated by conductive porous materials or nano-assemblies; structure 2, sulfur encapsulated in activated carbon fibres; structure 3, sulfur confined in small pores; structure 4, sulfur conjugated to polymer backbones or organic moieties; structure 5, using solid or solid-like electrolytes; structure 6, developing a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) protecting film.
- A proof-of-concept paper published in Nature Chemistry detailed how the scientists pioneered a method to enable the reversible chemistry of magnesium metal in the noncorrosive carbonate-based electrolytes and tested the concept in a prototype cell. The technology possesses potential advantages over lithium-ion batteries—notably, higher energy density, greater stability, and lower cost. (https://techxplore.com/news/2018-04-major-technical-obstacles-magnesium-metal-batteries.html)